[{"publisher":"MDPI AG","date_updated":"2024-10-17T08:46:23Z","author":[{"first_name":"Godiana Hagile","last_name":"Philipo","id":"88505","full_name":"Philipo, Godiana Hagile"},{"first_name":"Josephine Nakato","last_name":"Kakande","full_name":"Kakande, Josephine Nakato","id":"88649"},{"first_name":"Stefan","id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter"}],"date_created":"2023-10-11T08:13:13Z","volume":15,"title":"Neural Network-Based Demand-Side Management in a Stand-Alone Solar PV-Battery Microgrid Using Load-Shifting and Peak-Clipping","doi":"10.3390/en15145215","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1073"]},"issue":"14","year":"2022","citation":{"short":"G.H. Philipo, J.N. Kakande, S. Krauter, Energies 15 (2022).","mla":"Philipo, Godiana Hagile, et al. “Neural Network-Based Demand-Side Management in a Stand-Alone Solar PV-Battery Microgrid Using Load-Shifting and Peak-Clipping.” <i>Energies</i>, vol. 15, no. 14, 5215, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145215\">10.3390/en15145215</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Philipo_Kakande_Krauter_2022, title={Neural Network-Based Demand-Side Management in a Stand-Alone Solar PV-Battery Microgrid Using Load-Shifting and Peak-Clipping}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145215\">10.3390/en15145215</a>}, number={145215}, journal={Energies}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Philipo, Godiana Hagile and Kakande, Josephine Nakato and Krauter, Stefan}, year={2022} }","apa":"Philipo, G. H., Kakande, J. N., &#38; Krauter, S. (2022). Neural Network-Based Demand-Side Management in a Stand-Alone Solar PV-Battery Microgrid Using Load-Shifting and Peak-Clipping. <i>Energies</i>, <i>15</i>(14), Article 5215. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145215\">https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145215</a>","ieee":"G. H. Philipo, J. N. Kakande, and S. Krauter, “Neural Network-Based Demand-Side Management in a Stand-Alone Solar PV-Battery Microgrid Using Load-Shifting and Peak-Clipping,” <i>Energies</i>, vol. 15, no. 14, Art. no. 5215, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145215\">10.3390/en15145215</a>.","chicago":"Philipo, Godiana Hagile, Josephine Nakato Kakande, and Stefan Krauter. “Neural Network-Based Demand-Side Management in a Stand-Alone Solar PV-Battery Microgrid Using Load-Shifting and Peak-Clipping.” <i>Energies</i> 15, no. 14 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145215\">https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145215</a>.","ama":"Philipo GH, Kakande JN, Krauter S. Neural Network-Based Demand-Side Management in a Stand-Alone Solar PV-Battery Microgrid Using Load-Shifting and Peak-Clipping. <i>Energies</i>. 2022;15(14). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145215\">10.3390/en15145215</a>"},"intvolume":"        15","_id":"47961","user_id":"16148","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"article_number":"5215","keyword":["Energy (miscellaneous)","Energy Engineering and Power Technology","Renewable Energy","Sustainability and the Environment","Electrical and Electronic Engineering","Control and Optimization","Engineering (miscellaneous)","Building and Construction"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","publication":"Energies","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>Due to failures or even the absence of an electricity grid, microgrid systems are becoming popular solutions for electrifying African rural communities. However, they are heavily stressed and complex to control due to their intermittency and demand growth. Demand side management (DSM) serves as an option to increase the level of flexibility on the demand side by scheduling users’ consumption patterns profiles in response to supply. This paper proposes a demand-side management strategy based on load shifting and peak clipping. The proposed approach was modelled in a MATLAB/Simulink R2021a environment and was optimized using the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. Simulations were carried out to test the model’s efficacy in a stand-alone PV-battery microgrid in East Africa. The proposed algorithm reduces the peak demand, smoothing the load profile to the desired level, and improves the system’s peak to average ratio (PAR). The presence of deferrable loads has been considered to bring more flexible demand-side management. Results promise decreases in peak demand and peak to average ratio of about 31.2% and 7.5% through peak clipping. In addition, load shifting promises more flexibility to customers.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public"},{"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-948176-14-3"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","page":"301-304","citation":{"mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and Arash Khatibi. “Einfluss von Steilaufstellung, Nachführung und Einsatz bifazialer PV-Module auf den Speicherbedarf und die Kosten einer 100% EE-Versorgung Deutschlands.” <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposium, 18.-26 Mai 2021, online, ISBN 978-3-948176-14-3, S. 301-304. </i>, Conexio, 2021, pp. 301–04.","short":"S. Krauter, A. Khatibi, in: Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposium, 18.-26 Mai 2021, online, ISBN 978-3-948176-14-3, S. 301-304. , Conexio, Pforzheim, 2021, pp. 301–304.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Khatibi_2021, place={Pforzheim}, title={Einfluss von Steilaufstellung, Nachführung und Einsatz bifazialer PV-Module auf den Speicherbedarf und die Kosten einer 100% EE-Versorgung Deutschlands}, booktitle={Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposium, 18.-26 Mai 2021, online, ISBN 978-3-948176-14-3, S. 301-304. }, publisher={Conexio}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Khatibi, Arash}, year={2021}, pages={301–304} }","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Khatibi, A. (2021). Einfluss von Steilaufstellung, Nachführung und Einsatz bifazialer PV-Module auf den Speicherbedarf und die Kosten einer 100% EE-Versorgung Deutschlands. <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposium, 18.-26 Mai 2021, online, ISBN 978-3-948176-14-3, S. 301-304. </i>, 301–304.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and Arash Khatibi. “Einfluss von Steilaufstellung, Nachführung und Einsatz bifazialer PV-Module auf den Speicherbedarf und die Kosten einer 100% EE-Versorgung Deutschlands.” In <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposium, 18.-26 Mai 2021, online, ISBN 978-3-948176-14-3, S. 301-304. </i>, 301–4. Pforzheim: Conexio, 2021.","ieee":"S. Krauter and A. Khatibi, “Einfluss von Steilaufstellung, Nachführung und Einsatz bifazialer PV-Module auf den Speicherbedarf und die Kosten einer 100% EE-Versorgung Deutschlands,” in <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposium, 18.-26 Mai 2021, online, ISBN 978-3-948176-14-3, S. 301-304. </i>, Staffelstein / online, 2021, pp. 301–304.","ama":"Krauter S, Khatibi A. Einfluss von Steilaufstellung, Nachführung und Einsatz bifazialer PV-Module auf den Speicherbedarf und die Kosten einer 100% EE-Versorgung Deutschlands. In: <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposium, 18.-26 Mai 2021, online, ISBN 978-3-948176-14-3, S. 301-304. </i>. Conexio; 2021:301-304."},"place":"Pforzheim","author":[{"full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","first_name":"Stefan"},{"first_name":"Arash","last_name":"Khatibi","full_name":"Khatibi, Arash","id":"43538"}],"date_updated":"2022-01-06T11:46:47Z","conference":{"end_date":"2021-05-26","location":"Staffelstein / online","name":"36. PV-Symposium, 18.-26 Mai 2021","start_date":"2021-05-18"},"type":"conference","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"28836","_id":"22217","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T11:44:09Z","year":"2021","date_created":"2021-05-20T09:51:14Z","publisher":"Conexio","title":"Einfluss von Steilaufstellung, Nachführung und Einsatz bifazialer PV-Module auf den Speicherbedarf und die Kosten einer 100% EE-Versorgung Deutschlands","publication":"Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposium, 18.-26 Mai 2021, online, ISBN 978-3-948176-14-3, S. 301-304. ","file":[{"file_size":3540634,"access_level":"closed","file_name":"Staffelstein 2021 Krauter Khatibi S.301-304.pdf","file_id":"29169","date_updated":"2022-01-06T11:44:09Z","date_created":"2022-01-06T11:44:09Z","creator":"krauter","success":1,"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"ddc":["620"]},{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Access to precise meteorological data is crucial to be able to plan and install renewable energy systems \r\nsuch as solar power plants and wind farms. In case of solar energy, knowledge of local irradiance and air temperature \r\nvalues is very important. For this, various methods can be used such as installing local weather stations or using \r\nmeteorological data from different organizations such as Meteonorm or official Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). An \r\nalternative is to use satellite reanalysis datasets provided by organizations like the National Aeronautics and Space \r\nAdministration (NASA) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In this paper the \r\n“Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications” dataset version 2 (MERRA-2) will be presented, \r\nand its performance will be evaluated by comparing it to locally measured datasets provided by Meteonorm and DWD. \r\nThe analysis shows very high correlation between MERRA-2 and local measurements (correlation coefficients of 0.99) \r\nfor monthly global irradiance and air temperature values. The results prove the suitability of MERRA-2 data for \r\napplications requiring long historical data. Moreover, availability of MERRA-2 for the whole world with an acceptable \r\nresolution makes it a very valuable dataset."}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:26:47Z","date_created":"2022-01-06T13:26:47Z","creator":"krauter","file_size":2475972,"file_id":"29176","access_level":"closed","file_name":"Khatibi Krauter - MERRA 2 vs Meteonorm - EUPVSEC 2021.pdf"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)","ddc":["550"],"keyword":["Energy potential estimation","Photovoltaic","Solar radiation","Temperature measurement","Satellite data","Meteonorm","MERRA-2","DWD"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Comparison and Validation of Irradiance Data: Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 vs. Meteonorm and German Weather Service (DWD)","date_created":"2021-09-16T10:20:41Z","status":"public","type":"conference","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:26:47Z","_id":"24551","user_id":"28836","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"citation":{"apa":"Khatibi, A., &#38; Krauter, S. (2021). Comparison and Validation of Irradiance Data: Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 vs. Meteonorm and German Weather Service (DWD). <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 1141–1147. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11</a>","mla":"Khatibi, Arash, and Stefan Krauter. “Comparison and Validation of Irradiance Data: Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 vs. Meteonorm and German Weather Service (DWD).” <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 1141–47, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Khatibi_Krauter_2021, title={Comparison and Validation of Irradiance Data: Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 vs. Meteonorm and German Weather Service (DWD)}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)}, author={Khatibi, Arash and Krauter, Stefan}, year={2021}, pages={1141–1147} }","short":"A. Khatibi, S. Krauter, in: Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021), 2021, pp. 1141–1147.","ama":"Khatibi A, Krauter S. Comparison and Validation of Irradiance Data: Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 vs. Meteonorm and German Weather Service (DWD). In: <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>. ; 2021:1141-1147. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11</a>","ieee":"A. Khatibi and S. Krauter, “Comparison and Validation of Irradiance Data: Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 vs. Meteonorm and German Weather Service (DWD),” in <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 1141–1147, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11</a>.","chicago":"Khatibi, Arash, and Stefan Krauter. “Comparison and Validation of Irradiance Data: Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 vs. Meteonorm and German Weather Service (DWD).” In <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 1141–47, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11</a>."},"page":"1141 - 1147","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["3-936338-78-7"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-5BV.4.11","conference":{"start_date":"2021-09-06","name":"38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)","end_date":"2021-09-10"},"date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:29:51Z","author":[{"last_name":"Khatibi","id":"43538","full_name":"Khatibi, Arash","first_name":"Arash"},{"first_name":"Stefan","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836"}]},{"page":"659 - 663","citation":{"mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 659–63, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>.","short":"S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021), 2021, pp. 659–663.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2021, title={Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2021}, pages={659–663} }","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Bendfeld, J. (2021). Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>, 659–663. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” In <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>, 659–63, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>.","ieee":"S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields,” in <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 659–663, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>.","ama":"Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. In: <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)</i>. ; 2021:659-663. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["3-936338-78-7"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","conference":{"end_date":"2021-09-10","name":"38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)","start_date":"2021-09-06"},"doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-4CO.3.4","author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter"},{"full_name":"Bendfeld, Jörg","id":"16148","last_name":"Bendfeld","first_name":"Jörg"}],"date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:22:03Z","status":"public","type":"conference","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:20:31Z","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"28836","_id":"24550","year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Module-Inverters (Microinverters): Influence of Module Size on Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields","date_created":"2021-09-16T10:17:11Z","file":[{"access_level":"closed","file_name":"Krauter Bendfeld - Module size Microinverters - EUPVSEC 2021.pdf","file_id":"29175","file_size":5413518,"date_created":"2022-01-06T13:20:31Z","creator":"krauter","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:20:31Z","relation":"main_file","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Efficiencies and energy yields of microinverters available on the market during 2014‒2021 have been \r\nmeasured, compared, and ranked. Conversion efficiencies as a function of load have been measured indoors with high \r\naccuracy and ranked according to Euro- and CEC weightings. Energy yields have been measured outdoors via \r\nidentical and calibrated crystalline silicon PV modules of 215 Wp (until 2020) and 360 Wp (starting 2021). Inverters \r\nwith two inputs have been fed by two of those modules. DC input, AC power output and energy yield of each micro\u0002inverter have been recorded by individual calibrated electricity meters. CEC and EU efficiency rankings have been \r\ncomputed and compared. To assess the influence of PV module size, two extremes have been investigated: A rather \r\nsmall module with 215 Wp - as it has been used 10 years ago, and a brand-new module (2021) offering 360 Wp. Both \r\ntypes of modules contain 60 solar cells in series connection. Appling the low-power modules, the challenge for the \r\ndifferent micro-inverters has been during weak-light conditions, using the high-power modules, some inverters \r\ntemporarily reach their power limits and yield is reduced. A method using a reference configuration of inverter & \r\nmodule and a linear equation y = ax + b resulting in the actual yield, any module & inverter configuration can be \r\ncharacterized by just the coefficients a and b."}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2021)","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["AC-modules","Microinverter","Power Conditioning","Efficiency","Yield","PV module size","saturation","performance"],"ddc":["620"]},{"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1996-1073"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        14","citation":{"apa":"Khatibi, A., &#38; Krauter, S. (2021). Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications. <i>Energies</i>, <i>14</i>(4), Article 882. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882\">https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882</a>","mla":"Khatibi, Arash, and Stefan Krauter. “Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications.” <i>Energies</i>, vol. 14, no. 4, 882, MDPI, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882\">10.3390/en14040882</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Khatibi_Krauter_2021, title={Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882\">10.3390/en14040882</a>}, number={4882}, journal={Energies}, publisher={MDPI}, author={Khatibi, Arash and Krauter, Stefan}, year={2021} }","short":"A. Khatibi, S. Krauter, Energies 14 (2021).","ama":"Khatibi A, Krauter S. Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications. <i>Energies</i>. 2021;14(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882\">10.3390/en14040882</a>","ieee":"A. Khatibi and S. Krauter, “Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications,” <i>Energies</i>, vol. 14, no. 4, Art. no. 882, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882\">10.3390/en14040882</a>.","chicago":"Khatibi, Arash, and Stefan Krauter. “Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications.” <i>Energies</i> 14, no. 4 (2021). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882\">https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882</a>."},"date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:37:34Z","oa":"1","volume":14,"author":[{"first_name":"Arash","last_name":"Khatibi","id":"43538","full_name":"Khatibi, Arash"},{"first_name":"Stefan","id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X"}],"doi":"10.3390/en14040882","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/4/882/htm","open_access":"1"}],"type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"21265","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"28836","article_type":"original","article_number":"882","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:33:09Z","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"4","year":"2021","publisher":"MDPI","date_created":"2021-02-23T10:18:05Z","title":"Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications","publication":"Energies","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>Fast-growing energy demand of the world makes the researchers focus on finding new energy sources or optimizing already-developed approaches. For an efficient use of solar and wind energy in an energy system, correct design and sizing of a power system is of high importance and improving or optimizing the process of data obtaining for this purpose leads to higher performance and lower cost per unit of energy. It is essential to have the most precise possible estimation of solar and wind energy potential and other local weather parameters in order to fully feed the demand and avoid extra costs. There are various methods for obtaining local data, such as local measurements, official organizational data, satellite obtained, and reanalysis data. In this paper, the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications dataset version 2 (MERRA-2) dataset provided by NASA is introduced and its performance is evaluated by comparison to various locally measured datasets offered by meteorological institutions such as Meteonorm and Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, or Germany’s National Meteorological Service) around the world. After comparison, correlation coefficients from 0.95 to 0.99 are observed for monthly global horizontal irradiance values. In the case of air temperature, correlation coefficients of 0.99 and for wind speed from 0.81 to 0.99 are observed. High correlation with ground measurements and relatively low errors are confirmed, especially for irradiance and temperature values, that makes MERRA-2 a valuable dataset, considering its world coverage and availability.</jats:p>"}],"file":[{"date_created":"2022-01-06T13:33:09Z","creator":"krauter","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:33:09Z","file_id":"29177","file_name":"energies-14-00882 Khatibi Krauter MERRA 2.pdf","access_level":"closed","file_size":3837152,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1}],"keyword":["Solar irradiance","MERRA 2","Meteonorm","DWD"],"ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"file":[{"creator":"krauter","date_created":"2022-01-06T11:49:19Z","date_updated":"2022-01-06T11:49:19Z","file_name":"Staffelstein 2021 ART-D S.305-309.pdf","file_id":"29170","access_level":"closed","file_size":5128404,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1}],"publication":"Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021","language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"keyword":["Art-D","Afrika","Resilienz","Resilience","Grid stability","robustness","microgrids"],"ddc":["620"],"year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung","date_created":"2021-05-20T09:58:43Z","publisher":"Conexio","status":"public","type":"conference","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T11:49:19Z","department":[{"_id":"53"},{"_id":"475"},{"_id":"52"},{"_id":"453"},{"_id":"59"},{"_id":"300"}],"user_id":"66","_id":"22218","page":"305-309","citation":{"apa":"Krauter, S., Böcker, J., Freitag, C., Hehenkamp, B., Hilleringmann, U., Temmen, K., Klaus, T., Rohrer, N., &#38; Lehmann, S. (2021). Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung. <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>, 305–309.","ama":"Krauter S, Böcker J, Freitag C, et al. Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung. In: <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>. Conexio; 2021:305-309.","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, et al. “Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung.” <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>, Conexio, 2021, pp. 305–09.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Böcker_Freitag_Hehenkamp_Hilleringmann_Temmen_Klaus_Rohrer_Lehmann_2021, place={Pforzheim}, title={Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung}, booktitle={Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021}, publisher={Conexio}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Böcker, Joachim and Freitag, Christine and Hehenkamp, Burkhard and Hilleringmann, Ulrich and Temmen, Katrin and Klaus, Tobias and Rohrer, Nicolaus and Lehmann, Sven}, year={2021}, pages={305–309} }","short":"S. Krauter, J. Böcker, C. Freitag, B. Hehenkamp, U. Hilleringmann, K. Temmen, T. Klaus, N. Rohrer, S. Lehmann, in: Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021, Conexio, Pforzheim, 2021, pp. 305–309.","ieee":"S. Krauter <i>et al.</i>, “Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung,” in <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>, Staffelstein / online, 2021, pp. 305–309.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, Joachim Böcker, Christine Freitag, Burkhard Hehenkamp, Ulrich Hilleringmann, Katrin Temmen, Tobias Klaus, Nicolaus Rohrer, and Sven Lehmann. “Projekt Art-D Grids: Nachhaltige und stabile Microgrids in Afrika - eine Plattform für Forschung und Lehre für die Entwicklung.” In <i>Tagungsband des 36. PV-Symposiums, 18.-26 Mai 2021</i>, 305–9. Pforzheim: Conexio, 2021."},"place":"Pforzheim","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-948176-14-3"]},"publication_status":"published","conference":{"end_date":"2021-05-26","location":"Staffelstein / online","name":"36. PV-Symposium","start_date":"2021-05-18"},"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","first_name":"Stefan"},{"last_name":"Böcker","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","id":"66","first_name":"Joachim"},{"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Freitag","id":"20560","full_name":"Freitag, Christine"},{"first_name":"Burkhard","id":"37339","full_name":"Hehenkamp, Burkhard","last_name":"Hehenkamp"},{"last_name":"Hilleringmann","id":"20179","full_name":"Hilleringmann, Ulrich","first_name":"Ulrich"},{"first_name":"Katrin","last_name":"Temmen","full_name":"Temmen, Katrin","id":"30086"},{"last_name":"Klaus","full_name":"Klaus, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"last_name":"Rohrer","full_name":"Rohrer, Nicolaus","first_name":"Nicolaus"},{"full_name":"Lehmann, Sven","last_name":"Lehmann","first_name":"Sven"}],"date_updated":"2024-01-19T16:43:56Z"},{"title":"Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures","doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38","conference":{"name":"38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)","start_date":"2021-09-06","end_date":"2021-09-10"},"date_updated":"2024-10-17T08:45:50Z","author":[{"first_name":"Josephine Nakato","last_name":"Kakande","full_name":"Kakande, Josephine Nakato","id":"88649"},{"full_name":"Philipo, Godiana Hagile","id":"88505","last_name":"Philipo","first_name":"Godiana Hagile"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter","id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","first_name":"Stefan"}],"date_created":"2021-09-16T05:52:50Z","year":"2021","page":"1505-1510","citation":{"apa":"Kakande, J. N., Philipo, G. H., &#38; Krauter, S. (2021). Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures. <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 1505–1510. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>","mla":"Kakande, Josephine Nakato, et al. “Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures.” <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 1505–10, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>.","short":"J.N. Kakande, G.H. Philipo, S. Krauter, in: Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021), 2021, pp. 1505–1510.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Kakande_Philipo_Krauter_2021, title={Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)}, author={Kakande, Josephine Nakato and Philipo, Godiana Hagile and Krauter, Stefan}, year={2021}, pages={1505–1510} }","chicago":"Kakande, Josephine Nakato, Godiana Hagile Philipo, and Stefan Krauter. “Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures.” In <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 1505–10, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>.","ieee":"J. N. Kakande, G. H. Philipo, and S. Krauter, “Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures,” in <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>, 2021, pp. 1505–1510, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>.","ama":"Kakande JN, Philipo GH, Krauter S. Load Data Acquisition in Rural East Africa for the Layout of Microgrids and Demand–Side–Management Measures. In: <i>Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)</i>. ; 2021:1505-1510. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20212021-6BV.5.38</a>"},"quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["3-936338-78-7"]},"publication_status":"published","keyword":["Art-D","Afrika","Demand side management","MySQL","Raspberry pi","Data acquisition"],"ddc":["620"],"file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:11:59Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"24540","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"16148","abstract":[{"text":"With its growing population and industrialization, DREs, and solar technologies in particular, provide a \r\nsustainable means of bridging the current energy deficit in Africa, increasing supply reliability and meeting future \r\ndemand. Data acquisition and data management systems allow real time monitoring and control of energy systems as \r\nwell as performance analysis. However commercial data acquisition systems often have cost implications that are \r\nprohibitive for small PV systems and installations in developing countries.\r\nIn this paper, a multi-user, multi-purpose microgrid database system is designed and implemented. MAVOWATT \r\n270 power quality analyzers by GOSSEN METRAWATT, raspberry pi modules and sensors are used for measuring, \r\nrecording and storing electrical and meteorological data in East Africa. Socio-economic data is also stored in the\r\ndatabase. The designed system employs open source software and hardware solutions which are best suited to \r\ndeveloping regions like East Africa due to the lower cost implications.\r\nThe expected results promise a comprehensive database covering different electro-technical and socio-economic \r\nparameters useful for optimal design of microgrid systems.","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","file":[{"file_size":1343406,"file_id":"29174","access_level":"closed","file_name":"Kakande Philipo Krauter - Load Data Aquisition ART-D - EUPVSEC 2021.pdf","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:11:59Z","date_created":"2022-01-06T13:11:59Z","creator":"krauter","success":1,"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2021)","type":"conference"},{"author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan"},{"first_name":"Jörg","last_name":"Bendfeld","id":"16148","full_name":"Bendfeld, Jörg"}],"date_created":"2020-08-27T06:28:42Z","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:02:11Z","conference":{"name":"37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2020)","start_date":"2020-09-07","end_date":"2020-09-11","location":"online"},"doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2","title":"Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["\t3-936338-73-6"]},"publication_status":"published","page":"935 - 938","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={935–938} }","short":"S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020, 2020, pp. 935–938.","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” <i>Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020</i>, 2020, pp. 935–38, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2</a>.","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Bendfeld, J. (2020). Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. <i>Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020</i>, 935–938. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2</a>","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” In <i>Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020</i>, 935–38, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2</a>.","ieee":"S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields,” in <i>Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020</i>, online, 2020, pp. 935–938, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2</a>.","ama":"Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. In: <i>Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020</i>. ; 2020:935-938. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2</a>"},"year":"2020","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"28836","_id":"18390","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020","type":"conference","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":" Efficiencies and energy yields of microinverters available on the market during 2014‒2020 have been \r\nmeasured, compared, and ranked. Conversion efficiencies as a function of load have been measured indoors with high \r\naccuracy and ranked according to Euro- and CEC weightings. Energy yields have been measured outdoors via \r\nidentical and calibrated crystalline silicon PV modules of 215 Wp each. Inverters with two inputs have been fed by \r\ntwo of those modules. DC input, AC power output and energy yield of each micro-inverter have been recorded by \r\nindividual calibrated electricity meters. Apparently, some inverters have been optimized for high irradiance levels \r\nand ranked better at the CEC efficiency ranking, others performed very well also at low irradiance levels, thus \r\nranking higher at in the EU efficiency ranking. Efficiency ranks are slightly deviating from rankings by energy yield \r\nmeasurements. At one inverter, a slow MPPT algorithm that barely could follow quickly changing irradiance levels is \r\nmost probably responsible for this effect. Another inverter switched off for a while after operation at high power, \r\nanother one failed permanently. Apparently, some inverters are been optimized to show excellent datasheet ratings \r\nfor EU- or CEC- efficiency. On the other hand, two inverters (each featuring two inputs) did not show an outstanding \r\nperformance at the EU- and CEC-ratings but achieved leading ranks for AC energy yields. For the customer, AC \r\nyield is a major performance indicator of a microinverter and should be included in the datasheet."}]},{"title":"Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen","conference":{"end_date":"2020-09-02","location":"Bad Staffelstein","name":"35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020)","start_date":"2020-08-31"},"date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:26:08Z","date_created":"2020-04-27T05:55:09Z","author":[{"last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","first_name":"Stefan"},{"first_name":"Jörg","full_name":"Bendfeld, Jörg","id":"16148","last_name":"Bendfeld"}],"year":"2020","citation":{"short":"S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 2020.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen}, booktitle={Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020} }","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen.” <i>Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)</i>, 2020.","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Bendfeld, J. (2020). Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen. <i>Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)</i>. 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen.” In <i>Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)</i>, 2020.","ieee":"S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen,” presented at the 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein, 2020.","ama":"Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen. In: <i>Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)</i>. ; 2020."},"publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"_id":"16857","user_id":"28836","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"status":"public","type":"conference","publication":"Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)"},{"file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:35:49Z","_id":"19393","user_id":"28836","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"status":"public","type":"conference","doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9","conference":{"start_date":"2020-09-07","name":"37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2020)","location":"online","end_date":"2020-09-11"},"date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:42:22Z","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","first_name":"Stefan"},{"last_name":"Zhang","full_name":"Zhang, L.","first_name":"L."}],"citation":{"chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in the German Electricity Grid.” In <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, 1815–17, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>.","ieee":"S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.,” in <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, online, 2020, pp. 1815–1817, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>.","ama":"Krauter S, Zhang L. Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid. In: <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i> ; 2020:1815-1817. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Zhang, L. (2020). Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid. <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, 1815–1817. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020}, pages={1815–1817} }","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in the German Electricity Grid.” <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.</i>, 2020, pp. 1815–17, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9</a>.","short":"S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–1817."},"page":"1815 - 1817","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["\t3-936338-73-6"]},"ddc":["620"],"keyword":["Keywords: Load-Shifting","Demand-Side-Management","DSM","grid frequency","EEX","electricity trading prices","renewable share","flexibility","emissions","CO2"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management \r\nsystems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate method. Due to the present \r\ninflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of \r\nelectricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While the specific CO2-\r\nemission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain \r\nlimit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that do not require power \r\npermanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, \r\ninexpensive demand-side management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic \r\nconsumption tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the \r\nGerman grid of the year 2018 have been collected and a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share \r\nof renewables vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results \r\nshow: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary \r\ngrid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation (r = -\r\n0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between \r\nelectricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that \r\ncorrelation almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power plants that even operate at \r\nnegative prices. \r\n"}],"file":[{"file_size":1309449,"file_name":"Krauter Zhang - Triggering DSM - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf","file_id":"29172","access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:35:49Z","date_created":"2022-01-06T12:35:49Z","creator":"krauter","success":1,"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.","title":"Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.","date_created":"2020-09-14T12:43:43Z","year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1"},{"date_created":"2020-09-14T12:42:30Z","title":"Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2020","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ddc":["620"],"keyword":["Energy Storage","PV system integration","Large Grid-connected PV systems","Simulation","Energy Supply Options"],"publication":"Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020","file":[{"file_name":"Krauter Rustemovic Khatibi - Elevated Angle - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf","access_level":"closed","file_id":"29178","file_size":428312,"creator":"krauter","date_created":"2022-01-06T13:41:20Z","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:41:20Z","relation":"main_file","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Due to the strong reduction of PV prices, storage plays a dominating role in overall system costs. A \r\nsteeper elevation angle would result in a more balanced seasonal PV yield, at the cost of PV yield reductions during \r\nsummer, but allowing reduced storage capacities. Additionally, the effect of a single-axis tracking system has been \r\ninvestigated, generating more electricity during the morning and evening hours, thus reducing daily storage \r\nrequirements. The necessary PV size and storage capacities required for the German energy supply (1,500 TWh after \r\nelectrification of all sectors) via 100% renewable energies and a 50% solar share have been calculated via the \r\nHOMER Pro software, considering the bridging of periods of \"dark lulls“ in winter, using costs of 2030 (Table 1). \r\nResults: The increase of module elevation angles above the typical 30° leads to a reduction of investment and supply \r\ncosts. The optimum is reached at a cost reduction of -1.5% for an elevation angle at the latitude of the installation \r\nsite. An explanation is that high elevation angles are favorable for clear winter days, but not at all for the critical days \r\nwith diffuse irradiance only, so the battery capacity must be increased. For the same reason, tracking systems do not \r\noffer any cost advantage (at least for the ones without an option for horizontal positioning during diffuse days)."}],"author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X"},{"full_name":"Rustemovic, D.","last_name":"Rustemovic","first_name":"D."},{"id":"43538","full_name":"Khatibi, Arash","last_name":"Khatibi","first_name":"Arash"}],"date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:43:51Z","conference":{"start_date":"2020-09-07","name":"37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2020)","location":"online","end_date":"2020-09-11"},"doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["3-936338-73-6"]},"citation":{"apa":"Krauter, S., Rustemovic, D., &#38; Khatibi, A. (2020). Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles. <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>, 1818–1819. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>","short":"S. Krauter, D. Rustemovic, A. Khatibi, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020, 2020, pp. 1818–1819.","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, et al. “Reduction of Required Storage Capacities for a 100% Renewable Energy Supply in Germany, If New PV Systems Are Installed with East-West Tracking Systems at Increased Elevation Angles.” <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>, 2020, pp. 1818–19, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Rustemovic_Khatibi_2020, title={Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Rustemovic, D. and Khatibi, Arash}, year={2020}, pages={1818–1819} }","ama":"Krauter S, Rustemovic D, Khatibi A. Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles. In: <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>. ; 2020:1818-1819. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>","ieee":"S. Krauter, D. Rustemovic, and A. Khatibi, “Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles,” in <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>, online, 2020, pp. 1818–1819, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, D. Rustemovic, and Arash Khatibi. “Reduction of Required Storage Capacities for a 100% Renewable Energy Supply in Germany, If New PV Systems Are Installed with East-West Tracking Systems at Increased Elevation Angles.” In <i>Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020</i>, 1818–19, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10</a>."},"page":"1818 - 1819","user_id":"28836","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"_id":"19390","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:41:20Z","type":"conference","status":"public"},{"title":"Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters","date_created":"2020-08-27T06:26:25Z","year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1","ddc":["620"],"keyword":["AC-modules","Microinverter","Power Conditioning","Thermal Performance","Ventilation","Stability","Efficiency","Yield"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":" During comparative measurements of different PV microinverters, two yield issues came up that could \r\nnot be explored via conventional efficiency measurements, but do have a significant impact on electrical energy \r\nyield: First category of issues are either sluggish or nervously acting maximum–power–point–tracking devices, which \r\nlead to reduced energy yields. The other category of issues is thermal: As a first explanation for observed reduced \r\nenergy yields, it has been assumed that the conversion efficiency degrades at higher operating temperatures. This \r\nmatter has been investigated in this article: A change in conversion efficiency could not be observed for elevated \r\noperation temperatures up to 50°C, despite high-precision and repeated measurements. But it was found that some \r\ninverters temporarily interrupted (or entirely stopped) operation after long periods of running at high temperatures. \r\nAlso, a reduction in potential maximum power output has been detected for those inverters. Summarizing: With a \r\nhigh degree of certainty it can be stated that those reported yield losses have been caused by the temporary shutdowns \r\nand power limitations of the inverters."}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:27:02Z","creator":"krauter","date_created":"2022-01-06T12:27:02Z","file_size":599660,"access_level":"closed","file_name":"Krauter Bendfeld - Microinverters at elevated temperatures EUPVSEC 2020.pdf","file_id":"29171"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 ","doi":"10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6","conference":{"name":"EU PVSEC 2020, 37th EU Photovoltaik Solar Energy Conference","start_date":"2020-09-07","end_date":"2020-09-11","location":"online"},"date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:32:47Z","author":[{"last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","first_name":"Stefan"},{"first_name":"Jörg","last_name":"Bendfeld","id":"16148","full_name":"Bendfeld, Jörg"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” In <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>, 1179–80, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>.","ieee":"S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters,” in <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>, online, 2020, pp. 1179–1180, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>.","ama":"Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. In: <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>. ; 2020:1179-1180. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>","short":"S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 2020, pp. 1179–1180.","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>, 2020, pp. 1179–80, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 }, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={1179–1180} }","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Bendfeld, J. (2020). Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. <i>Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 </i>, 1179–1180. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6\">https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6</a>"},"jel":["Q42"],"page":"1179 - 1180","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["3-936338-73-6"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","file_date_updated":"2022-01-06T12:27:02Z","_id":"18387","user_id":"28836","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"status":"public","type":"conference"},{"publication":"Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020","type":"conference","status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"Due to the present inflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of electricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation in the German electricity grid. While the specific CO2-emission is decreasing then - due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency should be increasing (to a certain limit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and -off certain loads (loads that do not require power permanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, inexpensive demand-side-management indicator to lower specific CO2-emissions and costs (if a dynamic consumption tariff is applied). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the German grid of the year 2018 have been collected and the correlations between grid frequency, share of renewables, CO2-contents, and actual price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results show: Correlation between grid frequency and the share of renewables is quite low (r=0.155) due to the fact that primary grid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. As expected, there is a good anti-correlation (r=-0.687) between the EEX-prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between electricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r=0.665), within the one year (2018) that correlation almost doesn't exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite baseload power plants that even operate at negative prices.","lang":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"28836","_id":"19383","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["CO2","EEX","Grid frequency","DSM","electricity price","Renewable share"],"quality_controlled":"1","corporate_editor":["IEEE"],"page":"1672-1674","citation":{"ama":"Krauter S, Zhang L. Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In: IEEE, ed. <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i>. ; 2020:1672-1674. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>","ieee":"S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management,” in <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i>, online, 2020, pp. 1672–1674, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” In <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i>, edited by IEEE, 1672–74, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, editor={IEEE}, year={2020}, pages={1672–1674} }","short":"S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, 2020, pp. 1672–1674.","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i>, edited by IEEE, 2020, pp. 1672–74, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>.","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Zhang, L. (2020). Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In IEEE (Ed.), <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020</i> (pp. 1672–1674). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487\">https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487</a>"},"year":"2020","author":[{"id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter","first_name":"Stefan"},{"first_name":"L.","last_name":"Zhang","full_name":"Zhang, L."}],"date_created":"2020-09-14T12:39:41Z","date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:52:16Z","doi":"10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487","conference":{"name":"47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47)","start_date":"2020-06-15","end_date":"2020-06-21","location":"online"},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9300487"}],"title":"Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management"},{"_id":"16899","user_id":"28836","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"status":"public","type":"conference","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9300953"}],"conference":{"location":"VIRTUAL MEETING","end_date":"2020-08-21","start_date":"2020-06-15","name":"47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47)"},"doi":"10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953","date_updated":"2022-01-07T10:10:43Z","author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836"},{"first_name":"Jörg","full_name":"Bendfeld, Jörg","id":"16148","last_name":"Bendfeld"}],"place":"online","citation":{"ama":"Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. In: <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING</i>. IEEE; 2020:1429-1432. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953</a>","ieee":"S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields,” in <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING</i>, VIRTUAL MEETING, 2020, pp. 1429–1432, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953</a>.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” In <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING</i>, 1429–32. online: IEEE, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953\">https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953</a>.","apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Bendfeld, J. (2020). Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING</i>, 1429–1432. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953\">https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953</a>","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” <i>Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING</i>, IEEE, 2020, pp. 1429–32, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, place={online}, title={Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953\">10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={1429–1432} }","short":"S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING, IEEE, online, 2020, pp. 1429–1432."},"page":"1429-1432","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":[" 0160-8371"]},"keyword":["yield","AC","micro-inverter","MPPT","CEC rating","EU efficiency","Photovoltaic","Solar"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"To compare efficiency and yield of many micro-inverters available on the world market in 2014-2020, an in- and outdoor test laboratory at the University of Paderborn has been set up. The inverters have been fed by identical and calibrated crystalline silicon PV modules of 215 Wp. To monitor accurately DC input, AC power output and energy yield, each of the micro-inverters has been equipped with a calibrated electricity meter. For micro-inverters requiring control units for grid-feeding that has been acquired also. The comparison covers efficiency-load characteristics as well as electrical energy yields. Purchase costs vary considerably between the models in comparison, sometimes inverter costs are higher than module costs, particularly if an additional grid-connection or interface device is needed for operation. The weighted conversion efficiency according to EU and CEC standards has been measured and calculated. While some inverters have been optimized for high irradiance levels, they ranked better at the CEC efficiency, others performed very well also for low irradiance levels, thus ranking higher at in the EU-efficiency tables. These results are deviating from the actual energy yield measurements, which show a slightly different ranking. At one inverter, an accurate, but very slow MPPT algorithm that barely could follow quickly changing irradiance levels could be the reason for this effect. Another inverter switched off after operation at high power output for a while. Apparently, some inverters are been optimized to show excellent EU and CEC efficiency ratings. Two of the inverters featuring two inputs did not show an exceptional performance at the EU- and CEC-ratings, but they achieved top ranks at the AC energy yield for the first years. For the customer, the AC yield is a major performance indicator of any microinverter and should be included in the datasheet."}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING","title":"Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields","publisher":"IEEE","date_created":"2020-04-29T05:31:12Z","year":"2020","quality_controlled":"1"},{"quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","citation":{"apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Zhang, L. (2020). Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen. <i>Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)</i>. 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, place={Bad Staffelstein}, title={Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen}, booktitle={Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020} }","short":"S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), Bad Staffelstein, 2020.","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen.” <i>Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)</i>, 2020.","ama":"Krauter S, Zhang L. Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen. In: <i>Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)</i>. ; 2020.","ieee":"S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen,” presented at the 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein, 2020.","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen.” In <i>Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)</i>. Bad Staffelstein, 2020."},"place":"Bad Staffelstein","year":"2020","date_created":"2020-04-27T05:44:44Z","author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836"},{"last_name":"Zhang","full_name":"Zhang, L.","first_name":"L."}],"date_updated":"2022-01-06T13:54:03Z","conference":{"end_date":"2020-09-02","location":"Bad Staffelstein","name":"35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020)","start_date":"2020-08-31"},"title":"Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen","publication":"Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)","type":"conference","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"28836","_id":"16855","language":[{"iso":"ger"}]},{"date_created":"2020-04-27T06:01:40Z","author":[{"id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","first_name":"Stefan"},{"first_name":"L.","last_name":"Zhang","full_name":"Zhang, L."}],"date_updated":"2022-01-07T10:00:55Z","conference":{"name":"14 th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference,  10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben auf 16.–18. März 2021)","start_date":"2021-03-16","end_date":"2021-03-18","location":"Düsseldorf (Deutschland)"},"title":"Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring","publication_status":"published","citation":{"apa":"Krauter, S., &#38; Zhang, L. (2020). Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring. <i>Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)</i>. 14 th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference,  10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben auf 16.–18. März 2021), Düsseldorf (Deutschland).","short":"S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021), 2020.","mla":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring.” <i>Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)</i>, 2020.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020} }","chicago":"Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring.” In <i>Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)</i>, 2020.","ieee":"S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring,” presented at the 14 th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference,  10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben auf 16.–18. März 2021), Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 2020.","ama":"Krauter S, Zhang L. Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring. In: <i>Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)</i>. ; 2020."},"year":"2020","user_id":"28836","department":[{"_id":"53"}],"_id":"16858","language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"type":"conference","publication":"Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)","status":"public"},{"citation":{"mla":"Grabo, Matti, et al. <i>Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen</i>. 2019.","short":"M. Grabo, D. Weber, A. Paul, T. Klaus, W. Bermpohl, S. Krauter, E. Kenig, in: 2019.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Grabo_Weber_Paul_Klaus_Bermpohl_Krauter_Kenig_2019, title={Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen}, author={Grabo, Matti and Weber, Daniel and Paul, Andreas and Klaus, Tobias and Bermpohl, Wolfgang and Krauter, Stefan and Kenig, Eugeny}, year={2019} }","apa":"Grabo, M., Weber, D., Paul, A., Klaus, T., Bermpohl, W., Krauter, S., &#38; Kenig, E. (2019). Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen. Presented at the 2. Regenerative Energietechnik Konferenz (RET.Con 2019), Nordhausen.","ama":"Grabo M, Weber D, Paul A, et al. Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen. In: ; 2019.","chicago":"Grabo, Matti, Daniel Weber, Andreas Paul, Tobias Klaus, Wolfgang Bermpohl, Stefan Krauter, and Eugeny Kenig. “Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen,” 2019.","ieee":"M. Grabo <i>et al.</i>, “Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen,” presented at the 2. Regenerative Energietechnik Konferenz (RET.Con 2019), Nordhausen, 2019."},"year":"2019","author":[{"id":"66520","full_name":"Grabo, Matti","last_name":"Grabo","first_name":"Matti"},{"full_name":"Weber, Daniel","last_name":"Weber","first_name":"Daniel"},{"last_name":"Paul","full_name":"Paul, Andreas","first_name":"Andreas"},{"full_name":"Klaus, Tobias","last_name":"Klaus","first_name":"Tobias"},{"full_name":"Bermpohl, Wolfgang","id":"15290","last_name":"Bermpohl","first_name":"Wolfgang"},{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X"},{"full_name":"Kenig, Eugeny","id":"665","last_name":"Kenig","first_name":"Eugeny"}],"date_created":"2019-12-05T10:06:21Z","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:52:19Z","conference":{"location":"Nordhausen","name":"2. Regenerative Energietechnik Konferenz (RET.Con 2019)"},"title":"Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen","type":"conference","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"145"},{"_id":"155"},{"_id":"34"},{"_id":"53"},{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"66520","_id":"15247","language":[{"iso":"ger"}]},{"citation":{"ama":"Grabo M, Weber D, Paul A, Klaus T, Bermpohl W, Kenig E. Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen. In: ; 2019.","ieee":"M. Grabo, D. Weber, A. Paul, T. Klaus, W. Bermpohl, and E. Kenig, “Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen,” presented at the Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppe Energieverfahrenstechnik und des Arbeitsausschusses Thermische Energiespeicherung, Frankfurt am Main, 2019.","chicago":"Grabo, Matti, Daniel Weber, Andreas Paul, Tobias Klaus, Wolfgang Bermpohl, and Eugeny Kenig. “Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen,” 2019.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Grabo_Weber_Paul_Klaus_Bermpohl_Kenig_2019, title={Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen}, author={Grabo, Matti and Weber, Daniel and Paul, Andreas and Klaus, Tobias and Bermpohl, Wolfgang and Kenig, Eugeny}, year={2019} }","short":"M. Grabo, D. Weber, A. Paul, T. Klaus, W. Bermpohl, E. Kenig, in: 2019.","mla":"Grabo, Matti, et al. <i>Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen</i>. 2019.","apa":"Grabo, M., Weber, D., Paul, A., Klaus, T., Bermpohl, W., &#38; Kenig, E. (2019). Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen. Presented at the Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppe Energieverfahrenstechnik und des Arbeitsausschusses Thermische Energiespeicherung, Frankfurt am Main."},"year":"2019","conference":{"name":"Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppe Energieverfahrenstechnik und des Arbeitsausschusses Thermische Energiespeicherung","location":"Frankfurt am Main"},"title":"Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen","author":[{"first_name":"Matti","full_name":"Grabo, Matti","id":"66520","last_name":"Grabo"},{"full_name":"Weber, Daniel","last_name":"Weber","first_name":"Daniel"},{"full_name":"Paul, Andreas","last_name":"Paul","first_name":"Andreas"},{"last_name":"Klaus","full_name":"Klaus, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Wolfgang","last_name":"Bermpohl","full_name":"Bermpohl, Wolfgang","id":"15290"},{"first_name":"Eugeny","last_name":"Kenig","id":"665","full_name":"Kenig, Eugeny"}],"date_created":"2019-12-05T10:07:56Z","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:52:19Z","status":"public","type":"conference_abstract","language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"user_id":"66520","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"145"},{"_id":"155"},{"_id":"34"},{"_id":"53"},{"_id":"52"}],"_id":"15248"},{"department":[{"_id":"53"}],"user_id":"16148","_id":"48501","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Deep Learning and Neural Networks","type":"book_chapter","status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>Gathering knowledge not only of the current but also the upcoming wind speed is getting more and more important as the experience of operating and maintaining wind turbines is increasing. Not only with regards to operation and maintenance tasks such as gearbox and generator checks but moreover due to the fact that energy providers have to sell the right amount of their converted energy at the European energy markets, the knowledge of the wind and hence electrical power of the next day is of key importance. Selling more energy as has been offered is penalized as well as offering less energy as contractually promised. In addition to that the price per offered kWh decreases in case of a surplus of energy. Achieving a forecast there are various methods in computer science: fuzzy logic, linear prediction or neural networks. This paper presents current results of wind speed forecasts using recurrent neural networks (RNN) and the gradient descent method plus a backpropagation learning algorithm. Data used has been extracted from NASA's Modern Era-Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) which is calculated by a GEOS-5 Earth System Modeling and Data Assimilation system. The presented results show that wind speed data can be forecasted using historical data for training the RNN. Nevertheless, the current set up system lacks robustness and can be improved further with regards to accuracy.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Balluff, Stefan","last_name":"Balluff"},{"first_name":"Jörg","last_name":"Bendfeld","full_name":"Bendfeld, Jörg","id":"16148"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","last_name":"Krauter","id":"28836","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","first_name":"Stefan"}],"date_created":"2023-10-27T08:28:27Z","publisher":"IGI Global","date_updated":"2023-10-27T08:29:56Z","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050","title":"Meteorological Data Forecast using RNN","publication_status":"published","citation":{"ama":"Balluff S, Bendfeld J, Krauter S. Meteorological Data Forecast using RNN. In: <i>Deep Learning and Neural Networks</i>. IGI Global; 2019. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050\">10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050</a>","ieee":"S. Balluff, J. Bendfeld, and S. Krauter, “Meteorological Data Forecast using RNN,” in <i>Deep Learning and Neural Networks</i>, IGI Global, 2019.","chicago":"Balluff, Stefan, Jörg Bendfeld, and Stefan Krauter. “Meteorological Data Forecast Using RNN.” In <i>Deep Learning and Neural Networks</i>. IGI Global, 2019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050\">https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050</a>.","bibtex":"@inbook{Balluff_Bendfeld_Krauter_2019, title={Meteorological Data Forecast using RNN}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050\">10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050</a>}, booktitle={Deep Learning and Neural Networks}, publisher={IGI Global}, author={Balluff, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg and Krauter, Stefan}, year={2019} }","mla":"Balluff, Stefan, et al. “Meteorological Data Forecast Using RNN.” <i>Deep Learning and Neural Networks</i>, IGI Global, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050\">10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050</a>.","short":"S. Balluff, J. Bendfeld, S. Krauter, in: Deep Learning and Neural Networks, IGI Global, 2019.","apa":"Balluff, S., Bendfeld, J., &#38; Krauter, S. (2019). Meteorological Data Forecast using RNN. In <i>Deep Learning and Neural Networks</i>. IGI Global. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050\">https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch050</a>"},"year":"2019"},{"_id":"15250","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"145"},{"_id":"155"},{"_id":"34"},{"_id":"53"},{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"66520","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Chemical Engineering Transactions","type":"journal_article","status":"public","date_updated":"2024-03-18T13:26:07Z","author":[{"id":"66520","full_name":"Grabo, Matti","last_name":"Grabo","first_name":"Matti"},{"last_name":"Weber","full_name":"Weber, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel"},{"first_name":"Andreas","full_name":"Paul, Andreas","last_name":"Paul"},{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Klaus","full_name":"Klaus, Tobias"},{"last_name":"Bermpohl","id":"15290","full_name":"Bermpohl, Wolfgang","first_name":"Wolfgang"},{"last_name":"Krauter","orcid":"0000-0002-3594-260X","full_name":"Krauter, Stefan","id":"28836","first_name":"Stefan"},{"first_name":"Eugeny","id":"665","full_name":"Kenig, Eugeny","last_name":"Kenig"}],"date_created":"2019-12-05T10:13:05Z","title":"Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-integrated Solar Modules","doi":"10.3303/CET1976150","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2283-9216"]},"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2019","page":"895-900","citation":{"ieee":"M. Grabo <i>et al.</i>, “Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-integrated Solar Modules,” <i>Chemical Engineering Transactions</i>, pp. 895–900, 2019, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150\">10.3303/CET1976150</a>.","chicago":"Grabo, Matti, Daniel Weber, Andreas Paul, Tobias Klaus, Wolfgang Bermpohl, Stefan Krauter, and Eugeny Kenig. “Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-Integrated Solar Modules.” <i>Chemical Engineering Transactions</i>, 2019, 895–900. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150\">https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150</a>.","ama":"Grabo M, Weber D, Paul A, et al. Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-integrated Solar Modules. <i>Chemical Engineering Transactions</i>. Published online 2019:895-900. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150\">10.3303/CET1976150</a>","mla":"Grabo, Matti, et al. “Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-Integrated Solar Modules.” <i>Chemical Engineering Transactions</i>, 2019, pp. 895–900, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150\">10.3303/CET1976150</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Grabo_Weber_Paul_Klaus_Bermpohl_Krauter_Kenig_2019, title={Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-integrated Solar Modules}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150\">10.3303/CET1976150</a>}, journal={Chemical Engineering Transactions}, author={Grabo, Matti and Weber, Daniel and Paul, Andreas and Klaus, Tobias and Bermpohl, Wolfgang and Krauter, Stefan and Kenig, Eugeny}, year={2019}, pages={895–900} }","short":"M. Grabo, D. Weber, A. Paul, T. Klaus, W. Bermpohl, S. Krauter, E. Kenig, Chemical Engineering Transactions (2019) 895–900.","apa":"Grabo, M., Weber, D., Paul, A., Klaus, T., Bermpohl, W., Krauter, S., &#38; Kenig, E. (2019). Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-integrated Solar Modules. <i>Chemical Engineering Transactions</i>, 895–900. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150\">https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150</a>"}}]