@inproceedings{9947, abstract = {{This paper presents a comparison of a number of prognostic methods with regard to algorithm complexity and performance based on prognostic metrics. This information serves as a guide for selection and design of prognostic systems for real-time condition monitoring of technical systems. The methods are evaluated on ability to estimate the remaining useful life of rolling element bearing. Run-to failure vibration and temperature data is used in the analysis. The sampled prognostic methods include wear-temperature correlation method, health state estimation using temperature measurement, a multi-model particle filter approach with model parameter adaptation utilizing temperature measurements, prognostics through health state estimation and mapping extracted features to the remaining useful life through regression approach. Although the performance of the methods utilizing the vibration measurements is much better than the methods using temperature measurements, the methods using temperature measurements are quite promising in terms of reducing the overall cost of the condition monitoring system as well as the computational time. An ensemble of the presented methods through weighted average is also introduced. The results show that the methods are able to estimate the remaining useful life within error bounds of +-15\%, which can be further reduced to +-5\% with the ensemble approach.}}, author = {{Kimotho, James Kuria and Sextro, Walter}}, booktitle = {{Annual Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society 2015}}, keywords = {{ensemble methods, combined prognostics, data fusion}}, title = {{{Comparison and ensemble of temperature-based and vibration-based methods for machinery prognostics}}}, volume = {{6}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{9949, abstract = {{Intelligent mechatronic systems other the possibility to adapt system behavior to current dependability. This can be used to assure reliability by controlling system behavior to reach a pre-defined lifetime. By using such closed loop control, the margin of error of useful lifetime of an individual system is lowered. It is also possible to change the pre-defined lifetime during operation, by adapting system behavior to derate component usage. When planning maintenance actions, the remaining useful lifetime of each individual system has to be taken into account. Usually, stochastic properties of a fleet of systems are analyzed to create maintenance plans. Among these, the main factor is the probability of an individual system to last until maintenance. If condition-based maintenance is used, this is updated for each individual system using available information about its current state. By lowering the margin of error of useful lifetime, which directly corresponds to the time until maintenance, extended maintenance periods are made possible. Also using reliability-adaptive operation, a reversal of degradation driven maintenance planning is possible where a maintenance plan is setup not only according to system properties, but mainly to requirements imposed by maintenance personnel or infrastructure. Each system then adapts its behavior accordingly and fails according to the maintenance plan, making better use of maintenance personnel and system capabilities at the same time. In this contribution, the potential of maintenance plan driven system behavior adaptation is shown. A model including adaptation process and maintenance actions is simulated over full system lifetime to assess the advantages gained.}}, author = {{Meyer, Tobias and Kaul, Thorben and Sextro, Walter}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 9th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes}}, keywords = {{Adaptive systems, Reliability analysis, Availability, Adaptive control, Maintenance, Self-optimizing systems, Self-optimizing control, Stochastic Petri-nets}}, pages = {{940--945}}, title = {{{Advantages of reliability-adaptive system operation for maintenance planning}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.09.647}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{9950, abstract = {{Intelligente technische Systeme, die in der Lage sind, sich an geänderte Umgebungsbedingungen anzupassen, ermöglichen eine Adaption anhand der aktuell erreichten Zuverlässigkeit. Zu diesem Zwecke kann ein geschlossener Regelkreis formuliert werden, der dazu geeignet ist, den Betriebspunkt des Systems während der gesamten Lebensdauer anzupassen. Dadurch wird eine harte Umschaltung während des Betriebs vermieden und die Verhaltensanpassung ist vom Nutzer weitgehend unbemerkt möglich. Dazu wird die aktuelle Restlebensdauer mit einer vorgegebenen Restlebensdauer verglichen. Durch Änderung der vorgegebenen Restlebensdauer lässt sich auch eine Anpassung der gewünschten Nutzungsdauer erreichen, beispielsweise um veränderte Wartungsintervalle einzuhalten. Zu diesem Zwecke ist es allerdings notwendig, die aktuell erreichte Zuverlässigkeit zu schätzen. Für die Regelung ist dabei die aktuelle Restlebensdauer der wichtigste Parameter, da er als Istwert direkt mit der gewünschten Restlebensdauer als Sollwert verglichen wird und als Reglereingang dient. Für die Genauigkeit der Regelung ist daher die Bestimmung der Restlebensdauer von entscheidender Bedeutung. Es wird ein Modell des Regelkreises vorgestellt, das auch den Einfluss einer fehlerhaften Restlebensdauerschätzung auf die Verhaltensanpassung abbildet. Dadurch ist es möglich, Grenzen der Verhaltensanpassung und die zur Einhaltung notwendige Genauigkeit der Restlebensdauerschätzung zu bestimmen. Es gibt zahlreiche Ansätze, die Restlebensdauer zu schätzen, die aufgeteilt werden in modellbasierte Verfahren und datengetriebene Verfahren. Die individuelle Eignung eines jeden Verfahrens sowie die Modellbildung oder die Nutzung geeigneter Algorithmen ist stark systemabhängig. Um die Auswahl von Verfahren und Modellen oder Algorithmen zu ermöglichen, werden zunächst die Anforderungen an die Restlebensdauerschätzung zur Nutzung als Regelungs-Istwert bestimmt. Verschiedene Verfahren werden sodann hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung evaluiert und Anwendungsgrenzen aufgezeigt.}}, author = {{Meyer, Tobias and Kimotho, James Kuria and Sextro, Walter}}, booktitle = {{27. Tagung Technische Zuverlässigkeit (TTZ 2015) - Entwicklung und Betrieb zuverlässiger Produkte}}, number = {{2260}}, pages = {{111--122}}, title = {{{Anforderungen an Condition-Monitoring-Verfahren zur Nutzung im zuverläsigkeitsgeregelten Betrieb adaptiver Systeme}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{9951, abstract = {{Ultrasonic wire bonding is an indispensable process in the manufacturing of semiconductor components. It is used for interconnecting the silicon die to e.g. connectors in the housing or to other semiconductors in complex components. In high power applications, such as wind turbines, locomotives or electric vehicles, the thermal and mechanical limits of interconnects made from aluminum are nearing. The limits could be overcome using copper wire bonds, but their manufacturing poses challenges due to the harder material, which leads to increased wear of the bond tools and to less reliable production. To overcome these drawbacks, adaptation of process parameters at runtime is employed. However, the range of parameter values for which a stable process can be maintained is very small, making it necessary to compute suitable parameters beforehand. To this end, and to gain insights into the process itself, the ultrasonic bonding process is modeled. The full model is composed of several partial models, some of which were introduced before. This paper focuses on the modularization of the full model and on the interaction of partial models. All partial models are presented, their interaction is shown and the general outline of the simulation process is given.}}, author = {{Meyer, Tobias and Unger, Andreas and Althoff, Simon and Sextro, Walter and Brökelmann, Michael and Hunstig, Matthias and Guth, Karsten}}, booktitle = {{2015 17th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference}}, title = {{{Modeling and simulation of the ultrasonic wire bonding process}}}, doi = {{10.1109/EPTC.2015.7412377}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{9952, abstract = {{The contact between viscoelastic materials e.g. elastomers and a rough surface leads to a special friction characteristic, which differs greatly in its properties comparing to other materials like metals. In practice, this friction combination occurs for example in the tire-road contact, or in the use of rubber gaskets. Due to the frictional forces a system is significantly influenced in its vibrational properties. The friction force is composed of two main components adhesion and hysteresis. The adhesion results from molecular bounds between the contact partners, while the deformation of the viscoelastic material by the roughness of the counter body leads to power loss. This internal friction results in an additional frictional force, which is described by the hysteresis. To simulate the frictional behaviour of elastomers on rough surfaces and thus to determine the energy dissipation in contact, it is necessary to develop a mechanical model which considers the roughness of the contact partners, as well as dynamic effects and the dependence on normal pressure and sliding speed. The viscoelastic material behaviour must also be considered. The contact between two rough surfaces is modelled as a rough rigid layer contacting a rough elas- tic layer. The elastic layer is modelled by point masses connected by Maxwell-elements. This allows the viscoelastic properties of the elastomer to be considered. The behaviour of whole system can be described by equations of motion with integrated constraints. The degrees of freedom of the model depends on the varying contact conditions. A point mass not in contact has two degrees of freedom. A point mass in contact moving along the roughness path can be described by only one degree of freedom. For each Maxwell-Element also an inner coordinate and thus a further degree of freedom is needed. Because of varying contact conditions dur- ing the simulation, the simulation interrupts in case the contact conditions change. Then the equations of motions are adapted with respect to the contact constraints. As a result of the simulation one obtain the energy dissipation and thus the friction char- acteristic during the friction process. It is possible to use these results in three dimensional point-contact elements in order to model contact surfaces on lager length scales.}}, author = {{Schulte, Frank and Neuhaus, Jan and Sextro, Walter}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of ICoEV 2015 International Conference on Engineering Vibration}}, keywords = {{Contact Mechanics, Viscoelastic Material, Adhesive Friction, Hysteresis Friction, Energy Dissipation, Vibration}}, pages = {{1109--1117}}, title = {{{A Mechanical Model for the Dynamical Contact of Elastic Rough Bodies with Viscoelastic Properties}}}, year = {{2015}}, } @inproceedings{9954, abstract = {{To increase quality and reliability of copper wire bonds, self-optimization is a promising technique. For the implementation of self-optimization for ultrasonic heavy copper wire bonding machines, a model of stick-slip motion between tool and wire and between wire and substrate during the bonding process is essential. Investigations confirm that both of these contacts do indeed show stick-slip movement in each period oscillation. In a first step, this paper shows the importance of modeling the stick-slip effect by determining, monitoring and analyzing amplitudes and phase angles of tool tip, wire and substrate experimentally during bonding via laser measurements. In a second step, the paper presents a dynamic model which has been parameterized using an iterative numerical parameter identification method. This model includes Archard's wear approach in order to compute the lost volume of tool tip due to wear over the entire process time. A validation of the model by comparing measured and calculated amplitudes of tool tip and wire reveals high model quality. Then it is then possible to calculate the lifetime of the tool for different process parameters, i.e. values of normal force and ultrasonic voltage.}}, author = {{Unger, Andreas and Sextro, Walter and Meyer, Tobias and Eichwald, Paul and Althoff, Simon and Eacock, Florian and Brökelmann, Michael}}, booktitle = {{2015 17th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference}}, title = {{{Modeling of the Stick-Slip Effect in Heavy Copper Wire Bonding to Determine and Reduce Tool Wear}}}, doi = {{10.1109/EPTC.2015.7412375}}, year = {{2015}}, } @book{25168, author = {{Gausemeier, Jürgen and Rammig, Franz-Josef and Schäfer, Wilhelm and Sextro, Walter}}, publisher = {{Springer-Verlag}}, title = {{{Dependability of Self-Optimizing Mechatronic Systems}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inbook{25173, author = {{Dellnitz, Michael and Flaßkamp, Kathrin and Hartmann, Philip and Krüger, Martin and Meyer, Tobias and Priesterjahn, Claudia and Ober-Blöbaum, Sina and Rasche, Christoph and Sextro, Walter and Stahl, Katharina and Trächtler, Ansgar}}, booktitle = {{Dependability of Self-optimizing Mechatronic Systems, Kapitel: 1.1}}, pages = {{3--12}}, publisher = {{Springer-Verlag}}, title = {{{Self-optimizing Mechatronic Systems}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inbook{28394, author = {{Dorociak, Rafal and Gausemeier, J{\"u}rgen and Iwanek, Peter and Meyer, Tobias and Sextro, Walter and Sondermann-W{\"o}lke, Christoph}}, booktitle = {{Dependability of Self-optimizing Mechatronic Systems}}, pages = {{178--182}}, publisher = {{AACE Press}}, title = {{{Development of the Active Guidance Module}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @book{28396, author = {{Gausemeier, J{\"u}rgen and Rammig, Franz-Josef and Sch{\"a}fer, Wilhelm and Sextro, Walter}}, publisher = {{Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany}}, title = {{{Dependability of Self-Optimizing Mechatronic Systems}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inbook{28399, author = {{Dorociak, Rafal and Gausemeier, J{\"u}rgen and Iwanek, Peter and Meyer, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}}, booktitle = {{Dependability of Self-optimizing Mechatronic Systems}}, pages = {{174--178}}, publisher = {{Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg}}, title = {{{Selecting Suitable Methods Using the Methodology}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inbook{28400, author = {{Dorociak, Rafal and Gausemeier, J{\"u}rgen and Iwanek, Peter and Meyer, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}}, booktitle = {{Dependability of Self-optimizing Mechatronic Systems}}, pages = {{174--178}}, publisher = {{Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg}}, title = {{{Selecting Suitable Methods Using the Methodology}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inbook{28410, author = {{Iwanek, Peter and Meyer, Tobias and Priesterjahn, Claudia and Sextro, Walter and Va{\ss}holz, Mareen}}, booktitle = {{Dependability of Self-optimizing Mechatronic Systems}}, pages = {{12--15}}, publisher = {{Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany}}, title = {{{Challenges}}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{9868, abstract = {{In order to increase mechanical strength, heat dissipation and ampacity and to decrease failure through fatigue fracture, wedge copper wire bonding is being introduced as a standard interconnection method for mass production. To achieve the same process stability when using copper wire instead of aluminum wire a profound understanding of the bonding process is needed. Due to the higher hardness of copper compared to aluminum wire it is more difficult to approach the surfaces of wire and substrate to a level where van der Waals forces are able to arise between atoms. Also, enough friction energy referred to the total contact area has to be generated to activate the surfaces. Therefore, a friction model is used to simulate the joining process. This model calculates the resulting energy of partial areas in the contact surface and provides information about the adhesion process of each area. The focus here is on the arising of micro joints in the contact area depending on the location in the contact and time. To validate the model, different touchdown forces are used to vary the initial contact areas of wire and substrate. Additionally, a piezoelectric tri-axial force sensor is built up to identify the known phases of pre-deforming, cleaning, adhering and diffusing for the real bonding process to map with the model. Test substrates as DBC and copper plate are used to show the different formations of a wedge bond connection due to hardness and reaction propensity. The experiments were done by using 500 $\mu$m copper wire and a standard V-groove tool.}}, author = {{Althoff, Simon and Neuhaus, Jan and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}}, booktitle = {{Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2014 IEEE 64th}}, keywords = {{adhesion, circuit reliability, deformation, diffusion, fatigue cracks, friction, interconnections, lead bonding, van der Waals forces, Cu, adhering process, adhesion process, ampacity improvement, bond quality improvement, cleaning process, diffusing process, fatigue fracture failure, friction energy, friction model, heat dissipation, mechanical strength, piezoelectric triaxial force sensor, predeforming process, size 500 mum, total contact area, van der Waals forces, wedge copper wire bonding, Bonding, Copper, Finite element analysis, Force, Friction, Substrates, Wires}}, pages = {{1549--1555}}, title = {{{Improving the bond quality of copper wire bonds using a friction model approach}}}, doi = {{10.1109/ECTC.2014.6897500}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{9869, abstract = {{Cavitation monitoring is desired to optimize the sonication for diverse sonochemical processes and to detect changes or malfunctions during operation. In situ cavitation measurements can be carried out by detection of the acoustic emissions of cavitation bubbles by sensors in the liquid. However, in harsh environments sensors might not be applicable. Thus, the impact of cavitation on the electrical signals of a piezoelectric transducer has been analyzed as alternative method to measure the threshold, strength and type of cavitation. The applicability has been tested in three different setups to evaluate the general- izability of extracted indicators. In all setups indicators for the cavitation thresholds could be derived from the current signal. In two setups features showed two thresholds that may be linked to the types of cavitation. However, only one feature derived from the current signal in one particular setup correlated to the strength of cavitation. Cavitation detection based on the current signal of the transducer is a useful method to detect cavitation in harsh environments and without perturbing the sound field. Once appli- cable indicators have been identified, they may easily be tracked during the process. However, for more detailed studies about the cavitation activity and its spatial distribution, measurements with in situ sensors are recommended.}}, author = {{Bornmann, Peter and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter and Memoli, Gianluca and Hodnett, Mark and Zeqiri, Bajram}}, booktitle = {{2014 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings}}, isbn = {{9781479970490}}, pages = {{663--666}}, title = {{{Self-Sensing Ultrasound Transducer for Cavitation Detection}}}, doi = {{10.1109/ULTSYM.2014.0163}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{9871, abstract = {{Wire bonding is the most common technology for connecting electronic components. Due to their efficiency bond interconnections made of copper wire are used for example in the aerospace and medical technology as well as in the fields of renewable energies. One of the main cost factors in the manufacturing process is the consumables like bonding tools. The technological transition to copper as wire material causes significant wear on the millimeter large effective contact area of the bonding tool. This wear leads to a loss by a factor of 30 of the number of reliable interconnections which can be produced by a single tool. To reduce setting-up time in the production and minimizing costs, an enlarged bonding tool lifetime is desirable. Consequently a better understanding of wear and recognition of wear pattern is required. Therefore, the paper presents an analyzing method of the tool topography change of a heavy wire bonding tool by using a confocal microscope. Furthermore, the paper discusses the identification of the main wear indicators by the help of the named topography change for different bond parameters, like ultrasonic power and tool geometry. Reference topography has been carried out by choosing typical parameters of the production line. To judge whether the quality requirement of the bond connections made by a single tool cannot be fulfilled shear test of the source bond have been carried out after a defined number of produced bond connections. Main steps of analysis: (I)Topography of the tool surface is sampled after a defined number of bonds by means of a confocal microscope to detect the wear progress.(II)The recorded data is filtered using Matlab. So, measurement errors can be eliminated and the topography can be overlaid more easy to identify differences between diverse tools or differences in wear stages of the same tool.(III)The subsequent discretization of the topography into sub volumes allows to (IV)describe the loss of volume depending on the position in the groove. Thereby, intermediate status of wear of one tool can be used to obtain a persistent description of the topography change over the number of produced bonds by interpolating the confocal data. Afterwards the persistent change of the groove flank has been analyzed for the named test series to identify the main wear indicators and their effect on shear forces. All worn tools show dominant areas for volume loss especially for plastic deformation and accordingly abrasion. These wear mechanism can be referred to the change of main parts of the groove geometry like the rounding of the front and back radius. The most volume loss was identified in the upper part of the tool flanks or rather at the transition from the groove flank to the front or back radius. Furthermore the observation of the center of the groove flank shows just a little change in volume. All in all, the identification of the wear indicators will be discussed with the objective of increasing the tool lifetime by optimizing the tool geometry without losses in bond quality and reliability.}}, author = {{Eichwald, Paul and Sextro, Walter and Althof, Simon and Eacock, Florian and Unger, Andreas and Meyer, Tobias and Guth, Karsten}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 47th International Symposium on Microelectronics}}, keywords = {{wedge/wedge bonding, copper wire, tool wear}}, pages = {{856--861}}, title = {{{Analysis Method of Tool Topography Change and Identification of Wear Indicators for Heavy Copper Wire Wedge Bonding}}}, doi = {{10.4071/isom-THP34}}, year = {{2014}}, } @book{9873, abstract = {{Intelligent technical systems, which combine mechanical, electrical and software engineering with methods from control engineering and advanced mathematics, go far beyond the state of the art in mechatronics and open up fascinating perspectives. Among these systems are so-called self-optimizing systems, which are able to adapt their behavior autonomously and flexibly to changing operating conditions. The Collaborative Research Center 614 "Self-optimizing concepts and structures in mechanical engineering" pursued the long-term aim to enable others to develop dependable self-optimizing systems. Assuring their dependability poses new challenges. However, self-optimization also offers the possibility to adapt the system's behavior to improve dependability during operation. The aim of this book is to provide methods and techniques to master the challenges and to exploit the possibilities given by self-optimization. The reader will be able to develop self-optimizing systems that fulfill and surpass today’s dependability requirements easily. This book is directed to researchers and practitioners alike. It gives a brief introduction to the holistic development approach for self-optimizing mechatronic systems and the steps required to assure a dependable product design starting with the very early conceptual design phase. A guideline to select suitable methods for each step and the methods themselves are included. Each method is individually introduced, many examples and full references are given.}}, author = {{Gausemeier, Jürgen and Josef Rammig, Franz and Schäfer, Wilhelm and Sextro, Walter}}, publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}}, title = {{{Dependability of Self-Optimizing Mechatronic Systems}}}, volume = {{Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering}}, year = {{2014}}, } @article{9874, author = {{Hemsel, Tobias and Bornmann, Peter and Morita, Takeshi and Sondermann-Wölke, Christoph and Sextro, Walter}}, issn = {{0939-1533}}, journal = {{Archive of Applied Mechanics}}, keywords = {{Reliability, Ultrasonic power transducers, FMEA}}, pages = {{1--7}}, publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}}, title = {{{Reliability analysis of ultrasonic power transducers}}}, doi = {{10.1007/s00419-014-0965-4}}, year = {{2014}}, } @article{9876, abstract = {{Piezoelectric inertia motors use the inertia of a body to drive it by means of a friction contact in a series of small steps. It has been shown previously in theoretical investigations that higher velocities and smoother movements can be obtained if these steps do not contain phases of stiction (''stick-slip`` operation), but use sliding friction only (''slip-slip`` operation). One very promising driving option for such motors is the superposition of multiple sinusoidal signals or harmonics. In this contribution, the theoretical results are validated experimentally. In this context, a quick and reliable identification process for parameters describing the friction contact is proposed. Additionally, the force generation potential of inertia motors is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results confirm the theoretical result that for a given maximum frequency, a signal with a high fundamental frequency and consisting of two superposed sine waves leads to the highest velocity and the smoothest motion, while the maximum motor force is obtained with signals containing more harmonics. These results are of fundamental importance for the further development of high-velocity piezoelectric inertia motors.}}, author = {{Hunstig, Matthias and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}}, issn = {{0939-1533}}, journal = {{Archive of Applied Mechanics}}, keywords = {{Inertia motor, High velocity, Stick-slip motor, Slip-slip operation, Friction parameter identification}}, pages = {{1--9}}, publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}}, title = {{{High-velocity operation of piezoelectric inertia motors: experimental validation}}}, doi = {{10.1007/s00419-014-0940-0}}, year = {{2014}}, } @inproceedings{9879, abstract = {{Application of prognostics and health management (PHM) in the field of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells is emerging as an important tool in increasing the reliability and availability of these systems. Though a lot of work is currently being conducted to develop PHM systems for fuel cells, various challenges have been encountered including the self-healing effect after characterization as well as accelerated degradation due to dynamic loading, all which make RUL predictions a difficult task. In this study, a prognostic approach based on adaptive particle filter algorithm is proposed. The novelty of the proposed method lies in the introduction of a self-healing factor after each characterization and the adaption of the degradation model parameters to fit to the changing degradation trend. An ensemble of five different state models based on weighted mean is then developed. The results show that the method is effective in estimating the remaining useful life of PEM fuel cells, with majority of the predictions falling within 5\% error. The method was employed in the IEEE 2014 PHM Data Challenge and led to our team emerging the winner of the RUL category of the challenge.}}, author = {{Kimotho, James Kuria and Meyer, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}}, booktitle = {{Prognostics and Health Management (PHM), 2014 IEEE Conference on}}, keywords = {{ageing, particle filtering (numerical methods), proton exchange membrane fuel cells, remaining life assessment, PEM fuel cell prognostics, PHM, RUL predictions, accelerated degradation, adaptive particle filter algorithm, dynamic loading, model parameter adaptation, prognostics and health management, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, remaining useful life estimation, self-healing effect, Adaptation models, Data models, Degradation, Estimation, Fuel cells, Mathematical model, Prognostics and health management}}, pages = {{1--6}}, title = {{{PEM fuel cell prognostics using particle filter with model parameter adaptation}}}, doi = {{10.1109/ICPHM.2014.7036406}}, year = {{2014}}, }