@inbook{46691, author = {{Dahms, Frederik and Homberg, Werner}}, booktitle = {{Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering}}, isbn = {{9783031410222}}, issn = {{2195-4356}}, location = {{Cannes, France}}, publisher = {{Springer Nature Switzerland}}, title = {{{Analysis and Modelling of the Deformation in the Manufacture of Flange-Contours by the Combined Friction-Spinning and Flow-Forming Process}}}, doi = {{10.1007/978-3-031-41023-9_72}}, year = {{2023}}, } @inproceedings{28941, author = {{Afsahnoudeh, Reza and Holzmüller, Maik and Bader, Fabian and Homberg, Werner and Kenig, Eugeny Y.}}, location = {{Frankfurt am Main}}, title = {{{Numerische Untersuchung von Oberflächenstrukturierung zur Erhöhung der Effizienz von Kissenplatten-Wärmeübertragern}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @article{44312, abstract = {{Zusammenfassung Aufgrund aktueller Transformationsprozesse kommt der automatisierten und ressourceneffizienten Fertigung hochfester Leichtbauteile eine steigende Bedeutung zu, beispielsweise im Flugzeug- und Fahrzeugbau. Für kleine Losgrößen bietet sich hier insbesondere das Fertigungsverfahren des Drückwalzens an. Der konventionelle, industriell genutzte Drückwalzprozess stößt allerdings aufgrund der Prozesskomplexität hinsichtlich der Reproduzierbarkeit an seine Grenzen. Dies wird in der Praxis teilweise durch personengebundenes Erfahrungswissen kompensiert. Auch ist es nicht möglich, Bauteileigenschaften definiert einzustellen. Aus diesem Grund bietet der Einsatz einer neuartigen Eigenschaftsregelung Chancen zur Weiterentwicklung des Fertigungsprozesses und die Möglichkeit zur Prozessautomatisierung. Hier werden die Werkzeugbahnen abhängig einer Online-Eigenschaftsmessung über eine zusätzliche Reglerkaskade manipuliert. Die Entwicklung einer solchen Eigenschaftsregelung erfordert den Einsatz geeigneter, modellbasierter Entwurfsmethoden. In diesem Beitrag wird daher ein regelungstechnisches Systemmodell für das Drückwalzen metastabiler austenitischer Edelstähle vorgestellt. Das Simulationsmodell weist aufgrund seiner Echtzeitfähigkeit neben dem Einsatz als reines Entwurfsmodell weitere Nutzungsmöglichkeiten z.B. in Beobachtern auf und grenzt sich somit von domänenspezifischen Simulationstools wie der FEM ab.}}, author = {{Kersting, Lukas and Arian, Bahman and Rozo Vasquez, Julian and Trächtler, Ansgar and Homberg, Werner and Walther, Frank}}, issn = {{0178-2312}}, journal = {{at - Automatisierungstechnik}}, keywords = {{Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Computer Science Applications, Control and Systems Engineering}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{68--81}}, publisher = {{Walter de Gruyter GmbH}}, title = {{{Echtzeitfähige Modellierung eines innovativen Drückwalzprozesses für die eigenschaftsgeregelte Bauteilfertigung}}}, doi = {{10.1515/auto-2022-0106}}, volume = {{71}}, year = {{2023}}, } @inproceedings{44315, abstract = {{Abstract. Climate change, rare resources and industrial transformation processes lead to a rising demand of multi-complex lightweight forming parts, especially in aerospace and automotive sectors. In these industries, flow forming is often used to produce cylindrical forming parts by reducing the wall thickness of tubular semifinished parts, e.g. for the production of hydraulic cylinders or gear shafts. The complexity and functionality of flow forming workpieces could be significantly increased by locally graded microstructure and geometry structures. This enables customized complex hardness distributions at wear surfaces or magnetic QR codes for a unique, tamper-proof product identification. The production of those complex, 2D (axial and angular) graded forming parts currently depicts a great challenge for the process and requires new solutions and strategies. Hence, this paper proposes a novel control strategy that includes online measurements from an absolute encoder to determine the angular workpiece position. Workpieces of AISI 304L stainless steel with 2D-graded structures are successfully manufactured using this new strategy and analyzed regarding the possible accuracy and resolution of the gradation. At this point, a dependency of the gradations on the sensor and actuator dynamics, accuracy and geometry could be noted. It is further evaluated how the control strategy could be extended by an observer-based closed-loop property control approach to enhance the accuracy of the suggested strategy. }}, author = {{Kersting, Lukas and Arian, Bahman and Rozo Vasquez, Julian and Trächtler, Ansgar and Homberg, Werner and Walther, Frank}}, booktitle = {{Materials Research Proceedings}}, issn = {{2474-395X}}, publisher = {{Materials Research Forum LLC}}, title = {{{Control strategy for angular gradations by means of the flow forming process}}}, doi = {{10.21741/9781644902479-220}}, year = {{2023}}, } @article{44318, author = {{Rozo Vasquez, Julian and Arian, Bahman and Kersting, Lukas and Walther, Frank and Homberg, Werner and Trächtler, Ansgar}}, journal = {{Metals}}, title = {{{Detection of phase transformation during plastic deformation of metastable austenitic steel AISI 304L by means of X-ray diffraction pattern analysis}}}, year = {{2023}}, } @inproceedings{56626, author = {{Holzmüller, Maik and Gong, Yi and Bader, Fabian and Henke, Armin and Homberg, Werner}}, booktitle = {{Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering}}, isbn = {{9783031410222}}, issn = {{2195-4356}}, publisher = {{Springer Nature Switzerland}}, title = {{{Numerical Approach to Model a Novel Electrohydraulic Incremental Forming Process for the Manufacture of Pillow Plate Heat Exchangers}}}, doi = {{10.1007/978-3-031-41023-9_69}}, year = {{2023}}, } @article{47536, abstract = {{AbstractEfforts to enhance sustainability in all areas of life are increasing worldwide. In the field of manufacturing technology, a wide variety of approaches are being used to improve both resource and energy efficiency. Efficiency as well as sustainability can be improved by creating a circular economy or through energy-efficient recycling processes. As part of the interdisciplinary research group "Light—Efficient—Mobile" investigations on the energy-efficient friction-induced recycling process have been carried out at the department of Forming and Machining Technology at Paderborn University. E.g. using the friction-induced recycling process, different formless solid aluminum materials can be direct recycled into semi-finished products in an energy-efficient manner. The results of investigations with regard to the influence of the geometrical shape and filling rate of the aluminum particles to be recycled as well as the rotational speed of the continuously rotating wheel are explained in this paper. In addition to the recycling of aluminum chips, aluminum particles like powders from the field of additive manufacturing are processed. Based on these results, the future potentials of solid-state recycling processes and their contribution to the circular economy are discussed. The main focus here is on future interdisciplinary research projects to achieve circularity in the manufacturing of user-individual semi-finished products as well as the possibility to selectively adjust the product properties with the continuous recycling process.}}, author = {{Borgert, Thomas and Milaege, Dennis and Schweizer, Swetlana and Homberg, Werner and Schaper, Mirko and Tröster, Thomas}}, issn = {{1960-6206}}, journal = {{International Journal of Material Forming}}, keywords = {{General Materials Science}}, number = {{6}}, publisher = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}}, title = {{{Potentials of a friction-induced recycling process to improve resource and energy efficiency in manufacturing technology}}}, doi = {{10.1007/s12289-023-01785-w}}, volume = {{16}}, year = {{2023}}, } @article{56627, abstract = {{Pillow-plate heat exchangers (PPHEs) represent a suitable alternative to conventional shell-and-tube and plate heat exchangers. The inherent waviness of their channels promotes fluid mixing in the boundary layers and facilitates heat transfer. The overall thermo-hydraulic performance of PPHEs can further be enhanced by applying secondary surface structuring, thus increasing their competitiveness against conventional heat exchangers. In this work, various secondary structures applied on the PPHE surface were studied numerically to explore their potential to enhance near-wall mixing. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of single-phase turbulent flow in the outer PPHE channel were performed and pressure drop, heat transfer coefficients, and overall thermo-hydraulic efficiency were determined. The simulation results clearly demonstrate a positive impact of secondary structuring on heat transfer in PPHEs.}}, author = {{Afsahnoudeh, Reza and Wortmeier, Andreas and Holzmüller, Maik and Gong, Yi and Homberg, Werner and Kenig, Eugeny}}, issn = {{1996-1073}}, journal = {{Energies}}, number = {{21}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Pillow-Plate Heat Exchangers with Secondary Structuring: A Numerical Analysis}}}, doi = {{10.3390/en16217284}}, volume = {{16}}, year = {{2023}}, } @article{46483, abstract = {{The demands on joining technology are constantly increasing due to the consistent lightweight construction and the associated increasing material mix. To meet these requirements, the adaptability of the joining processes must be improved to be able to process different material combinations and to react to challenges caused by deviations in the process chain. One example of a highly adaptable process due to the two-step process sequence is thermomechanical joining with Friction Spun Joint Connectors (FSJCs) that can be individually adapted to the joint. In this paper, the potentials of the adaption in the two-stage joining process with aluminium auxiliary joining elements are investigated. To this end, it is first investigated whether a thermomechanical forming process can be used to achieve a uniform and controlled manufacturing regarding the process variable of the temperature as well as the geometry of the FSJC. Based on the successful proof of the high and good repeatability in the FSJC manufacturing, possibilities, and potentials for the targeted influencing of the process and FSJC geometry are shown, based on an extensive variation of the process input variables (delivery condition and thus mechanical properties of the raw parts as well as the process parameters of rotational speed and feed rate). Here it can be shown that above all, the feed rate of the final forming process has the strongest influence on the process and thus also offers the strongest possibilities for influencing it.}}, author = {{Borgert, Thomas and Henke, Maximilian and Homberg, Werner}}, issn = {{2504-4494}}, journal = {{Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing}}, keywords = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}}, number = {{4}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Investigations on the Influences of the Thermomechanical Manufacturing of Aluminium Auxiliary Joining Elements}}}, doi = {{10.3390/jmmp7040147}}, volume = {{7}}, year = {{2023}}, } @inbook{46752, abstract = {{Due to current global challenges regarding energy security as well as climate change the importance of preserving the nature and all available resources is steadily increasing. In order to achieve the energy-saving and climate targets, it is not only necessary to develop new processes and processing possibilities, but also to optimise known process chains with regard to energy and resource efficiency in the area of production technology. Here, the recycling of supposed production waste represents an opportunity to save energy. In addition to the conventional and smelting metallurgical recycling process, extensive research activities have therefore been carried out for alternative solid-state recycling processes. One example is the friction-induced recycling process, which has been used in past studies to demonstrate the energy- and resource-efficient production of semi-finished products from aluminium scrap such as chips. In addition, properties like chemical composition and strength can be adjusted locally and in terms of processing time. This can be used to improve the versatility of further processing steps.}}, author = {{Borgert, Thomas and Homberg, Werner}}, booktitle = {{Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering}}, isbn = {{9783031413407}}, issn = {{2195-4356}}, publisher = {{Springer Nature Switzerland}}, title = {{{Friction-Induced Recycled Aluminium Semi-finished Products in Thermo-mechanical Joining Technology}}}, doi = {{10.1007/978-3-031-41341-4_1}}, year = {{2023}}, } @article{47535, abstract = {{Consistent lightweight construction in the area of vehicle manufacturing requires the increased use of multi-material combinations. This, in turn, requires an adaptation of standard joining techniques. In multi-material combinations, the importance of integral cast components, in particular, is increasing and poses additional technical challenges for the industry. One approach to solve these challenges is adaptable joining elements manufactured by a thermomechanical forming process. By applying an incremental and thermomechanical joining process, it is possible to react immediately and adapt the joining process inline to reduce the number of different joining elements. In the investigation described in this publication, cast plates made of the cast aluminium alloy EN AC-AlSi9 serve as joining partners, which are processed by sand casting. The joining process of hypoeutectic AlSi alloys is challenging as their brittle character leads to cracks in the joint during conventional mechanical joining. To solve this, the frictional heat of the novel joining process applied can provide a finer microstructure in the hypoeutectic AlSi9 cast alloy. In detail, its Si is finer-grained, resulting in higher ductility of the joint. This study reveals the thermomechanical joining suitability of a hypoeutectic cast aluminium alloy in combination with adaptively manufactured auxiliary joining elements.}}, author = {{Borgert, Thomas and Neuser, Moritz and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Homberg, Werner and Schaper, Mirko}}, issn = {{2504-4494}}, journal = {{Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing}}, keywords = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}}, number = {{5}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Thermomechanical Joining of Hypoeutectic Aluminium Cast Plates}}}, doi = {{10.3390/jmmp7050169}}, volume = {{7}}, year = {{2023}}, } @inproceedings{43031, abstract = {{Requirements of multi-material construction involve adjustments to standard joining techniques. Especially the growing importance of integral cast components poses additional engineering challenges for the industry. One approach to achieve these goals are adaptable joining elements formed by friction spinning. This approach uses friction-induced heat to form customisable joining elements to join sheets for different boundary conditions, even for brittle cast materials. It is possible to react immediately to adapt to the joining process inline and reduce the amount of different joining elements. As the joining partner serve casting plates of the aluminium casting alloy EN AC–AlSi9, which is processed in the sand casting. Joining hypoeutectic AlSi alloys constitutes a challenge because the brittle character of these cause cracks in the joint during conventional mechanical joining. Furthermore, the friction-induced heat of the novel joining process causes a finer microstructure in the hypoeutectic AlSi9 casting alloy. In particular, the eutectic Si is more fine-grained, resulting in higher joint ductility. This study indicates the joining suitability of a hypoeutectic aluminium casting alloy in combination with adaptive manufactured additional joining elements. Here, various mechanical and microstructural investigations validate the influence of the thermomechanical joining technique. In conclusion, the potential of this joining process is presented regarding the joinability of cast aluminium components.}}, author = {{Borgert, Thomas and Neuser, Moritz and Wiens, Eugen and Grydin, Olexandr and Homberg, Werner and Schaper, Mirko}}, booktitle = {{Materials Research Proceedings}}, issn = {{2474-395X}}, location = {{Nürnberg}}, pages = {{187--194}}, publisher = {{Materials Research Forum LLC}}, title = {{{Influence of thermo-mechanical joining process on the microstructure of a hypoeutectic aluminium cast alloy}}}, doi = {{10.21741/9781644902417-24}}, volume = {{25}}, year = {{2023}}, } @inproceedings{34001, author = {{Arian, Bahman and Homberg, Werner and Kersting, Lukas and Trächtler, Ansgar and Rozo Vasquez, Julian}}, booktitle = {{36. Aachener Stahlkolloquium – Umformtechnik “Ideen Form geben“}}, isbn = {{978-3-95886-460-3}}, pages = {{333--347}}, title = {{{Produktkennzeichnung durch lokal definierte Einstellung von ferromagnetischen Eigenschaften beim Drückwalzen von metastabilen Stahlwerkstoffen}}}, year = {{2022}}, } @inproceedings{34003, author = {{Arian, Bahman and Oesterwinter, Annika and Homberg, Werner and Rozo Vasquez, Julian and Walther, Frank and Kersting, Lukas and Trächtler, Ansgar}}, booktitle = {{19th Int. Conference on Metal Forming 2022}}, title = {{{A flow forming process model to predict workpiece properties in AISI 304L}}}, year = {{2022}}, } @article{34216, abstract = {{Mechanical joining technologies are increasingly used in multi-material lightweight constructions and offer opportunities to create versatile joining processes due to their low heat input, robustness to metallurgical incompatibilities and various process variants. They can be categorised into technologies which require an auxiliary joining element, or do not require an auxiliary joining element. A typical example for a mechanical joining process with auxiliary joining element is self-piercing riveting. A wide range of processes exist which are not requiring an auxiliary joining element. This allows both point-shaped (e.g., by clinching) and line-shaped (e.g., friction stir welding) joints to be produced. In order to achieve versatile processes, challenges exist in particular in the creation of intervention possibilities in the process and the understanding and handling of materials that are difficult to join, such as fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) or high-strength metals. In addition, predictive capability is required, which in particular requires accurate process simulation. Finally, the processes must be measured non-destructively in order to generate control variables in the process or to investigate the cause-effect relationship. This paper covers the state of the art in scientific research concerning mechanical joining and discusses future challenges on the way to versatile mechanical joining processes.}}, author = {{Meschut, Gerson and Merklein, M. and Brosius, A. and Drummer, D. and Fratini, L. and Füssel, U. and Gude, M. and Homberg, Werner and Martins, P.A.F. and Bobbert, Mathias and Lechner, M. and Kupfer, R. and Gröger, B. and Han, Daxin and Kalich, J. and Kappe, Fabian and Kleffel, T. and Köhler, D. and Kuball, C.-M. and Popp, J. and Römisch, D. and Troschitz, J. and Wischer, Christian and Wituschek, S. and Wolf, M.}}, issn = {{2666-3309}}, journal = {{Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}}, keywords = {{Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Engineering (miscellaneous), Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous)}}, publisher = {{Elsevier BV}}, title = {{{Review on mechanical joining by plastic deformation}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100113}}, volume = {{5}}, year = {{2022}}, } @article{32412, abstract = {{Friction-spinning as an innovative incremental forming process enables large degrees of deformation in the field of tube and sheet metal forming due to a self-induced heat generation in the forming zone. This paper presents a new tool and process design with a driven tool for the targeted adjustment of residual stress distributions in the friction-spinning process. Locally adapted residual stress depth distributions are intended to improve the functionality of the friction-spinning workpieces, e.g. by delaying failure or triggering it in a defined way. The new process designs with the driven tool and a subsequent flow-forming operation are investigated regarding the influence on the residual stress depth distributions compared to those of standard friction-spinning process. Residual stress depth distributions are measured with the incremental hole-drilling method. The workpieces (tubular part with a flange) are manufactured using heat-treatable 3.3206 (EN-AW 6060 T6) tubular profiles. It is shown that the residual stress depth distributions change significantly due to the new process designs, which offers new potentials for the targeted adjustment of residual stresses that serve to improve the workpiece properties.}}, author = {{Dahms, Frederik and Homberg, Werner}}, issn = {{1662-9795}}, journal = {{Key Engineering Materials}}, keywords = {{Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, General Materials Science}}, location = {{Braga, Portugal}}, pages = {{683--689}}, publisher = {{Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.}}, title = {{{Manufacture of Defined Residual Stress Distributions in the Friction-Spinning Process: Driven Tool and Subsequent Flow-Forming}}}, doi = {{10.4028/p-3rk19y}}, volume = {{926}}, year = {{2022}}, } @article{29357, abstract = {{Friction-spinning as an innovative incremental forming process enables high degrees of deformation in the field of tube and sheet metal forming due to self-induced heat generation in the forming area. The complex thermomechanical conditions generate non-uniform residual stress distributions. In order to specifically adjust these residual stress distributions, the influence of different process parameters on residual stress distributions in flanges formed by the friction-spinning of tubes is investigated using the design of experiments (DoE) method. The feed rate with an effect of −156 MPa/mm is the dominating control parameter for residual stress depth distribution in steel flange forming, whereas the rotation speed of the workpiece with an effect of 18 MPa/mm dominates the gradient of residual stress generation in the aluminium flange-forming process. A run-to-run predictive control system for the specific adjustment of residual stress distributions is proposed and validated. The predictive model provides an initial solution in the form of a parameter set, and the controlled feedback iteratively approaches the target value with new parameter sets recalculated on the basis of the deviation of the previous run. Residual stress measurements are carried out using the hole-drilling method and X-ray diffraction by the cosα-method.}}, author = {{Dahms, Frederik and Homberg, Werner}}, issn = {{2075-4701}}, journal = {{Metals}}, keywords = {{General Materials Science, Metals and Alloys}}, number = {{1}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Manufacture of Defined Residual Stress Distributions in the Friction-Spinning Process: Investigations and Run-to-Run Predictive Control}}}, doi = {{10.3390/met12010158}}, volume = {{12}}, year = {{2022}}, } @article{34000, abstract = {{Abstract This paper presents the characterization of the microstructure evolution during flow forming of austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L. Due to plastic deformation of metastable austenitic steel, phase transformation from γ-austenite into α’-martensite occurs. This is initiated by the formation of shear bands as product of the external stresses. By means of coupled microscopic and micromagnetic investigations, a characterization of the microstructure was carried out. In particular, this study shows the distribution of the strain-induced α’-martensite and its influence on material properties like hardness at different depths. The microstructural analyses by means of electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique, evidence a higher amount of α’-martensite (ca. 23 %) close to the outer specimen surface, where the plastic deformation and the direct contact with the forming tool take place. In the middle area (ca. 1.5 mm depth from the outer surface), the portion of transformed α’-martensite drops to 7 % and in the inner surface to 2 %. These results are well correlated with microhardness and micromagnetic measurements at different depths. EBSD and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to make a detailed characterization of the topography and degree of deformation of the shear bands. Likewise, the mechanisms of nucleation of α’-martensite were discussed. This research contributes to the development of micromagnetic sensors to monitor the evolution of properties during flow forming. This makes them more suitable for closed-loop property control, which offers possibilities for an application-oriented and more efficient production.}}, author = {{Rozo Vasquez, Julian and Kanagarajah, Hanigah and Arian, Bahman and Kersting, Lukas and Homberg, Werner and Trächtler, Ansgar and Walther, Frank}}, issn = {{2195-8599}}, journal = {{Practical Metallography}}, keywords = {{Metals and Alloys, Mechanics of Materials, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials}}, number = {{11}}, pages = {{660--675}}, publisher = {{Walter de Gruyter GmbH}}, title = {{{Coupled microscopic and micromagnetic depth-specific analysis of plastic deformation and phase transformation of metastable austenitic steel AISI 304L by flow forming}}}, doi = {{10.1515/pm-2022-0064}}, volume = {{59}}, year = {{2022}}, } @article{33999, abstract = {{The production of complex multi-functional, high-strength parts is becoming increasingly important in the industry. Especially with small batch size, the incremental flow forming processes can be advantageous. The production of parts with complex geometry and locally graded material properties currently depicts a great challenge in the flow forming process. At this point, the usage of closed-loop control for the shape and properties could be a feasible new solution. The overall aim in this project is to establish an intelligent closed-loop control system for the wall thickness as well as the α’-martensite content of AISI 304L-workpieces in a flow forming process. To reach this goal, a novel sensor concept for online measurements of the wall thickness reduction and the martensite content during forming process is proposed. It includes the setup of a modified flow forming machine and the integration of the sensor system in the machine control. Additionally, a simulation model for the flow forming process is presented which describes the forming process with regard to the plastic workpiece deformation, the induced α’-martensite fraction, and the sensor behavior. This model was used for designing a closed-loop process control of the wall thickness reduction that was subsequently realized at the real plant including online measured feedback from the sensor system.}}, author = {{Kersting, Lukas and Arian, Bahman and Vasquez, Julian Rozo and Trächtler, Ansgar and Homberg, Werner and Walther, Frank}}, issn = {{1662-9795}}, journal = {{Key Engineering Materials}}, keywords = {{Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, General Materials Science}}, pages = {{862--874}}, publisher = {{Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.}}, title = {{{Innovative Online Measurement and Modelling Approach for Property-Controlled Flow Forming Processes}}}, doi = {{10.4028/p-yp2hj3}}, volume = {{926}}, year = {{2022}}, } @inproceedings{36563, author = {{Rozo Vasquez, Julian and Walther, Frank and Arian, Bahman and Homberg, Werner and Kersting, Lukas and Trächtler, Ansgar}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Barkhausen Noise and Micromagnetic Testing}}, location = {{Stockholm}}, title = {{{Soft sensor concept for micromagnetic depth-specific analysis of phase transformation during flow forming of AISI 304L steel.}}}, year = {{2022}}, }