@unpublished{59917, abstract = {{nder the slogan of trustworthy AI, much of contemporary AI research is focused on designing AI systems and usage practices that inspire human trust and, thus, enhance adoption of AI systems. However, a person affected by an AI system may not be convinced by AI system design alone---neither should they, if the AI system is embedded in a social context that gives good reason to believe that it is used in tension with a person’s interest. In such cases, distrust in the system may be justified and necessary to build meaningful trust in the first place. We propose the term \emph{healthy distrust} to describe such a justified, careful stance towards certain AI usage practices. We investigate prior notions of trust and distrust in computer science, sociology, history, psychology, and philosophy, outline a remaining gap that healthy distrust might fill and conceptualize healthy distrust as a crucial part for AI usage that respects human autonomy.}}, author = {{Paaßen, Benjamin and Alpsancar, Suzana and Matzner, Tobias and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, booktitle = {{arXiv}}, title = {{{Healthy Distrust in AI systems}}}, year = {{2025}}, } @article{57531, author = {{Alpsancar, Suzana and Buhl, Heike M. and Matzner, Tobias and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, journal = {{AI and Ethics}}, pages = {{3015–3033}}, publisher = {{Springer}}, title = {{{Explanation needs and ethical demands: unpacking the instrumental value of XAI}}}, doi = {{https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3}}, volume = {{5}}, year = {{2025}}, } @article{61156, abstract = {{Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’ on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology, a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent. Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding in XAI are discussed.}}, author = {{Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling, Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait, Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Lenke, Michael and Lohmer, Vivien and Rohlfing, Katharina and Scharlau, Ingrid and Singh, Amit and Terfloth, Lutz and Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Wang, Yu and Wilmes, Annedore and Wrede, Britta}}, journal = {{Cognitive Systems Research}}, keywords = {{understanding, explaining, explanations, explainable, AI, interdisciplinarity, comprehension, enabledness, agency}}, title = {{{Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419}}, volume = {{94}}, year = {{2025}}, } @article{62932, abstract = {{Many previous studies on the conceptual function of metaphors have focused on their func-tion of highlighting aspects of target concepts. From the beginning of this research, it was knownthat conceptual metaphors also hide aspects of the target concept; however, this as-pect has been less studied. This study builds upon the idea that the hiding aspect of a specific metaphor should be identified in relation to other metaphors for the same concept. A method is presented to detail this relation based on the theory of semantic frames and the FrameNet resource to identify the hidden aspects and apply it to a corpus of 298 elicited metaphor texts on the target concept of understanding. The analysis revealed that certain conceptual aspects are consistently hidden by a majority of metaphors, pointing to patterns in conceptualization. Using this approach, six aspects frequently hidden by metaphors were identified: Sociality, Transfer, Ownership, Perception, Foundation and Duration.}}, author = {{Porwol, Philip Fabian and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, journal = {{STUDIA NEOFILOLOGICZ: NEROZPRAWY JĘZYKOZNAWCZE (Modern Language Studies: Linguistic Essays)}}, pages = {{181--198}}, publisher = {{Uniwersytet Jana Długosza w Częstochowie}}, title = {{{What do metaphors of understanding hide?}}}, volume = {{XXI}}, year = {{2025}}, } @inbook{59742, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Jenert, Tobias}}, booktitle = {{Psychologiedidaktik an allgemeinbildenden und beruflichen Schulen: Ein Lehrbuch mit Unterrichtsmaterialien}}, editor = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Bender, Elena and Patrzek, Justine and Schreiber, Christine}}, isbn = {{978-3-662-69480-0}}, pages = {{1--17}}, publisher = {{Springer Nature}}, title = {{{Didaktische Überlegungen in der Psychologie}}}, year = {{2025}}, } @inbook{58135, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Patrzek, Justine and Schreiber, Christine}}, booktitle = {{Psychologiedidaktik an allgemeinbildenden und beruflichen Schulen: Ein Lehrbuch mit Unterrichtsmaterialien}}, editor = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Bender, Elena and Patrzek, Justine and Schreiber, Christine}}, pages = {{Begleitmaterial}}, publisher = {{Springer}}, title = {{{„Power-Posen“ – Fakten, frisierte Daten, Forschungslyrik? Eine Unterrichtsreihe zu Praktiken und Darstellungsformen psychologischer Forschung}}}, year = {{2025}}, } @inbook{58136, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Schreiber, Christine}}, booktitle = {{Psychologiedidaktik an allgemeinbildenden und beruflichen Schulen: Ein Lehrbuch mit Unterrichtsmaterialien}}, editor = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Bender, Elena and Patrzek, Justine and Schreiber, Christine}}, pages = {{Begleitmaterial}}, publisher = {{Springer}}, title = {{{Materialien zum Schreiben im Psychologieunterricht}}}, year = {{2025}}, } @unpublished{60718, abstract = {{The ability to generate explanations that are understood by explainees is the quintessence of explainable artificial intelligence. Since understanding depends on the explainee's background and needs, recent research focused on co-constructive explanation dialogues, where an explainer continuously monitors the explainee's understanding and adapts their explanations dynamically. We investigate the ability of large language models (LLMs) to engage as explainers in co-constructive explanation dialogues. In particular, we present a user study in which explainees interact with an LLM in two settings, one of which involves the LLM being instructed to explain a topic co-constructively. We evaluate the explainees' understanding before and after the dialogue, as well as their perception of the LLMs' co-constructive behavior. Our results suggest that LLMs show some co-constructive behaviors, such as asking verification questions, that foster the explainees' engagement and can improve understanding of a topic. However, their ability to effectively monitor the current understanding and scaffold the explanations accordingly remains limited.}}, author = {{Fichtel, Leandra and Spliethöver, Maximilian and Hüllermeier, Eyke and Jimenez, Patricia and Klowait, Nils and Kopp, Stefan and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille and Robrecht, Amelie and Scharlau, Ingrid and Terfloth, Lutz and Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Wachsmuth, Henning}}, booktitle = {{arXiv:2504.18483}}, pages = {{20}}, title = {{{Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in Explanation Dialogues}}}, year = {{2025}}, } @unpublished{61119, abstract = {{

The present article offers an assessment of intra-individual variability in visualattention using the Theory of Visual Attention, which provides a formal framework forquantifying attentional components. We specifically investigated overall attentionalcapacity – that is, the available processing speed – and its distribution, the relativeattentional weight.By reanalyzing a large existing dataset from Tünnermann and Scharlau (2021),we found that across multiple testing days, participants either remained stable within a20 Hz margin or showed consistent improvements in capacity – in some cases triplingtheir initial capacity. The weights in response to salient stimuli were remarkablyconsistent.To determine whether increases in capacity reflect pure test-retest effects or arefacilitated by consolidation between days, and to quantify within-day variability, weconducted a second study in which participants completed five self-administeredsessions within a single day. Capacities remained within the same magnitude and didnot show a consistent directional trend. The relative weights exhibited comparativelylittle variation in most participants, akin to the previously analyzed dataset. Further,estimation uncertainty increased with higher capacity values.These results suggest that capacity may be subject to training effects, but thatsuch improvements appear to depend on longer breaks between sessions. This hasimportant implications for individualized assessment: A personal prior could beestimated from a single session to accelerate future estimations, as long as subsequentsessions occur on the same day. Participants with higher capacities may require tailoredexperimentation methods when small to medium effects are of interest, due to increaseduncertainty.

}}, author = {{Banh, Ngoc Chi and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, publisher = {{Center for Open Science}}, title = {{{Intra-individual variability in TVA attentional capacity and weight distribution: A reanalysis across days and an experiment within-day}}}, year = {{2025}}, } @inproceedings{53069, author = {{Banh, Ngoc Chi and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, location = {{Regensburg}}, title = {{{Effects of task difficulty on visual processing speed}}}, year = {{2024}}, } @inproceedings{54889, abstract = {{To reach the goal of zero traffic fatalities a year, one building block is the proposition to develop advanced assistance systems for vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as bicyclists. We focus on the dooring problem, i.e., car doors being opened inattentively in the way of an approaching cyclist. We extended our vehicle to everything (V2X) communication-enabled virtual cycling environment for dooring experiments. Our system extends toolkits that are widely used in the V2X research community. We showcase how such a system may be used to realize and evaluate distributed algorithms for VRU safety solutions such as dooring prevention.}}, author = {{Stratmann, Lukas and Banh, Ngoc Chi and Scharlau, Ingrid and Dressler, Falko}}, booktitle = {{ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC 2024), Advanced tools, programming languages, and PLatforms for Implementing and Evaluating algorithms for Distributed systems (ApPLIED 2024)}}, publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}}, title = {{{Safety Assistance Systems for Bicyclists: Toward Empirical Studies of the Dooring Problem}}}, doi = {{10.1145/3663338.3665831}}, year = {{2024}}, } @inproceedings{53816, abstract = {{Augmented (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies have been applied very broadly in the recent past. While prior work emphasizes the potential of these technologies in various application domains, the process of visual attention in and across the contexts of AR/VR environments is not exhaustively explored yet. By now, visual attention in AR/VR environments has majorly been studied by means of overt attention (i.e. saccadic eye movements), self-report, and process-related visual attention proxies (like reaction time). In this work, we analyze covert visual attention based on the (psychological) Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), which allows us to quantify theory-based interpretable properties of the visual attention process. For example, the TVA allows us to measure the overall processing speed. We instantiate this TVA-based framework with a 30-participant explorative within-subjects study. The results show a decisive difference in visual attention between Reality (i.e. the neutral condition) and Virtual Reality and a weak difference between Reality and Augmented Reality. We discuss the consequences of our findings and provide ideas for future studies.}}, author = {{Biermeier, Kai and Scharlau, Ingrid and Yigitbas, Enes}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA 2024)}}, keywords = {{Visual Attention, TVA, Cognitive Modelling, Bayesian Modelling, AR, VR}}, publisher = {{ACM}}, title = {{{Measuring Visual Attention Capacity Across xReality}}}, doi = {{10.1145/3652037.3652050}}, year = {{2024}}, } @inbook{55086, abstract = {{Wir beschreiben den Versuch, »Verständigungskompetenzen« im Sinne von Ludwig Huber in der Graduiertenförderung zu entwickeln. Verständigung ist für Huber integraler Bestandteil wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis. Wissenschaftler:in- nen werden aber in die Praktiken ihrer Disziplin hineinsozialisiert; die dabei entstehen- de disziplinäre Identität und ihre Selbstverständlichkeiten sind zentral für Teilhabe am Wissenschaftssystem. Das erschwert Verständigung prinzipiell, insbesondere das Nach- vollziehen der Wahrnehmungen und Sinnkonstruktionen der Adressat:innen des eige- nen Wissenschaftshandelns. Ausgehend von der Beobachtung, dass Doktorand:innen ihre Disziplin als selbstverständlichen Zugang zum Gegenstand betrachten, stellen wir das Konzept einer Sommerschule vor, das darauf zielt, die Abstraktion von der eigenen disziplinären Perspektive zu ermöglichen, Systemwissen fördert und Verständigungs- prozesse anstößt.}}, author = {{Jenert, Tobias and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, booktitle = {{Wissenschaftsdidaktik IV: Wissenschaftskommunikation}}, editor = {{Reinmann, Gabi and Rhein, Rüdiger}}, isbn = {{ 978-3-8376-6297-9 }}, keywords = {{science communication, Wissenschaftskommunikation, Wissenschaftsdidaktik, young researchers, Nachwuchsförderung}}, pages = {{161--184}}, publisher = {{transcript}}, title = {{{Interdisziplinäre Verständigung als Baustein wissenschaftsdidaktischer Kompetenz}}}, year = {{2024}}, } @inbook{55744, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Jenert, Tobias}}, booktitle = {{40 Begriffe für eine Schreibwissenschaft: Konzeptuelle Perspektiven auf Praxis und Praktiken des Schreibens}}, editor = {{Karsten, Andrea and Haacke-Werron, Stefanie}}, isbn = {{9783763976584}}, pages = {{55--61}}, publisher = {{wbv Publikation}}, title = {{{Evidenzbasierung. Eine wissenschaftskritische und fachsensible Perspektive}}}, doi = {{10.3278/9783763976584}}, year = {{2024}}, } @inbook{55746, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Jenert, Tobias}}, booktitle = {{Wissenschaftsdidaktik als kritische Kommunikationsanalyse. Ein Sammelband zur Weiterführung eines Gedankens von Ludwig Huber}}, editor = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Jenert, Tobias}}, pages = {{207--213}}, publisher = {{Barbara Budrich}}, title = {{{Wo wir herkommen und wo es hingeht}}}, doi = {{10.3224/84743070}}, year = {{2024}}, } @inbook{55740, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Jenert, Tobias}}, booktitle = {{Wissenschaftsdidaktik als kritische Kommunikationsanalyse. Ein Sammelband zur Weiterführung eines Gedankens von Ludwig Huber}}, editor = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Jenert, Tobias}}, pages = {{7--11}}, publisher = {{Barbara Budrich}}, title = {{{Einleitung: Zur Wissenschaftsdidaktik}}}, doi = {{10.3224/84743070}}, year = {{2024}}, } @article{56661, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0340-3718}}, journal = {{Psychologieunterricht}}, number = {{57}}, title = {{{Wissenschaftsdidaktik: Kommunikation, Praktiken, Artefakte – und Sinn}}}, year = {{2024}}, } @book{58095, editor = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Jenert, Tobias}}, publisher = {{Barbara Budrich}}, title = {{{Wissenschaftsdidaktik als kritische Kommunikationsanalyse. Ein Sammelband zur Weiterführung eines Gedankens von Ludwig Huber,}}}, year = {{2024}}, } @article{53072, abstract = {{Negated statements require more processing efforts than assertions. However, in certain contexts, repeating negations undergo adaptation, which over time mitigates the effort. Here, we ask negations hamper visual processing and whether consecutive repetitions mitigate its influence. We assessed the overall attentional capacity and its distribution, the relative weight, quantitatively using the formal Theory of Visual Attention (TVA). We employed a very simple form for negations, binary negations. Negated instructions, expressing the only alternative to the core supposition, were cognitively demanding, resulting in a loss of attentional capacity in three experiments. The overall attentional capacity recovered gradually but stagnated at a lower level than with assertions, even after many repetitions. Additionally, negations distributed the attention equally between target and reference stimulus. Repetitions slightly increased the reference' share of attention. Assertions, on the other hand, shifted the attentional weight towards the target. Few repetitions slightly decreased the bias towards the target, many repetitions increased the bias.}}, author = {{Banh, Ngoc Chi and Tünnermann, Jan and Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, journal = {{Frontiers in Psychology}}, title = {{{Benefiting from Binary Negations? Verbal Negations Decrease Visual Attention and Balance Its Distribution}}}, doi = {{10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1451309}}, volume = {{15}}, year = {{2024}}, } @article{58109, abstract = {{The present study aims to understand how metaphors are used in explanations. According to many current theories, metaphors have a conceptual function for the understanding of abstract objects. From this theoretical assumption, we derived the hypothesis that the lower the expertise of the addressee of an explanation, the more metaphors should be used. We tested this hypothesis on a relatively natural data set of 24 published videos with close to 100,000 words overall in which experts explain abstract, mostly scientific concepts to persons of different expertise, varying from minimal (children) to profound (expert). Contrary to our expectations, the frequency of metaphors did not decrease with expertise, but actually increased. This increase could be statistically substantiated with higher differences in expertise. The study contributes to a better understanding of the use of metaphors in actual explanatory processes and how metaphor use depends on contextual factors. It thus supports the expansion of the conceptual and linguistic perspective on metaphors to include the aspect of how metaphors are used by speakers.}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Körber, Miriam and Sengupta, Meghdut and Wachsmuth, Henning}}, journal = {{Frontiers in Language Sciences}}, keywords = {{metaphor, conceptual metaphor, conceptual metaphor theory, metaphor usage, explaining, explanation}}, pages = {{1474924}}, title = {{{When to use a metaphor: Metaphors in dialogical explanations with addressees of different expertise}}}, volume = {{3}}, year = {{2024}}, }