[{"_id":"58510","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"210","article_number":"55","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","status":"public","oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-02-04T13:46:41Z","volume":14,"author":[{"first_name":"Claus","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259","last_name":"Scheidemann"},{"full_name":"Bornmann, Peter","last_name":"Bornmann","first_name":"Peter"},{"last_name":"Littmann","full_name":"Littmann, Walter","first_name":"Walter"},{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210"}],"doi":"10.3390/act14020055","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/14/2/55","open_access":"1"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2076-0825"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        14","citation":{"ama":"Scheidemann C, Bornmann P, Littmann W, Hemsel T. Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers. <i>Actuators</i>. 2025;14(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055\">10.3390/act14020055</a>","chicago":"Scheidemann, Claus, Peter Bornmann, Walter Littmann, and Tobias Hemsel. “Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers.” <i>Actuators</i> 14, no. 2 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055\">https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055</a>.","ieee":"C. Scheidemann, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, and T. Hemsel, “Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers,” <i>Actuators</i>, vol. 14, no. 2, Art. no. 55, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055\">10.3390/act14020055</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Scheidemann_Bornmann_Littmann_Hemsel_2025, title={Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055\">10.3390/act14020055</a>}, number={255}, journal={Actuators}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Scheidemann, Claus and Bornmann, Peter and Littmann, Walter and Hemsel, Tobias}, year={2025} }","mla":"Scheidemann, Claus, et al. “Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers.” <i>Actuators</i>, vol. 14, no. 2, 55, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055\">10.3390/act14020055</a>.","short":"C. Scheidemann, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, T. Hemsel, Actuators 14 (2025).","apa":"Scheidemann, C., Bornmann, P., Littmann, W., &#38; Hemsel, T. (2025). Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers. <i>Actuators</i>, <i>14</i>(2), Article 55. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055\">https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055</a>"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Actuators","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>Today’s ultrasonic transducers find broad application in diverse technology branches and most often cannot be replaced by other actuators. They are typically based on lead-containing piezoelectric ceramics. These should be replaced for environmental and health issues by lead-free alternatives. Multiple material alternatives are already known, but there is a lack of information about their technological readiness level. To fill this gap, a small series of prestressed longitudinally vibrating transducers was set up with a standard PZT material and two lead-free variants within this study. The entire process for building the transducers is documented: characteristics of individual ring ceramics, burn-in results, and free vibration and characteristics under load are shown. The main result is that the investigated lead-free materials are ready to use within ultrasonic bolted Langevin transducers (BLTs) for medium-power applications, when the geometrical setup of the transducer is adopted. Since lead-free ceramics need higher voltages to achieve the same power level, the driving electronics or the mechanical setup must be altered specifically for each material. Lower self-heating of the lead-free materials might be attractive for heat-sensitive processes.</jats:p>"}],"publisher":"MDPI AG","date_created":"2025-02-04T13:43:23Z","title":"Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"2","year":"2025"},{"user_id":"11829","department":[{"_id":"49"}],"project":[{"_id":"245","name":"FOR 5208: Modellbasierte Bestimmung nichtlinearer Eigenschaften von Piezokeramiken für Leistungsschallanwendungen (NEPTUN)"}],"_id":"62300","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"conference","publication":"2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics","status":"public","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-4393-268X","last_name":"Claes","id":"11829","full_name":"Claes, Leander","first_name":"Leander"},{"full_name":"Hölscher, Jonas","id":"73952","last_name":"Hölscher","first_name":"Jonas"},{"last_name":"Friesen","full_name":"Friesen, Olga","id":"44026","first_name":"Olga"},{"last_name":"Scheidemann","id":"38259","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","first_name":"Claus"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Bernd","id":"213","full_name":"Henning, Bernd","last_name":"Henning"}],"date_created":"2025-11-25T12:23:06Z","date_updated":"2026-01-13T13:00:31Z","publisher":"AMA Service GmbH","doi":"10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6","title":"Estimation of third order elastic constants of piezoceramics using DC biased impedance measurements","citation":{"mla":"Claes, Leander, et al. “Estimation of Third Order Elastic Constants of Piezoceramics Using DC Biased Impedance Measurements.” <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>, AMA Service GmbH, 2025, pp. 142–145, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6\">10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Claes_Hölscher_Friesen_Scheidemann_Hemsel_Henning_2025, place={Paderborn}, title={Estimation of third order elastic constants of piezoceramics using DC biased impedance measurements}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6\">10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6</a>}, booktitle={2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics}, publisher={AMA Service GmbH}, author={Claes, Leander and Hölscher, Jonas and Friesen, Olga and Scheidemann, Claus and Hemsel, Tobias and Henning, Bernd}, year={2025}, pages={142–145} }","short":"L. Claes, J. Hölscher, O. Friesen, C. Scheidemann, T. Hemsel, B. Henning, in: 2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics, AMA Service GmbH, Paderborn, 2025, pp. 142–145.","apa":"Claes, L., Hölscher, J., Friesen, O., Scheidemann, C., Hemsel, T., &#38; Henning, B. (2025). Estimation of third order elastic constants of piezoceramics using DC biased impedance measurements. <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>, 142–145. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6\">https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6</a>","chicago":"Claes, Leander, Jonas Hölscher, Olga Friesen, Claus Scheidemann, Tobias Hemsel, and Bernd Henning. “Estimation of Third Order Elastic Constants of Piezoceramics Using DC Biased Impedance Measurements.” In <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>, 142–145. Paderborn: AMA Service GmbH, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6\">https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6</a>.","ieee":"L. Claes, J. Hölscher, O. Friesen, C. Scheidemann, T. Hemsel, and B. Henning, “Estimation of third order elastic constants of piezoceramics using DC biased impedance measurements,” in <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>, 2025, pp. 142–145, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6\">10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6</a>.","ama":"Claes L, Hölscher J, Friesen O, Scheidemann C, Hemsel T, Henning B. Estimation of third order elastic constants of piezoceramics using DC biased impedance measurements. In: <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>. AMA Service GmbH; 2025:142–145. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6\">10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a6</a>"},"page":"142–145","place":"Paderborn","year":"2025"},{"ddc":["620"],"keyword":["lead free piezoelectric ceramics","bolted Langevin transducer","medium power ultrasound."],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-03-02T11:00:37Z","_id":"64798","user_id":"210","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Lead-containing piezoelectric ceramics are still the base for today’s ultrasonic transducers used in broad applications. This is partly due to missing powerful lead-free piezoelectric ceramic parts in the commercial market. There has been much research on lead-free materials but developing them into marketable parts seems to be an ongoing process. The actual exemption of ROHS has expired, but as the new exemption has already been requested, ceramic suppliers keep on selling lead containing products. Nevertheless, these should be replaced by lead-free alternatives for environmental and health issues. \r\nThis contribution focuses on exploring the technological readiness level of lead-free hard piezoceramics for prestressed ultrasonic transducers. A small series of bolted Langevin transducers was set up with standard PZT material and three commercial lead-free variants. Results of the building process from individual ring ceramic characteristics to transducer load tests are presented. The main finding of this study is that the lead-free materials technically can compete with the standard PZT for medium-power applications. Some adaptations in the ultrasonic system must be done: the geometry must be altered to fit resonance frequency, and higher voltages or thinner ceramics are needed to achieve the same vibration level at low load. For reaching same power, the volume of lead-free ceramics must be 1.5 to 3 times larger. As already promoted in literature, mechanical losses at high vibration levels are smaller for the lead-free materials. This might help to argument lead-free piezoelectric materials in some applications.\r\n\r\nReferences\r\n1.\tDirective 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment. EUR-Lex Document 02011L0065-20240801. Available online: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/65/2024-08-01 (accessed on 24 January 2025).\r\n2.\tLangevin, P. (1918) Method and Apparatus for Transmitting and Receiving Submarine Elastic Waves Using the Piezoelectric Properties of Quartz. French Patent Office; Patent No. FR505703.\r\n3.\tHemsel, T.; Twiefel, J. (2023) Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers. In Encyclopedia of Materials: Electronics; Academic Press: Oxford, UK; pp. 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4.\r\n4.\tATHENA Technologie Beratung GmbH (2025) Description of Ultrasound Generator. Available online: http://shop.myathena.de/epages/12074748.sf/de_DE/?ObjectPath=/Shops/12074748/Products/AM200 (accessed on 13 January 2025).\r\n5.\tLittmann, W.; Hemsel, T.; Kauczor, C.; Wallaschek, J.; Sinha, W. (2003) Load-adaptive phase-controller for resonant driven piezoelectric devices. Proc. World Congr. Ultrason. 2003, 48, 547–550.\r\n6.\tScheidemann, C., Bornmann, P., Littmann, W., & Hemsel, T. (2025). Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers. Actuators, 14(2), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020055\r\n"}],"file":[{"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"64799","file_name":"IWPMA_2025_Hemsel.pdf","access_level":"open_access","file_size":1812289,"date_created":"2026-03-02T10:37:46Z","creator":"hemsel","date_updated":"2026-03-02T11:00:37Z"}],"status":"public","type":"conference","title":"Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics","conference":{"start_date":"2025-07-01","name":"International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA)","location":"Vilnius, Lithuania","end_date":"2025-07-03"},"oa":"1","date_updated":"2026-03-02T11:04:56Z","date_created":"2026-03-02T10:39:40Z","author":[{"first_name":"Claus","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259","last_name":"Scheidemann"},{"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Bornmann","full_name":"Bornmann, Peter"},{"first_name":"Walter","full_name":"Littmann, Walter","last_name":"Littmann"},{"full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","last_name":"Hemsel","first_name":"Tobias"}],"year":"2025","citation":{"ieee":"C. Scheidemann, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, and T. Hemsel, “Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics,” presented at the International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA), Vilnius, Lithuania, 2025.","chicago":"Scheidemann, Claus, Peter Bornmann, Walter Littmann, and Tobias Hemsel. “Bolted Langevin Transducers with Leadfree Piezoelectric Ceramics,” 2025.","ama":"Scheidemann C, Bornmann P, Littmann W, Hemsel T. Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics. In: ; 2025.","apa":"Scheidemann, C., Bornmann, P., Littmann, W., &#38; Hemsel, T. (2025). <i>Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics</i>. International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA), Vilnius, Lithuania.","short":"C. Scheidemann, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, T. Hemsel, in: 2025.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Scheidemann_Bornmann_Littmann_Hemsel_2025, title={Bolted Langevin transducers with leadfree piezoelectric ceramics}, author={Scheidemann, Claus and Bornmann, Peter and Littmann, Walter and Hemsel, Tobias}, year={2025} }","mla":"Scheidemann, Claus, et al. <i>Bolted Langevin Transducers with Leadfree Piezoelectric Ceramics</i>. 2025."},"has_accepted_license":"1"},{"_id":"64800","user_id":"210","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-03-02T10:58:37Z","type":"conference","abstract":[{"text":"Intensive ultrasonic cleaning of surfaces by means of a lead-free ultrasonic transducer with focusing sonotrode\r\nUltrasonic cleaning baths are probably a coincidental development: After underwater sonars had already been successfully used to detect submarines before 1920, it was probably observed in this environment that the ultrasonic oscillators not only showed a self-cleaning effect but also cavitation damage. At the beginning of the 1950s, the first ultrasonic cleaning devices finally came onto the market. Today, the range of applications ranges from household appliances for jewellery and eyewear cleaning to classic cleaning baths for metal parts and systems for cleaning highly sensitive electronic components. There is a certain gap in handheld, mobile cleaning equipment. Although devices for spot cleaning of textiles are known, the cleaning effect is usually low. \r\nDue to the directive 2011/65/EU on the restriction of the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS) [1] lead should no longer be used in technical devices. As today’s standard ceramics for medium and high-power ultrasonic transducers typically contain lead, there is a need to explore the use of lead-free ceramics in this field. Honda [2] already offers a cleaning transducer based on lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, but it is designed to be used in cleaning baths.\r\nThis article presents the model-based development of a highly innovative ultrasonic cleaner. On the one hand, lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are used, and on the other hand, a special sonotrode has been developed that concentrates the sound in such a way that a strong cavitation and thus cleaning effect is achieved with comparatively low power in a short time. Coupled field finite element method was used to find an appropriate geometry for the focussing sonotrode. The comparison of simulation and measurement results shows that the lead-free piezoceramics used do their job well and can keep up with standard ceramics, but more ceramic volume is needed to achieve same power. An advanced control concept was elaborated to ensure continuous hard cavitation at varying distances between the sonotrode and the part to be cleaned. Cleaning results for different surfaces and contaminations are presented. The concept of the focusing sonotrode shows that a convincing cleaning result can be achieved even with low power and in short time, provided that the oscillation system and control electronics are suitably coordinated.\r\n\r\nReferences\r\n[1] http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/65/2024-08-01 \r\n[2] https://en.honda-el.co.jp/product/ceramics/lineup/lead_off/lead-off \r\n","lang":"eng"}],"file":[{"file_size":1946202,"file_name":"ICU_2025_Hemsel.pdf","file_id":"64801","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2026-03-02T10:58:37Z","date_created":"2026-03-02T10:46:43Z","creator":"hemsel","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"status":"public","oa":"1","date_updated":"2026-03-02T10:58:37Z","date_created":"2026-03-02T10:47:48Z","author":[{"id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","first_name":"Tobias"},{"last_name":"Scheidemann","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259","first_name":"Claus"},{"first_name":"Peter","full_name":"Bornmann, Peter","last_name":"Bornmann"},{"last_name":"Littmann","full_name":"Littmann, Walter","first_name":"Walter"},{"last_name":"Sextro","full_name":"Sextro, Walter","id":"21220","first_name":"Walter"}],"title":"Intensive ultrasonic cleaning of surfaces by means of lead-free ultrasonic transducer with focussing sonotrode","conference":{"location":"Paderborn, Germany","end_date":"2025-09-25","start_date":"2025-09-21","name":"International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU)"},"has_accepted_license":"1","year":"2025","citation":{"chicago":"Hemsel, Tobias, Claus Scheidemann, Peter Bornmann, Walter Littmann, and Walter Sextro. “Intensive Ultrasonic Cleaning of Surfaces by Means of Lead-Free Ultrasonic Transducer with Focussing Sonotrode,” 2025.","ieee":"T. Hemsel, C. Scheidemann, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, and W. Sextro, “Intensive ultrasonic cleaning of surfaces by means of lead-free ultrasonic transducer with focussing sonotrode,” presented at the International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU), Paderborn, Germany, 2025.","apa":"Hemsel, T., Scheidemann, C., Bornmann, P., Littmann, W., &#38; Sextro, W. (2025). <i>Intensive ultrasonic cleaning of surfaces by means of lead-free ultrasonic transducer with focussing sonotrode</i>. International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU), Paderborn, Germany.","ama":"Hemsel T, Scheidemann C, Bornmann P, Littmann W, Sextro W. Intensive ultrasonic cleaning of surfaces by means of lead-free ultrasonic transducer with focussing sonotrode. In: ; 2025.","short":"T. Hemsel, C. Scheidemann, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, W. Sextro, in: 2025.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Hemsel_Scheidemann_Bornmann_Littmann_Sextro_2025, title={Intensive ultrasonic cleaning of surfaces by means of lead-free ultrasonic transducer with focussing sonotrode}, author={Hemsel, Tobias and Scheidemann, Claus and Bornmann, Peter and Littmann, Walter and Sextro, Walter}, year={2025} }","mla":"Hemsel, Tobias, et al. <i>Intensive Ultrasonic Cleaning of Surfaces by Means of Lead-Free Ultrasonic Transducer with Focussing Sonotrode</i>. 2025."}},{"_id":"61755","project":[{"_id":"245","name":"FOR 5208: Modellbasierte Bestimmung nichtlinearer Eigenschaften von Piezokeramiken für Leistungsschallanwendungen (NEPTUN)"}],"department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"210","ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-03-02T10:59:53Z","type":"conference","status":"public","file":[{"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":644147,"file_id":"63817","file_name":"SHS25_IWPMA_2025.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2026-03-02T10:59:53Z","creator":"hemsel","date_created":"2026-01-30T11:07:48Z"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2026-03-02T10:59:53Z","date_created":"2025-10-08T14:22:32Z","author":[{"first_name":"Claus","last_name":"Scheidemann","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Sextro","id":"21220","full_name":"Sextro, Walter"}],"title":"Time dependent material characteristics of prestressed piezoelectric ceramics in langevin transducers","conference":{"start_date":"2025-07-1","name":"22nd International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA)","location":"Vilnius, Lithuania","end_date":"2025-07-3"},"has_accepted_license":"1","year":"2025","citation":{"chicago":"Scheidemann, Claus, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter Sextro. “Time Dependent Material Characteristics of Prestressed Piezoelectric Ceramics in Langevin Transducers,” 2025.","ieee":"C. Scheidemann, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Time dependent material characteristics of prestressed piezoelectric ceramics in langevin transducers,” presented at the 22nd International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA), Vilnius, Lithuania, 2025.","mla":"Scheidemann, Claus, et al. <i>Time Dependent Material Characteristics of Prestressed Piezoelectric Ceramics in Langevin Transducers</i>. 2025.","short":"C. Scheidemann, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, in: 2025.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Scheidemann_Hemsel_Sextro_2025, title={Time dependent material characteristics of prestressed piezoelectric ceramics in langevin transducers}, author={Scheidemann, Claus and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2025} }","apa":"Scheidemann, C., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. (2025). <i>Time dependent material characteristics of prestressed piezoelectric ceramics in langevin transducers</i>. 22nd International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA), Vilnius, Lithuania.","ama":"Scheidemann C, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Time dependent material characteristics of prestressed piezoelectric ceramics in langevin transducers. In: ; 2025."}},{"year":"2025","citation":{"apa":"Scheidemann, C., Porzenheim, J., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. (2025). <i>Investigation of the Setting Behaviour of Mechanically Biased Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers</i>. 2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU), Paderborn, Germany.","short":"C. Scheidemann, J. Porzenheim, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, in: 2025.","mla":"Scheidemann, Claus, et al. <i>Investigation of the Setting Behaviour of Mechanically Biased Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers</i>. 2025.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Scheidemann_Porzenheim_Hemsel_Sextro_2025, title={Investigation of the Setting Behaviour of Mechanically Biased Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers}, author={Scheidemann, Claus and Porzenheim, Julius and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2025} }","chicago":"Scheidemann, Claus, Julius Porzenheim, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter Sextro. “Investigation of the Setting Behaviour of Mechanically Biased Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers,” 2025.","ieee":"C. Scheidemann, J. Porzenheim, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Investigation of the Setting Behaviour of Mechanically Biased Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers,” presented at the 2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU), Paderborn, Germany, 2025.","ama":"Scheidemann C, Porzenheim J, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Investigation of the Setting Behaviour of Mechanically Biased Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers. In: ; 2025."},"has_accepted_license":"1","title":"Investigation of the Setting Behaviour of Mechanically Biased Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers","conference":{"end_date":"2025-09-25","location":"Paderborn, Germany","name":"2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU)","start_date":"2025-09-21"},"date_updated":"2026-03-02T10:59:36Z","oa":"1","date_created":"2025-10-08T14:33:44Z","author":[{"first_name":"Claus","last_name":"Scheidemann","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259"},{"first_name":"Julius","last_name":"Porzenheim","full_name":"Porzenheim, Julius"},{"id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","first_name":"Tobias"},{"last_name":"Sextro","id":"21220","full_name":"Sextro, Walter","first_name":"Walter"}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2026-03-02T10:59:36Z","creator":"hemsel","date_created":"2026-01-30T07:30:44Z","file_size":783790,"access_level":"open_access","file_name":"Sch25_ICU_2025.pdf","file_id":"63816"}],"status":"public","type":"conference","ddc":["620"],"file_date_updated":"2026-03-02T10:59:36Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"project":[{"_id":"245","name":"FOR 5208: Modellbasierte Bestimmung nichtlinearer Eigenschaften von Piezokeramiken für Leistungsschallanwendungen (NEPTUN)"}],"_id":"61757","user_id":"210","department":[{"_id":"151"}]},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-03-02T12:01:28Z","ddc":["620"],"department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"210","_id":"64804","status":"public","file":[{"date_created":"2026-03-02T12:01:28Z","creator":"hemsel","date_updated":"2026-03-02T12:01:28Z","file_name":"Dohmen_UPB_LDM_IMAPS_2025.pdf","access_level":"closed","file_id":"64805","file_size":1912154,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1}],"abstract":[{"lang":"ger","text":"Das Ultraschallschweißen ist in der Verpackungs-, Halbleiter- und Automobilindustrie weit verbreitet. Neben dem Schweißen von Blechen bietet es die Möglichkeit, Folien oder Hülsen zu verschweißen. Konventionelle Schweißsysteme arbeiten mit Längs- oder Biegeschwingungen, deren Hauptanteil in der Schweißebene liegt. Der orthogonale Anteil verursacht zusätzliche Belastungen im Schweißgut. Bei der Verwendung von Torsionsschwingungen wird die orthogonale Komponente der Schwingung nahezu eliminiert. \r\nIn diesem Beitrag wird ein System vorgestellt, bei dem die Torsionsschwingung durch tangentiale Polarisation der Piezokeramiken erzeugt wird. Der Transducer ist axial oberhalb des Schweißpunktes platziert, sodass die Normalkraft momentfrei aufgebracht wird. Das Schweißwerkzeug weicht beim Schweißvorgang daher seitlich nicht aus. Zudem wird das Schweißen an schwer zugänglichen Positionen vereinfacht, da der Systemaufbau deutlich schlanker ist als konventionelle Ultraschallschweißsysteme.\r\nDie Auslegung des Torsionsschwingsystems stellt eine Herausforderung dar. Insbesondere muss die Lagerung des Schwingers betrachtet werden, da diese die Normalkraft übertragen und zugleich die Schwingung nicht beeinträchtigen soll. Der Schweißprozess bewirkt eine Verschiebung von Schwingungsknoten und Resonanzfrequenzen. Im Rahmen des Vortrags wird ein Finite-Elemente-Simulationsmodell vorgestellt, das in Kombination mit einem Lastmodell das Systemverhalten während des Schweißprozesses abbildet. Die Geometrie des Transducers wurde schrittweise so angepasst, dass die Schwingamplitude im Lagerungspunkt minimiert wird.  \r\n"}],"type":"conference","title":"Modellgestützte Optimierung eines Ultraschall-Torsionsschweißsystems","author":[{"full_name":"Dohmen, Markus Daniel","id":"69217","last_name":"Dohmen","first_name":"Markus Daniel"},{"last_name":"Bornmann","full_name":"Bornmann, Peter","first_name":"Peter"},{"last_name":"Littmann","full_name":"Littmann, Walter","first_name":"Walter"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"id":"21220","full_name":"Sextro, Walter","last_name":"Sextro","first_name":"Walter"}],"date_created":"2026-03-02T12:02:08Z","date_updated":"2026-03-03T13:57:25Z","citation":{"chicago":"Dohmen, Markus Daniel, Peter Bornmann, Walter Littmann, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter Sextro. “Modellgestützte Optimierung Eines Ultraschall-Torsionsschweißsystems,” 2025.","ieee":"M. D. Dohmen, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Modellgestützte Optimierung eines Ultraschall-Torsionsschweißsystems,” 2025.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Dohmen_Bornmann_Littmann_Hemsel_Sextro_2025, title={Modellgestützte Optimierung eines Ultraschall-Torsionsschweißsystems}, author={Dohmen, Markus Daniel and Bornmann, Peter and Littmann, Walter and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2025} }","short":"M.D. Dohmen, P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, in: 2025.","mla":"Dohmen, Markus Daniel, et al. <i>Modellgestützte Optimierung Eines Ultraschall-Torsionsschweißsystems</i>. 2025.","ama":"Dohmen MD, Bornmann P, Littmann W, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Modellgestützte Optimierung eines Ultraschall-Torsionsschweißsystems. In: ; 2025.","apa":"Dohmen, M. D., Bornmann, P., Littmann, W., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. (2025). <i>Modellgestützte Optimierung eines Ultraschall-Torsionsschweißsystems</i>."},"year":"2025","has_accepted_license":"1"},{"author":[{"first_name":"Olga","id":"44026","full_name":"Friesen, Olga","last_name":"Friesen"},{"last_name":"Scheidemann","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259","first_name":"Claus"},{"first_name":"Leander","orcid":"0000-0002-4393-268X","last_name":"Claes","full_name":"Claes, Leander","id":"11829"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"id":"213","full_name":"Henning, Bernd","last_name":"Henning","first_name":"Bernd"}],"date_created":"2025-11-25T12:23:06Z","publisher":"AMA Service GmbH","date_updated":"2026-01-05T08:00:48Z","doi":"10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4","title":"Sensitivity Analysis and Material Parameter Estimation of a Pre-Stressed Langevin Transducer","citation":{"apa":"Friesen, O., Scheidemann, C., Claes, L., Hemsel, T., &#38; Henning, B. (2025). Sensitivity Analysis and Material Parameter Estimation of a Pre-Stressed Langevin Transducer. <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>, 138–141. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4\">https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4</a>","mla":"Friesen, Olga, et al. “Sensitivity Analysis and Material Parameter Estimation of a Pre-Stressed Langevin Transducer.” <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>, AMA Service GmbH, 2025, pp. 138–141, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4\">10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4</a>.","short":"O. Friesen, C. Scheidemann, L. Claes, T. Hemsel, B. Henning, in: 2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics, AMA Service GmbH, Paderborn, 2025, pp. 138–141.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Friesen_Scheidemann_Claes_Hemsel_Henning_2025, place={Paderborn}, title={Sensitivity Analysis and Material Parameter Estimation of a Pre-Stressed Langevin Transducer}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4\">10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4</a>}, booktitle={2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics}, publisher={AMA Service GmbH}, author={Friesen, Olga and Scheidemann, Claus and Claes, Leander and Hemsel, Tobias and Henning, Bernd}, year={2025}, pages={138–141} }","chicago":"Friesen, Olga, Claus Scheidemann, Leander Claes, Tobias Hemsel, and Bernd Henning. “Sensitivity Analysis and Material Parameter Estimation of a Pre-Stressed Langevin Transducer.” In <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>, 138–141. Paderborn: AMA Service GmbH, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4\">https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4</a>.","ieee":"O. Friesen, C. Scheidemann, L. Claes, T. Hemsel, and B. Henning, “Sensitivity Analysis and Material Parameter Estimation of a Pre-Stressed Langevin Transducer,” in <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>, 2025, pp. 138–141, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4\">10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4</a>.","ama":"Friesen O, Scheidemann C, Claes L, Hemsel T, Henning B. Sensitivity Analysis and Material Parameter Estimation of a Pre-Stressed Langevin Transducer. In: <i>2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics</i>. AMA Service GmbH; 2025:138–141. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4\">10.5162/ultrasonic2025/a18-a4</a>"},"page":"138–141","year":"2025","place":"Paderborn","user_id":"11829","department":[{"_id":"49"},{"_id":"151"}],"project":[{"_id":"245","name":"FOR 5208: Modellbasierte Bestimmung nichtlinearer Eigenschaften von Piezokeramiken für Leistungsschallanwendungen (NEPTUN)"}],"_id":"62299","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"conference","publication":"2025 International Congress on Ultrasonics","status":"public"},{"title":"Innovative lead-free ultrasonic bending transducers for low to medium power applications","conference":{"location":"Paderborn, Germany","end_date":"2025-09-25","start_date":"2025-09-21","name":"International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU)"},"date_updated":"2026-04-02T12:47:18Z","author":[{"first_name":"Peter","full_name":"Bornmann, Peter","last_name":"Bornmann"},{"full_name":"Littmann, Walter","last_name":"Littmann","first_name":"Walter"},{"first_name":"Claus","last_name":"Scheidemann","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259"},{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210"}],"date_created":"2026-03-02T11:35:33Z","year":"2025","citation":{"ama":"Bornmann P, Littmann W, Scheidemann C, Hemsel T. Innovative lead-free ultrasonic bending transducers for low to medium power applications. In: ; 2025.","ieee":"P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, C. Scheidemann, and T. Hemsel, “Innovative lead-free ultrasonic bending transducers for low to medium power applications,” presented at the International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU), Paderborn, Germany, 2025.","chicago":"Bornmann, Peter, Walter Littmann, Claus Scheidemann, and Tobias Hemsel. “Innovative Lead-Free Ultrasonic Bending Transducers for Low to Medium Power Applications,” 2025.","apa":"Bornmann, P., Littmann, W., Scheidemann, C., &#38; Hemsel, T. (2025). <i>Innovative lead-free ultrasonic bending transducers for low to medium power applications</i>. International Congress on Ultrasonics (ICU), Paderborn, Germany.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Bornmann_Littmann_Scheidemann_Hemsel_2025, title={Innovative lead-free ultrasonic bending transducers for low to medium power applications}, author={Bornmann, Peter and Littmann, Walter and Scheidemann, Claus and Hemsel, Tobias}, year={2025} }","short":"P. Bornmann, W. Littmann, C. Scheidemann, T. Hemsel, in: 2025.","mla":"Bornmann, Peter, et al. <i>Innovative Lead-Free Ultrasonic Bending Transducers for Low to Medium Power Applications</i>. 2025."},"has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-04-02T12:46:09Z","_id":"64803","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"210","abstract":[{"text":"Nowadays ultrasound technology is established in various fields of application like industrial production or medical technology. Besides high power ultrasound applications like ultrasonic cleaning and ultrasonic welding, which are often not strongly restricted regarding their weight, costs, and construction space, there are many applications in the low to medium power range like handheld surgical instruments, medical inhalers, or ultrasonic cutters. For the latter there is often a strong demand for low weight and construction space and low costs to be competitive in mass production. Another challenge that arises from the RoHS-directive [1] is, that new ultrasonic devices should avoid the use of lead-containing PZT-materials. Against this background there is a demand for lead-free, small and lightweight and cost-effective ultrasonic transducers.\r\nIn many of the above-mentioned applications, pre-stressed Bolted-Langevine-Transducers (BLT) based on lead-containing PZT-materials are established to generate ultrasonic vibrations. These are quite advantageous in many ways and can be built tailored to each application and even for high power of thousands of watts. But due to the required steps during their manufacturing process (machining parts, assembly, pre-stressing, frequency tuning, …), these transducers remain expensive. Furthermore, due to the operation in resonance, the construction space of these transducers is linked to their wavelength and cannot be reduced remarkably.\r\nFor these reasons, our aim is to present an innovative lead-free ultrasonic transducer for low to medium power applications, that is based on bending vibrations instead of longitudinal vibrations. This design enables to build very small transducers. Furthermore, due to their simple construction, these transducers can be built at low manufacturing costs and are well suited for industrial mass production. The use of lead-free piezoelectric materials makes this transducer design ready for future applications.\r\nIn our contribution we will present the model-based design of a lead-free 30 kHz bending transducer for applications up to 10 W. Furthermore, the comprehensive experimental analysis of this transducer-prototype in applications like mist generation or ultrasonic drilling will be presented. The results will be compared to a PZT-based bending transducer and a classical BLT to show the potential and limits of these kind of transducers and lead-free materials.\r\n","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","file":[{"file_size":1878995,"file_id":"65354","file_name":"ICU_2025_Bornmann.pdf","access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2026-04-02T12:46:09Z","date_created":"2026-04-02T12:46:09Z","creator":"hemsel","success":1,"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"type":"conference"},{"author":[{"full_name":"Littmann, Walter","last_name":"Littmann","first_name":"Walter"},{"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Bornmann","full_name":"Bornmann, Peter"},{"full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","last_name":"Hemsel","first_name":"Tobias"},{"id":"38259","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","last_name":"Scheidemann","first_name":"Claus"}],"date_created":"2026-03-02T11:19:46Z","date_updated":"2026-04-02T12:45:42Z","conference":{"name":"International Conference on Ultrasonics (ICU)","start_date":"2025-09-21","end_date":"2025-09-25","location":"Paderborn, Germany"},"title":"Power ultrasonic actuators with suddenly changing loads: How to control the amplitudes in resonance,  antiresonance, or in-between","has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"apa":"Littmann, W., Bornmann, P., Hemsel, T., &#38; Scheidemann, C. (2025). <i>Power ultrasonic actuators with suddenly changing loads: How to control the amplitudes in resonance,  antiresonance, or in-between</i>. International Conference on Ultrasonics (ICU), Paderborn, Germany.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Littmann_Bornmann_Hemsel_Scheidemann_2025, title={Power ultrasonic actuators with suddenly changing loads: How to control the amplitudes in resonance,  antiresonance, or in-between}, author={Littmann, Walter and Bornmann, Peter and Hemsel, Tobias and Scheidemann, Claus}, year={2025} }","mla":"Littmann, Walter, et al. <i>Power Ultrasonic Actuators with Suddenly Changing Loads: How to Control the Amplitudes in Resonance,  Antiresonance, or in-Between</i>. 2025.","short":"W. Littmann, P. Bornmann, T. Hemsel, C. Scheidemann, in: 2025.","ieee":"W. Littmann, P. Bornmann, T. Hemsel, and C. Scheidemann, “Power ultrasonic actuators with suddenly changing loads: How to control the amplitudes in resonance,  antiresonance, or in-between,” presented at the International Conference on Ultrasonics (ICU), Paderborn, Germany, 2025.","chicago":"Littmann, Walter, Peter Bornmann, Tobias Hemsel, and Claus Scheidemann. “Power Ultrasonic Actuators with Suddenly Changing Loads: How to Control the Amplitudes in Resonance,  Antiresonance, or in-Between,” 2025.","ama":"Littmann W, Bornmann P, Hemsel T, Scheidemann C. Power ultrasonic actuators with suddenly changing loads: How to control the amplitudes in resonance,  antiresonance, or in-between. In: ; 2025."},"year":"2025","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"210","_id":"64802","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2026-04-02T12:41:08Z","ddc":["620"],"type":"conference","status":"public","file":[{"access_level":"closed","file_id":"65353","file_name":"ICU_2025_Littmann.pdf","file_size":2522135,"creator":"hemsel","date_created":"2026-04-02T12:41:08Z","date_updated":"2026-04-02T12:41:08Z","relation":"main_file","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Power ultrasonic actuators are used in various industrial, automotive and medical applications. Examples are ultrasonic welding of plastics or metal, surgery processes like cutting of tissue or bone, and the excitation of cavitation in liquids for ultrasonic cleaning. From a physical point of view, many of these processes are characterised by non-constant damping conditions for the ultrasonic actuators, since the systems need to be driven in unloaded as well as in high-loaded states. To get high power output, the piezoelectric actuators are usually driven in or near resonance at precisely defined vibration amplitudes. This is a quite complicated task  especially if cost or mass optimized PZT transducers are used or if lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are applied to replace lead-containing materials. In particular the sudden change between loading states is very challenging for electronic excitation and control. The present contribution gives insight into typical problems that may arise in context with sudden load-changes during operation, e.g. uncontrolled jumps in voltage and velocity amplitudes. Measurements on ultrasonic power actuators being abruptly immersed into water at high amplitude are discussed for illustration. Observations during spontaneous load-changes are explained, and it is shown that several problems may be defused by driving the actuators in antiresonance or using a particular driving point in-between resonance and antiresonance (“falling edge control”). The different control strategies are investigated always using just one single hardware.","lang":"eng"}]},{"type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"51518","user_id":"9557","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"article_type":"original","article_number":"521","funded_apc":"1","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-9292"]},"citation":{"ama":"Aimiyekagbon OK, Bender A, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions. <i>Electronics</i>. 2024;13(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>","ieee":"O. K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions,” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 13, no. 3, Art. no. 521, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.","chicago":"Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, Amelie Bender, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter Sextro. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.” <i>Electronics</i> 13, no. 3 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.","apa":"Aimiyekagbon, O. K., Bender, A., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. (2024). Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions. <i>Electronics</i>, <i>13</i>(3), Article 521. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521</a>","bibtex":"@article{Aimiyekagbon_Bender_Hemsel_Sextro_2024, title={Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions}, volume={13}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>}, number={3521}, journal={Electronics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy and Bender, Amelie and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2024} }","mla":"Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, et al. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 13, no. 3, 521, MDPI AG, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.","short":"O.K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, Electronics 13 (2024)."},"intvolume":"        13","date_updated":"2024-03-15T16:15:56Z","author":[{"id":"9557","full_name":"Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy","last_name":"Aimiyekagbon","first_name":"Osarenren Kennedy"},{"last_name":"Bender","full_name":"Bender, Amelie","id":"54290","first_name":"Amelie"},{"full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","last_name":"Hemsel","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Sextro","id":"21220","full_name":"Sextro, Walter"}],"volume":13,"doi":"10.3390/electronics13030521","publication":"Electronics","abstract":[{"text":"In applications of piezoelectric actuators and sensors, the dependability and particularly the reliability throughout their lifetime are vital to manufacturers and end-users and are enabled through condition-monitoring approaches. Existing approaches often utilize impedance measurements over a range of frequencies or velocity measurements and require additional equipment or sensors, such as a laser Doppler vibrometer. Furthermore, the non-negligible effects of varying operating conditions are often unconsidered. To minimize the need for additional sensors while maintaining the dependability of piezoelectric bending actuators irrespective of varying operating conditions, an online diagnostics approach is proposed. To this end, time- and frequency-domain features are extracted from monitored current signals to reflect hairline crack development in bending actuators. For validation of applicability, the presented analysis method was evaluated on piezoelectric bending actuators subjected to accelerated lifetime tests at varying voltage amplitudes and under external damping conditions. In the presence of a crack and due to a diminished stiffness, the resonance frequency decreases and the root-mean-square amplitude of the current signal simultaneously abruptly drops during the lifetime tests. Furthermore, the piezoelectric crack surfaces clapping is reflected in higher harmonics of the current signal. Thus, time-domain features and harmonics of the current signals are sufficient to diagnose hairline cracks in the actuators.","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["piezoelectric transducer","self-sensing","fault detection","diagnostics","hairline crack","condition monitoring"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","issue":"3","year":"2024","publisher":"MDPI AG","date_created":"2024-02-20T06:46:43Z","title":"Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions"},{"year":"2024","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"11","title":"The Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation of a 316L Weld Pool Produced by DED on the Mechanical Properties of the Produced Component","publisher":"MDPI AG","date_created":"2024-11-28T08:45:06Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing of metallic components often results in the formation of columnar grain structures aligned along the build direction. These elongated grains can introduce anisotropy, negatively impacting the mechanical properties of the components. This study aimed to achieve controlled solidification with a fine-grained microstructure to enhance the mechanical performance of printed parts. Stainless steel 316L was used as the test material. High-intensity ultrasound was applied during the direct energy deposition (DED) process to inhibit the formation of columnar grains. The investigation emphasized the importance of amplitude changes of the ultrasound wave as the system’s geometry continuously evolves with the addition of multiple layers and assessed how these changes influence the grain size and distribution. Initial tests revealed significant amplitude fluctuations during layer deposition, highlighting the impact of layer deposition on process uniformity. The mechanical results demonstrated that the application of ultrasound effectively refined the grain structure, leading to a 15% increase in tensile strength compared to conventionally additively manufactured samples.</jats:p>"}],"file":[{"creator":"dlehnert","date_created":"2024-11-28T08:52:48Z","date_updated":"2024-11-28T08:52:48Z","access_level":"closed","file_name":"crystals-14-01001-v2 (4).pdf","file_id":"57470","file_size":5779744,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1}],"publication":"Crystals","ddc":["670"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"ama":"Lehnert D, Bödger C, Pabel P, et al. The Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation of a 316L Weld Pool Produced by DED on the Mechanical Properties of the Produced Component. <i>Crystals</i>. 2024;14(11). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001\">10.3390/cryst14111001</a>","ieee":"D. Lehnert <i>et al.</i>, “The Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation of a 316L Weld Pool Produced by DED on the Mechanical Properties of the Produced Component,” <i>Crystals</i>, vol. 14, no. 11, Art. no. 1001, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001\">10.3390/cryst14111001</a>.","chicago":"Lehnert, Dennis, Christian Bödger, Philipp Pabel, Claus Scheidemann, Tobias Hemsel, Stefan Gnaase, David Kostka, and Thomas Tröster. “The Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation of a 316L Weld Pool Produced by DED on the Mechanical Properties of the Produced Component.” <i>Crystals</i> 14, no. 11 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001\">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001</a>.","apa":"Lehnert, D., Bödger, C., Pabel, P., Scheidemann, C., Hemsel, T., Gnaase, S., Kostka, D., &#38; Tröster, T. (2024). The Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation of a 316L Weld Pool Produced by DED on the Mechanical Properties of the Produced Component. <i>Crystals</i>, <i>14</i>(11), Article 1001. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001\">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001</a>","mla":"Lehnert, Dennis, et al. “The Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation of a 316L Weld Pool Produced by DED on the Mechanical Properties of the Produced Component.” <i>Crystals</i>, vol. 14, no. 11, 1001, MDPI AG, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001\">10.3390/cryst14111001</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Lehnert_Bödger_Pabel_Scheidemann_Hemsel_Gnaase_Kostka_Tröster_2024, title={The Influence of Ultrasonic Irradiation of a 316L Weld Pool Produced by DED on the Mechanical Properties of the Produced Component}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14111001\">10.3390/cryst14111001</a>}, number={111001}, journal={Crystals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Lehnert, Dennis and Bödger, Christian and Pabel, Philipp and Scheidemann, Claus and Hemsel, Tobias and Gnaase, Stefan and Kostka, David and Tröster, Thomas}, year={2024} }","short":"D. Lehnert, C. Bödger, P. Pabel, C. Scheidemann, T. Hemsel, S. Gnaase, D. Kostka, T. Tröster, Crystals 14 (2024)."},"intvolume":"        14","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2073-4352"]},"doi":"10.3390/cryst14111001","date_updated":"2026-02-23T08:07:37Z","author":[{"first_name":"Dennis","last_name":"Lehnert","full_name":"Lehnert, Dennis","id":"90491"},{"first_name":"Christian","full_name":"Bödger, Christian","id":"93904","last_name":"Bödger"},{"first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Pabel","id":"67374","full_name":"Pabel, Philipp"},{"first_name":"Claus","id":"38259","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","last_name":"Scheidemann"},{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias"},{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Gnaase, Stefan","id":"25730","last_name":"Gnaase"},{"last_name":"Kostka","full_name":"Kostka, David","first_name":"David"},{"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Tröster","full_name":"Tröster, Thomas","id":"553"}],"volume":14,"status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_number":"1001","file_date_updated":"2024-11-28T08:52:48Z","_id":"57467","user_id":"93904","department":[{"_id":"149"},{"_id":"321"},{"_id":"9"}]},{"title":"Characteristic behavior of lead-free and lead-containing piezo ring ceramics in ultrasonic transducers","conference":{"start_date":"2024-07-22","name":"21nd International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA)","location":"Hannover, Germany","end_date":"2024-07-26"},"date_updated":"2026-03-02T11:00:14Z","oa":"1","author":[{"last_name":"Scheidemann","id":"38259","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","first_name":"Claus"},{"full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","last_name":"Hemsel","first_name":"Tobias"},{"last_name":"Sextro","id":"21220","full_name":"Sextro, Walter","first_name":"Walter"}],"date_created":"2025-10-08T14:28:33Z","year":"2024","citation":{"ieee":"C. Scheidemann, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Characteristic behavior of lead-free and lead-containing piezo ring ceramics in ultrasonic transducers,” presented at the 21nd International Workshop on Piezoelectric Materials and Applications in Actuators (IWPMA), Hannover, Germany, 2024.","chicago":"Scheidemann, Claus, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter Sextro. “Characteristic Behavior of Lead-Free and Lead-Containing Piezo Ring Ceramics in Ultrasonic Transducers,” 2024.","ama":"Scheidemann C, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Characteristic behavior of lead-free and lead-containing piezo ring ceramics in ultrasonic transducers. In: ; 2024.","apa":"Scheidemann, C., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. 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Friesen, L. Claes, C. Scheidemann, N. Feldmann, T. Hemsel, and B. Henning, “Estimation of temperature-dependent piezoelectric material parameters using ring-shaped specimens,” in <i>2023 International Congress on Ultrasonics, Beijing, China</i>, 2024, vol. 2822, p. 012125, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125\">10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125</a>.","chicago":"Friesen, Olga, Leander Claes, Claus Scheidemann, Nadine Feldmann, Tobias Hemsel, and Bernd Henning. “Estimation of Temperature-Dependent Piezoelectric Material Parameters Using Ring-Shaped Specimens.” In <i>2023 International Congress on Ultrasonics, Beijing, China</i>, 2822:012125. IOP Publishing, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125</a>.","ama":"Friesen O, Claes L, Scheidemann C, Feldmann N, Hemsel T, Henning B. Estimation of temperature-dependent piezoelectric material parameters using ring-shaped specimens. 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Estimation of temperature-dependent piezoelectric material parameters using ring-shaped specimens. <i>2023 International Congress on Ultrasonics, Beijing, China</i>, <i>2822</i>, 012125. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Friesen_Claes_Scheidemann_Feldmann_Hemsel_Henning_2024, title={Estimation of temperature-dependent piezoelectric material parameters using ring-shaped specimens}, volume={2822}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125\">10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125</a>}, booktitle={2023 International Congress on Ultrasonics, Beijing, China}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Friesen, Olga and Claes, Leander and Scheidemann, Claus and Feldmann, Nadine and Hemsel, Tobias and Henning, Bernd}, year={2024}, pages={012125} }","mla":"Friesen, Olga, et al. “Estimation of Temperature-Dependent Piezoelectric Material Parameters Using Ring-Shaped Specimens.” <i>2023 International Congress on Ultrasonics, Beijing, China</i>, vol. 2822, IOP Publishing, 2024, p. 012125, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125\">10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012125</a>.","short":"O. Friesen, L. Claes, C. Scheidemann, N. Feldmann, T. Hemsel, B. Henning, in: 2023 International Congress on Ultrasonics, Beijing, China, IOP Publishing, 2024, p. 012125."},"page":"012125","intvolume":"      2822","year":"2024","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1742-6596"]}},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"51119","user_id":"38259","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"status":"public","type":"conference_abstract","title":"Experimental Investigation of Bond Formation and Wire Deformation in the Ultrasonic Wire Bonding Process","conference":{"name":"International Conference on Functional Materials & Devices 2023 (ICFMD 2023)","start_date":"2023-10-31","end_date":"2023-11-03","location":"Jeju, Korea"},"date_updated":"2024-02-01T16:04:33Z","date_created":"2024-02-01T16:03:41Z","author":[{"first_name":"Claus","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259","last_name":"Scheidemann"},{"last_name":"Hagedorn","full_name":"Hagedorn, Oliver Ernst Caspar","id":"53321","first_name":"Oliver Ernst Caspar"},{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210"},{"last_name":"Sextro","id":"21220","full_name":"Sextro, Walter","first_name":"Walter"}],"year":"2023","citation":{"ieee":"C. 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In: ; 2023."}},{"title":"Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128197288000474"}],"date_updated":"2022-09-30T09:41:47Z","publisher":"Elsevier","date_created":"2022-09-30T09:35:16Z","author":[{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias"},{"first_name":"Jens","full_name":"Twiefel, Jens","last_name":"Twiefel"}],"year":"2022","citation":{"ieee":"T. Hemsel and J. Twiefel, “Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers,” in <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>, Elsevier, 2022.","chicago":"Hemsel, Tobias, and Jens Twiefel. “Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers.” In <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>. Elsevier, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>.","ama":"Hemsel T, Twiefel J. Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers. In: <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>. Elsevier; 2022. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>","apa":"Hemsel, T., &#38; Twiefel, J. (2022). Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers. In <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>","mla":"Hemsel, Tobias, and Jens Twiefel. “Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers.” <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>, Elsevier, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>.","bibtex":"@inbook{Hemsel_Twiefel_2022, title={Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>}, booktitle={Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Hemsel, Tobias and Twiefel, Jens}, year={2022} }","short":"T. Hemsel, J. Twiefel, in: Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Elsevier, 2022."},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-0-12-803581-8"]},"quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","keyword":["Equivalent circuit model","Langevin transducer","Lumped parameter model","Piezoelectric transducer","Ultrasonic processes","Ultrasound"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"33500","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"210","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This article is dedicated to piezoelectric ultrasonic power transducers that differ to well known medical ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus or non destructive testing devices by the level of power in use; typically several tens of up to more than thousand watts are used in a multitude of different applications. After a short introduction including historical development, the first focus is on theoretical background of the operating principle, design and mechanical modeling. As piezoelectric elements transform electrical to mechanical energy and vice versa, equivalent circuit modeling is also described. After that, sample applications are delineated by the matter wherein ultrasound generates unique effects: incredible high pressure level as well in air as in water, micro-bubbles generating temperature peaks for very short time instances in fluids, acoustoplastic effect, enhancement of diffusion and recrystallization in solids, friction manipulation, incremental deformation and micro-cracking of surfaces, or even generation of macroscopic movements in motors. At the end, some future directions ranging from novel modeling approaches to advanced control and new materials are addressed."}],"status":"public","publication":"Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering","type":"book_chapter"},{"type":"report","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"38259","_id":"52045","language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"confirmation","url":"https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen?tx_tibsearch_search%5Baction%5D=download&tx_tibsearch_search%5Bcontroller%5D=Download&tx_tibsearch_search%5Bdocid%5D=TIBKAT%3A1879655276&cHash=bf2cba5ff8f46a376ce5ef59242c95e2#download-mark"}]},"citation":{"ama":"Scheidemann C, Hemsel T, Sextro W. <i>Modellbasierte Ermittlung optimaler Prozessparameter für neuartige Ultraschallbondverbindungen</i>. LibreCat University; 2022. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1879655276\">10.2314/KXP:1879655276</a>","ieee":"C. Scheidemann, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, <i>Modellbasierte Ermittlung optimaler Prozessparameter für neuartige Ultraschallbondverbindungen</i>. LibreCat University, 2022.","chicago":"Scheidemann, Claus, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter Sextro. <i>Modellbasierte Ermittlung optimaler Prozessparameter für neuartige Ultraschallbondverbindungen</i>. LibreCat University, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1879655276\">https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1879655276</a>.","bibtex":"@book{Scheidemann_Hemsel_Sextro_2022, title={Modellbasierte Ermittlung optimaler Prozessparameter für neuartige Ultraschallbondverbindungen}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1879655276\">10.2314/KXP:1879655276</a>}, publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Scheidemann, Claus and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2022} }","short":"C. Scheidemann, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, Modellbasierte Ermittlung optimaler Prozessparameter für neuartige Ultraschallbondverbindungen, LibreCat University, 2022.","mla":"Scheidemann, Claus, et al. <i>Modellbasierte Ermittlung optimaler Prozessparameter für neuartige Ultraschallbondverbindungen</i>. LibreCat University, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1879655276\">10.2314/KXP:1879655276</a>.","apa":"Scheidemann, C., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. (2022). <i>Modellbasierte Ermittlung optimaler Prozessparameter für neuartige Ultraschallbondverbindungen</i>. LibreCat University. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1879655276\">https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1879655276</a>"},"year":"2022","date_created":"2024-02-26T21:26:35Z","author":[{"first_name":"Claus","full_name":"Scheidemann, Claus","id":"38259","last_name":"Scheidemann"},{"first_name":"Tobias","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","id":"210","last_name":"Hemsel"},{"full_name":"Sextro, Walter","id":"21220","last_name":"Sextro","first_name":"Walter"}],"date_updated":"2024-02-26T21:35:03Z","publisher":"LibreCat University","doi":"10.2314/KXP:1879655276","title":"Modellbasierte Ermittlung optimaler Prozessparameter für neuartige Ultraschallbondverbindungen"}]