---
_id: '26133'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The sintering of vitreous nanoparticle doublets is investigated numerically
by a volume of fluid method coupled to Hamaker summation and experimentally by
a high-temperature sintering flow reactor as well as by doublet shape analysis
in the transmission electron microscope. In particular, the characteristic differences
between nanoparticulate and bulk sintering are studied. The sintering mechanism
of vitreous nanoparticles is determined to be viscous flow with interparticle
van der Waals interactions acting as additional driving force. The early stages
of the nanoparticle sintering kinetics are inversely proportional to the square
of the particle size, instead of an indirect proportionality to the first order
of the particle size for the entire bulk process. The transition between nanoparticulate
and bulk sintering is localised to primary particle diameters of approx. 200–300
nm.
author:
- first_name: M.J.
full_name: Kirchhof, M.J.
last_name: Kirchhof
- first_name: H.
full_name: Förster, H.
last_name: Förster
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: Kirchhof MJ, Förster H, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Sintering kinetics and mechanism
of vitreous nanoparticles. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2012;45:26-39. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006
apa: Kirchhof, M. J., Förster, H., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2012). Sintering
kinetics and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles. Journal of Aerosol Science,
45, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006
bibtex: '@article{Kirchhof_Förster_Schmid_Peukert_2012, title={Sintering kinetics
and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006},
journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Kirchhof, M.J. and Förster, H. and
Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2012}, pages={26–39} }'
chicago: 'Kirchhof, M.J., H. Förster, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Sintering
Kinetics and Mechanism of Vitreous Nanoparticles.” Journal of Aerosol Science
45 (2012): 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006.'
ieee: 'M. J. Kirchhof, H. Förster, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Sintering kinetics
and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.
45, pp. 26–39, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006.'
mla: Kirchhof, M. J., et al. “Sintering Kinetics and Mechanism of Vitreous Nanoparticles.”
Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 45, 2012, pp. 26–39, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006.
short: M.J. Kirchhof, H. Förster, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science
45 (2012) 26–39.
date_created: 2021-10-13T14:45:36Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006
intvolume: ' 45'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 26-39
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Sintering kinetics and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 45
year: '2012'
...
---
_id: '22174'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The quality of laser sintered parts, in this work, manufactured by polymer
laser sintering by using an EOSINT P395 Laser Sintering system, depends on several
steps along the process chain. The first step is the characterization of the powder
quality, whereas the rheological and physical investigations of nylon 12 powder
are shown. By changing some important influencing factors, for example the powder
ratio, the powder ageing and the moisture content, the influence on mechanical
and physical properties, density and porosity, are investigated. The composition
of the used powder is known. The previous process (storage conditions, etc.) as
well as the laser sintering process (regarding energy density, temperature, etc.)
is kept constant for the duration of this work. Regarding the post process in
this work the cooling down phase is investigated as well. With an automatically
blasting system it is possible to keep the post process parameters blasting distance
and blasting time, constant. All of the tests will be performed using dry and
conditioned test specimens. This work is showing the dependence on mechanical,
rheological and physical parameters by varying important influencing factors along
the laser sintering process quality chain.
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Rüsenberg, Stefan
last_name: Rüsenberg
- first_name: R.
full_name: Weiffen, R.
last_name: Weiffen
- first_name: F.
full_name: Knoop, F.
last_name: Knoop
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: 'Rüsenberg S, Weiffen R, Knoop F, Schmid H-J. Controlling the Quality of Laser
Sintered Parts Along the Process Chain. In: 23rd Annual International Solid
Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Vol 23. ; 2012:1024-1044. doi:http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2012/2012-78-Ruesenberg.pdf'
apa: Rüsenberg, S., Weiffen, R., Knoop, F., & Schmid, H.-J. (2012). Controlling
the Quality of Laser Sintered Parts Along the Process Chain. In 23rd Annual
International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (Vol. 23, pp. 1024–1044).
http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2012/2012-78-Ruesenberg.pdf
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Rüsenberg_Weiffen_Knoop_Schmid_2012, title={Controlling
the Quality of Laser Sintered Parts Along the Process Chain}, volume={23}, DOI={http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2012/2012-78-Ruesenberg.pdf},
booktitle={23rd Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium}, author={Rüsenberg,
Stefan and Weiffen, R. and Knoop, F. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2012}, pages={1024–1044}
}'
chicago: Rüsenberg, Stefan, R. Weiffen, F. Knoop, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Controlling
the Quality of Laser Sintered Parts Along the Process Chain.” In 23rd Annual
International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 23:1024–44, 2012. http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2012/2012-78-Ruesenberg.pdf.
ieee: S. Rüsenberg, R. Weiffen, F. Knoop, and H.-J. Schmid, “Controlling the Quality
of Laser Sintered Parts Along the Process Chain,” in 23rd Annual International
Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2012, vol. 23, pp. 1024–1044.
mla: Rüsenberg, Stefan, et al. “Controlling the Quality of Laser Sintered Parts
Along the Process Chain.” 23rd Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium, vol. 23, 2012, pp. 1024–44, doi:http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2012/2012-78-Ruesenberg.pdf.
short: 'S. Rüsenberg, R. Weiffen, F. Knoop, H.-J. Schmid, in: 23rd Annual International
Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2012, pp. 1024–1044.'
date_created: 2021-05-14T07:46:03Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:55:28Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '219'
doi: http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2012/2012-78-Ruesenberg.pdf
intvolume: ' 23'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1024-1044
publication: 23rd Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium
status: public
title: Controlling the Quality of Laser Sintered Parts Along the Process Chain
type: conference
user_id: '71545'
volume: 23
year: '2012'
...
---
_id: '22204'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Material properties of parts from additive manufacturing are influenced by
a huge number of material, operational and job parameters. This work aims to identify
the most important ones and to investigate mechanical properties as depending
on those parameters. Test specimens were produced with standard PA12 powder on
an EOSINT P390 and P395, respectively. The influence of the orientation and placement
of parts in the building chamber were investigated systematically. The mechanical
properties
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Rüsenberg, Stefan
last_name: Rüsenberg
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: 'Rüsenberg S, Schmid H-J. Mechanical Properties as a Result of multitude of
Parameters. In: The European Forum on Additive Manufacturing. Vol 17. ;
2012. doi:https://afpr.asso.fr/content/assises/2012/actes/papiers/s5_2.pdf'
apa: Rüsenberg, S., & Schmid, H.-J. (2012). Mechanical Properties as a Result
of multitude of Parameters. In The European Forum on Additive Manufacturing
(Vol. 17). https://afpr.asso.fr/content/assises/2012/actes/papiers/s5_2.pdf
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Rüsenberg_Schmid_2012, title={Mechanical Properties as a
Result of multitude of Parameters}, volume={17}, DOI={https://afpr.asso.fr/content/assises/2012/actes/papiers/s5_2.pdf},
booktitle={The European Forum on Additive Manufacturing}, author={Rüsenberg, Stefan
and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2012} }'
chicago: Rüsenberg, Stefan, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Mechanical Properties as a
Result of Multitude of Parameters.” In The European Forum on Additive Manufacturing,
Vol. 17, 2012. https://afpr.asso.fr/content/assises/2012/actes/papiers/s5_2.pdf.
ieee: S. Rüsenberg and H.-J. Schmid, “Mechanical Properties as a Result of multitude
of Parameters,” in The European Forum on Additive Manufacturing, 2012,
vol. 17.
mla: Rüsenberg, Stefan, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Mechanical Properties as a Result
of Multitude of Parameters.” The European Forum on Additive Manufacturing,
vol. 17, 2012, doi:https://afpr.asso.fr/content/assises/2012/actes/papiers/s5_2.pdf.
short: 'S. Rüsenberg, H.-J. Schmid, in: The European Forum on Additive Manufacturing,
2012.'
date_created: 2021-05-14T07:46:38Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:55:29Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '219'
doi: https://afpr.asso.fr/content/assises/2012/actes/papiers/s5_2.pdf
intvolume: ' 17'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: The European Forum on Additive Manufacturing
status: public
title: Mechanical Properties as a Result of multitude of Parameters
type: conference
user_id: '71545'
volume: 17
year: '2012'
...
---
_id: '22188'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The aim of this paper is the description and evaluation of physical properties
like porosity and density and their influence on mechanical properties of laser
sintered polyamide parts. For example, by reducing the porosity an increase of
mechanical properties is possible. The correlation of laser parameters to these
properties is investigated in detail. The energy density is an important parameter
for the laser sintering process. By changing laser power, scan velocity and hatch
distance an influence on manufactured components is given. A systematic variation
of all three laser parameters is performed. A comparison of results obtained at
constant energy densities obtained by varying these relevant parameters accordingly
is shown as well.
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Rüsenberg, Stefan
last_name: Rüsenberg
- first_name: L.
full_name: Schmidt, L.
last_name: Schmidt
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: 'Rüsenberg S, Schmidt L, Schmid H-J. Mechanical and Physical Properties - A
Way to asses quality of Laser Sintered Parts. In: 22th Annual International
Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Vol 22. ; 2011:239-251. doi:http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2011/2011-19-Ruesenberg.pdf'
apa: Rüsenberg, S., Schmidt, L., & Schmid, H.-J. (2011). Mechanical and Physical
Properties - A Way to asses quality of Laser Sintered Parts. In 22th Annual
International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (Vol. 22, pp. 239–251).
http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2011/2011-19-Ruesenberg.pdf
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Rüsenberg_Schmidt_Schmid_2011, title={Mechanical and Physical
Properties - A Way to asses quality of Laser Sintered Parts}, volume={22}, DOI={http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2011/2011-19-Ruesenberg.pdf},
booktitle={22th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium}, author={Rüsenberg,
Stefan and Schmidt, L. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2011}, pages={239–251}
}'
chicago: Rüsenberg, Stefan, L. Schmidt, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Mechanical and
Physical Properties - A Way to Asses Quality of Laser Sintered Parts.” In 22th
Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 22:239–51, 2011.
http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2011/2011-19-Ruesenberg.pdf.
ieee: S. Rüsenberg, L. Schmidt, and H.-J. Schmid, “Mechanical and Physical Properties
- A Way to asses quality of Laser Sintered Parts,” in 22th Annual International
Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2011, vol. 22, pp. 239–251.
mla: Rüsenberg, Stefan, et al. “Mechanical and Physical Properties - A Way to Asses
Quality of Laser Sintered Parts.” 22th Annual International Solid Freeform
Fabrication Symposium, vol. 22, 2011, pp. 239–51, doi:http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2011/2011-19-Ruesenberg.pdf.
short: 'S. Rüsenberg, L. Schmidt, H.-J. Schmid, in: 22th Annual International Solid
Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2011, pp. 239–251.'
date_created: 2021-05-14T07:46:19Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:55:28Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '219'
doi: http://utw10945.utweb.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2011/2011-19-Ruesenberg.pdf
intvolume: ' 22'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 239-251
publication: 22th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium
status: public
title: Mechanical and Physical Properties - A Way to asses quality of Laser Sintered
Parts
type: conference
user_id: '71545'
volume: 22
year: '2011'
...
---
_id: '22191'
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Rüsenberg, Stefan
last_name: Rüsenberg
- first_name: L.
full_name: Schmidt, L.
last_name: Schmidt
- first_name: H.
full_name: Hosse, H.
last_name: Hosse
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: Rüsenberg S, Schmidt L, Hosse H, Schmid H-J. Porosity as a Key to Increase
Material Properties of Laser Sintered Parts.; 2011:531-538. doi:10.1201/b11341
apa: Rüsenberg, S., Schmidt, L., Hosse, H., & Schmid, H.-J. (2011). Porosity
as a key to increase material properties of laser sintered parts (pp. 531–538).
https://doi.org/10.1201/b11341
bibtex: '@book{Rüsenberg_Schmidt_Hosse_Schmid_2011, title={Porosity as a key to
increase material properties of laser sintered parts}, DOI={10.1201/b11341},
author={Rüsenberg, Stefan and Schmidt, L. and Hosse, H. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim},
year={2011}, pages={531–538} }'
chicago: Rüsenberg, Stefan, L. Schmidt, H. Hosse, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. Porosity
as a Key to Increase Material Properties of Laser Sintered Parts, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11341.
ieee: S. Rüsenberg, L. Schmidt, H. Hosse, and H.-J. Schmid, Porosity as a key
to increase material properties of laser sintered parts. 2011, pp. 531–538.
mla: Rüsenberg, Stefan, et al. Porosity as a Key to Increase Material Properties
of Laser Sintered Parts. 2011, pp. 531–38, doi:10.1201/b11341.
short: S. Rüsenberg, L. Schmidt, H. Hosse, H.-J. Schmid, Porosity as a Key to Increase
Material Properties of Laser Sintered Parts, 2011.
date_created: 2021-05-14T07:46:23Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:55:28Z
department:
- _id: '150'
- _id: '624'
- _id: '219'
doi: 10.1201/b11341
language:
- iso: eng
page: 531-538
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- 978-0-429-21774-6
status: public
title: Porosity as a key to increase material properties of laser sintered parts
type: book
user_id: '71545'
year: '2011'
...
---
_id: '26134'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: This work investigates the mechanisms which lead to the formation of silicon
nanoparticles with narrow size distributions by means of population balance modeling.
The model accounts for the full aerosol process, including chemical reaction,
nucleation from supersaturated vapor, growth and agglomeration. The results are
in good agreement with experimental data. The effects of the process parameters
temperature, silane concentration and reactor total pressure are systematically
investigated. The simulation allows an in-depth insight into the particle formation
mechanism and reveals the key requirements which are necessary for the generation
of narrow particle size distributions. In this mechanism, only a short nucleation
burst occurs, while surface growth plays the dominant role in silane precursor
consumption. A key role is attributed to condensation, because the numerical calculations
can only reflect the experimental observations, if the condensation mechanism
is included in the model.
author:
- first_name: R.
full_name: Körmer, R.
last_name: Körmer
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: 'Körmer R, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles
with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism.
Journal of Aerosol Science. 2010;41(11):1008-1019. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002'
apa: 'Körmer, R., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2010). Aerosol synthesis of
silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis
of the formation mechanism. Journal of Aerosol Science, 41(11),
1008–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002'
bibtex: '@article{Körmer_Schmid_Peukert_2010, title={Aerosol synthesis of silicon
nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the
formation mechanism}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002},
number={11}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Körmer, R. and Schmid,
Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2010}, pages={1008–1019} }'
chicago: 'Körmer, R., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Aerosol Synthesis of
Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow Size Distribution—Part 2: Theoretical Analysis
of the Formation Mechanism.” Journal of Aerosol Science 41, no. 11 (2010):
1008–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002.'
ieee: 'R. Körmer, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles
with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism,”
Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1008–1019, 2010, doi:
10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002.'
mla: 'Körmer, R., et al. “Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow
Size Distribution—Part 2: Theoretical Analysis of the Formation Mechanism.” Journal
of Aerosol Science, vol. 41, no. 11, 2010, pp. 1008–19, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002.'
short: R. Körmer, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 41 (2010)
1008–1019.
date_created: 2021-10-13T14:50:54Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002
intvolume: ' 41'
issue: '11'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1008-1019
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: 'Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part
2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism'
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 41
year: '2010'
...
---
_id: '26135'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A study on the feasibility of aerosol processing of nearly monodisperse silicon
nanoparticles via pyrolysis of monosilane in a hot wall reactor is presented.
For optimal conditions silicon nanoparticles with a geometric standard deviation
of 1.06 were synthesized at a production rate of 0.7 g/h. The size of the particles
could be precisely controlled in the range of 20–40 nm, whilst maintaining a geometric
standard deviation in the range of 1.06–1.08, by proper choice of the governing
parameters temperature, residence time and precursor concentration. The results
show that narrow particle size distributions can only be obtained in the temperature
range between 900 and 1100 °C, as long as both the initial silane concentration
(1 mbar silane partial pressure) and the reactor total pressure are low (25 mbar).
This regime for the production of narrow particle size distributions has not been
identified in prior work on the thermal decomposition of silane. Narrowly distributed
particles can be obtained under conditions where nucleation and particle growth
are separated and the agglomeration rates are negligible.
author:
- first_name: R.
full_name: Körmer, R.
last_name: Körmer
- first_name: M.P.M.
full_name: Jank, M.P.M.
last_name: Jank
- first_name: H.
full_name: Ryssel, H.
last_name: Ryssel
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: 'Körmer R, Jank MPM, Ryssel H, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Aerosol synthesis of
silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental investigations.
Journal of Aerosol Science. 2010;41(11):998-1007. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007'
apa: 'Körmer, R., Jank, M. P. M., Ryssel, H., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2010).
Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part
1: Experimental investigations. Journal of Aerosol Science, 41(11),
998–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007'
bibtex: '@article{Körmer_Jank_Ryssel_Schmid_Peukert_2010, title={Aerosol synthesis
of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental investigations},
volume={41}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007},
number={11}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Körmer, R. and Jank,
M.P.M. and Ryssel, H. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2010},
pages={998–1007} }'
chicago: 'Körmer, R., M.P.M. Jank, H. Ryssel, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert.
“Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow Size Distribution—Part
1: Experimental Investigations.” Journal of Aerosol Science 41, no. 11
(2010): 998–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007.'
ieee: 'R. Körmer, M. P. M. Jank, H. Ryssel, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Aerosol
synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental
investigations,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 998–1007,
2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007.'
mla: 'Körmer, R., et al. “Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow
Size Distribution—Part 1: Experimental Investigations.” Journal of Aerosol
Science, vol. 41, no. 11, 2010, pp. 998–1007, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007.'
short: R. Körmer, M.P.M. Jank, H. Ryssel, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol
Science 41 (2010) 998–1007.
date_created: 2021-10-13T14:51:37Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007
intvolume: ' 41'
issue: '11'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 998-1007
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: 'Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part
1: Experimental investigations'
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 41
year: '2010'
...
---
_id: '26136'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: To improve the understanding of the poor dispersability of fumed silica nanoparticle
agglomerates, the stability of highly defined agglomerated model particles was
investigated. The high temperature synthesis conditions for fumed silica were
simulated by tempering. Along with electron-microscopical analysis of the sintering
necks, the interparticle forces were investigated by energy resolved fragmentation
analysis based on low pressure impaction. At temperatures above 1,000 °C the fragmentability
of the agglomerates rapidly decreased while the energy necessary for fragmentation
increased. The development of sintering necks was observed for temperatures exceeding
1,300 °C. Comparison of the experimental data with the fragmentation behaviour
of a commercially produced fumed silica indicated solid state contacts (sintering
necks) as being most numerous in the agglomerates resulting in limited fragmentability.
author:
- first_name: M.
full_name: Seipenbusch, M.
last_name: Seipenbusch
- first_name: S.
full_name: Rothenbacher, S.
last_name: Rothenbacher
- first_name: M.
full_name: Kirchhoff, M.
last_name: Kirchhoff
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: G.
full_name: Kasper, G.
last_name: Kasper
- first_name: A. P.
full_name: Weber, A. P.
last_name: Weber
citation:
ama: Seipenbusch M, Rothenbacher S, Kirchhoff M, Schmid H-J, Kasper G, Weber AP.
Interparticle forces in silica nanoparticle agglomerates. Journal of Nanoparticle
Research. 2010;12(6):2037-2044. doi:10.1007/s11051-009-9760-5
apa: Seipenbusch, M., Rothenbacher, S., Kirchhoff, M., Schmid, H.-J., Kasper, G.,
& Weber, A. P. (2010). Interparticle forces in silica nanoparticle agglomerates.
Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 12(6), 2037–2044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-009-9760-5
bibtex: '@article{Seipenbusch_Rothenbacher_Kirchhoff_Schmid_Kasper_Weber_2010, title={Interparticle
forces in silica nanoparticle agglomerates}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1007/s11051-009-9760-5},
number={6}, journal={Journal of Nanoparticle Research}, author={Seipenbusch, M.
and Rothenbacher, S. and Kirchhoff, M. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Kasper, G.
and Weber, A. P.}, year={2010}, pages={2037–2044} }'
chicago: 'Seipenbusch, M., S. Rothenbacher, M. Kirchhoff, Hans-Joachim Schmid, G.
Kasper, and A. P. Weber. “Interparticle Forces in Silica Nanoparticle Agglomerates.”
Journal of Nanoparticle Research 12, no. 6 (2010): 2037–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-009-9760-5.'
ieee: 'M. Seipenbusch, S. Rothenbacher, M. Kirchhoff, H.-J. Schmid, G. Kasper, and
A. P. Weber, “Interparticle forces in silica nanoparticle agglomerates,” Journal
of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 2037–2044, 2010, doi: 10.1007/s11051-009-9760-5.'
mla: Seipenbusch, M., et al. “Interparticle Forces in Silica Nanoparticle Agglomerates.”
Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 12, no. 6, 2010, pp. 2037–44, doi:10.1007/s11051-009-9760-5.
short: M. Seipenbusch, S. Rothenbacher, M. Kirchhoff, H.-J. Schmid, G. Kasper, A.P.
Weber, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 12 (2010) 2037–2044.
date_created: 2021-10-13T14:54:26Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1007/s11051-009-9760-5
intvolume: ' 12'
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 2037-2044
publication: Journal of Nanoparticle Research
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1388-0764
- 1572-896X
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Interparticle forces in silica nanoparticle agglomerates
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 12
year: '2010'
...
---
_id: '58272'
author:
- first_name: Jan
full_name: Woppowa, Jan
id: '20543'
last_name: Woppowa
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
orcid: 000-0001-8590-1921
citation:
ama: Woppowa J, Schmid H-J. Gastfreundschaft. Ein Modell für den konfessionellen
Religionsunterricht der Zukunft. rhs. 2010;54(2011):139-140.
apa: Woppowa, J., & Schmid, H.-J. (2010). Gastfreundschaft. Ein Modell für den
konfessionellen Religionsunterricht der Zukunft. In rhs (Vol. 54, Issue
2011, pp. 139–140).
bibtex: '@article{Woppowa_Schmid_2010, place={München}, title={Gastfreundschaft.
Ein Modell für den konfessionellen Religionsunterricht der Zukunft}, volume={54},
number={2011}, journal={rhs}, author={Woppowa, Jan and Schmid, Hans-Joachim},
year={2010}, pages={139–140} }'
chicago: Woppowa, Jan, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Gastfreundschaft. Ein Modell für
den konfessionellen Religionsunterricht der Zukunft.” rhs. München, 2010.
ieee: J. Woppowa and H.-J. Schmid, “Gastfreundschaft. Ein Modell für den konfessionellen
Religionsunterricht der Zukunft,” rhs, vol. 54, no. 2011. München, pp.
139–140, 2010.
mla: Woppowa, Jan, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Gastfreundschaft. Ein Modell für den
konfessionellen Religionsunterricht der Zukunft.” rhs, vol. 54, no. 2011,
2010, pp. 139–40.
short: J. Woppowa, H.-J. Schmid, rhs 54 (2010) 139–140.
date_created: 2025-01-20T14:07:01Z
date_updated: 2025-01-20T15:14:02Z
department:
- _id: '124'
intvolume: ' 54'
issue: '2011'
language:
- iso: ger
page: 139-140
place: München
publication: rhs
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Gastfreundschaft. Ein Modell für den konfessionellen Religionsunterricht der
Zukunft
type: review
user_id: '71124'
volume: 54
year: '2010'
...
---
_id: '26137'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In this paper, we consider a model for precipitation experiments based on
the population balance equation. The study revealed a high sensitivity of the
system with respect to the modeling of intrinsic parameters, motivating a comprehensive
validation of the estimates. In the forward simulation the impact of the influencing
parameters including surface energy, nucleus size and distribution is investigated.
Subsequently we construct a simplified model of the precipitation process in such
a way that it is orbitally flat in terms of control theory, which enables the
inverse calculation of the parameters. The numerical results of the inverse simulation
for the interfacial energy have been compared to a physical model. The possibility
of solving the inverse problem provides a promising way of estimating hardly measurable
quantities for more complex molecules.
author:
- first_name: Vassil
full_name: Vassilev, Vassil
last_name: Vassilev
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Gröschel, Michael
last_name: Gröschel
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: Wolfgang
full_name: Peukert, Wolfgang
last_name: Peukert
- first_name: Günter
full_name: Leugering, Günter
last_name: Leugering
citation:
ama: Vassilev V, Gröschel M, Schmid H-J, Peukert W, Leugering G. Interfacial energy
estimation in a precipitation reaction using the flatness based control of the
moment trajectories. Chemical Engineering Science. 2009;65(6):2183-2189.
doi:10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.014
apa: Vassilev, V., Gröschel, M., Schmid, H.-J., Peukert, W., & Leugering, G.
(2009). Interfacial energy estimation in a precipitation reaction using the flatness
based control of the moment trajectories. Chemical Engineering Science,
65(6), 2183–2189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.014
bibtex: '@article{Vassilev_Gröschel_Schmid_Peukert_Leugering_2009, title={Interfacial
energy estimation in a precipitation reaction using the flatness based control
of the moment trajectories}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.014},
number={6}, journal={Chemical Engineering Science}, author={Vassilev, Vassil and
Gröschel, Michael and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, Wolfgang and Leugering,
Günter}, year={2009}, pages={2183–2189} }'
chicago: 'Vassilev, Vassil, Michael Gröschel, Hans-Joachim Schmid, Wolfgang Peukert,
and Günter Leugering. “Interfacial Energy Estimation in a Precipitation Reaction
Using the Flatness Based Control of the Moment Trajectories.” Chemical Engineering
Science 65, no. 6 (2009): 2183–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.014.'
ieee: 'V. Vassilev, M. Gröschel, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, and G. Leugering, “Interfacial
energy estimation in a precipitation reaction using the flatness based control
of the moment trajectories,” Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 65, no.
6, pp. 2183–2189, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.014.'
mla: Vassilev, Vassil, et al. “Interfacial Energy Estimation in a Precipitation
Reaction Using the Flatness Based Control of the Moment Trajectories.” Chemical
Engineering Science, vol. 65, no. 6, 2009, pp. 2183–89, doi:10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.014.
short: V. Vassilev, M. Gröschel, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, G. Leugering, Chemical
Engineering Science 65 (2009) 2183–2189.
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:01:41Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.014
intvolume: ' 65'
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 2183-2189
publication: Chemical Engineering Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0009-2509
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Interfacial energy estimation in a precipitation reaction using the flatness
based control of the moment trajectories
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 65
year: '2009'
...
---
_id: '26138'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In this work, a new model for the simulation of nanostructured aggregates
by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth is presented. Coagulation
is treated as cluster–cluster agglomeration along the line connecting the center
of mass of both agglomerates and is implemented using a Monte Carlo algorithm.
Sintering is modeled as successive overlapping of spheres which cause reduction
in the surface area based on a rate law for surface reduction. Surface growth
is modeled as an increase in primary particle diameter, e.g. as a result of surface
reactions. The evolved aggregates are analyzed by calculating their fractal dimension,
radius of gyration, mobility diameter and mobility shape factor. It is found that
the aggregates structure tends to be more compact when introducing the surface
growth in shorter time comparing to the coagulation-sintering step only. Fractal
dimension and the mobility shape factor of the resulting aggregates are correlated
to an effective dimensionless time that combines the characteristic times of these
three fundamental mechanisms. It is shown that the mobility diameter in the free
molecular regime is not proportional to the radius of gyration. A power law relation
that correlates the aggregates projected area and the equivalent number of primary
particles is found to be in a very good agreement with estimates published in
literature.
author:
- first_name: Belal
full_name: Al Zaitone, Belal
last_name: Al Zaitone
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: Wolfgang
full_name: Peukert, Wolfgang
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: Al Zaitone B, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Simulation of structure and mobility of
aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth. Journal
of Aerosol Science. 2009;40(11):950-964. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007
apa: Al Zaitone, B., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2009). Simulation of structure
and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface
growth. Journal of Aerosol Science, 40(11), 950–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007
bibtex: '@article{Al Zaitone_Schmid_Peukert_2009, title={Simulation of structure
and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface
growth}, volume={40}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007},
number={11}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Al Zaitone, Belal and
Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, Wolfgang}, year={2009}, pages={950–964} }'
chicago: 'Al Zaitone, Belal, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and Wolfgang Peukert. “Simulation
of Structure and Mobility of Aggregates Formed by Simultaneous Coagulation, Sintering
and Surface Growth.” Journal of Aerosol Science 40, no. 11 (2009): 950–64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007.'
ieee: 'B. Al Zaitone, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Simulation of structure and
mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface
growth,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 950–964, 2009,
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007.'
mla: Al Zaitone, Belal, et al. “Simulation of Structure and Mobility of Aggregates
Formed by Simultaneous Coagulation, Sintering and Surface Growth.” Journal
of Aerosol Science, vol. 40, no. 11, 2009, pp. 950–64, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007.
short: B. Al Zaitone, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 40 (2009)
950–964.
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:17:17Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007
intvolume: ' 40'
issue: '11'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 950-964
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Simulation of structure and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation,
sintering and surface growth
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 40
year: '2009'
...
---
_id: '26139'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The study presents first experimental results of the transfer of magnetite
nanoparticles from an aqueous to a second non-miscible non-aqueous liquid phase.
The transfer is based on the adsorption of macromolecular surfactants onto the
particle surface at the liquid–liquid interface. For a successful direct phase
transfer, it is essential to have cations, like ammonium ions, present in the
aqueous phase as well as a threshold concentration of surfactant in the organic
liquid phase. While penetrating the liquid–liquid interface, the particles are
covered with the surfactant and therefore a partial de-agglomeration is initiated.
Based on literature and experimental data a mechanism of surfactant adsorption
is proposed. The competing adsorption of the surfactant molecules at the liquid–liquid
interface leads to the formation of emulsions and therefore to a hindrance for
particles passing the interface. Nevertheless a high efficiency of 100% yield
can be reached using optimized process parameters for the phase transfer process.
author:
- first_name: Stefanie
full_name: Machunsky, Stefanie
last_name: Machunsky
- first_name: Philipp
full_name: Grimm, Philipp
last_name: Grimm
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: Urs A.
full_name: Peuker, Urs A.
last_name: Peuker
citation:
ama: 'Machunsky S, Grimm P, Schmid H-J, Peuker UA. Liquid–liquid phase transfer
of magnetite nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects. 2009;348(1-3):186-190. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.014'
apa: 'Machunsky, S., Grimm, P., Schmid, H.-J., & Peuker, U. A. (2009). Liquid–liquid
phase transfer of magnetite nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical
and Engineering Aspects, 348(1–3), 186–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.014'
bibtex: '@article{Machunsky_Grimm_Schmid_Peuker_2009, title={Liquid–liquid phase
transfer of magnetite nanoparticles}, volume={348}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.014},
number={1–3}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects}, author={Machunsky, Stefanie and Grimm, Philipp and Schmid, Hans-Joachim
and Peuker, Urs A.}, year={2009}, pages={186–190} }'
chicago: 'Machunsky, Stefanie, Philipp Grimm, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and Urs A. Peuker.
“Liquid–Liquid Phase Transfer of Magnetite Nanoparticles.” Colloids and Surfaces
A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 348, no. 1–3 (2009): 186–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.014.'
ieee: 'S. Machunsky, P. Grimm, H.-J. Schmid, and U. A. Peuker, “Liquid–liquid phase
transfer of magnetite nanoparticles,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical
and Engineering Aspects, vol. 348, no. 1–3, pp. 186–190, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.014.'
mla: 'Machunsky, Stefanie, et al. “Liquid–Liquid Phase Transfer of Magnetite Nanoparticles.”
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.
348, no. 1–3, 2009, pp. 186–90, doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.014.'
short: 'S. Machunsky, P. Grimm, H.-J. Schmid, U.A. Peuker, Colloids and Surfaces
A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 348 (2009) 186–190.'
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:21:05Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.014
intvolume: ' 348'
issue: 1-3
language:
- iso: eng
page: 186-190
publication: 'Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects'
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0927-7757
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Liquid–liquid phase transfer of magnetite nanoparticles
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 348
year: '2009'
...
---
_id: '26140'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The viscous-flow sintering of different agglomerate particle morphologies
is studied by three-dimensional computer simulations based on the concept of fractional
volume of fluid. For a fundamental understanding of particle sintering characteristics,
the neck growth kinetics in agglomerate chains and in doublets consisting of differently
sized primary particles is investigated. Results show that different sintering
contacts in agglomerates even during the first stages are not completely independent
from each other, even though differences are small. The neck growth kinetics of
differently sized primary particles is determined by the smaller one up to a size
difference by a factor of approximately 2, whereas for larger size differences,
the kinetics becomes faster. In particular, the agglomerate sintering kinetics
is investigated for particle chains of different lengths and for different particle
morphologies each having ten primary particles and nine initial sintering contacts.
For agglomerate chains, the kinetics approximately can be normalized by using
the radius of the fully coalesced sphere. In general, different agglomerate morphologies
show equal kinetics during the first sintering stages, whereas during advanced
stages, compact morphologies show significantly faster sintering progress than
more open morphologies. Hence, the overall kinetics cannot be described by simply
using constant morphology correction factors such as fractal dimension or mean
coordination number which are used in common sintering models. However, for the
first stages of viscous-flow agglomerate sintering, which are the most important
for many particle processes, a sintering equation is presented. Although we use
agglomerates consisting of spherical primary particles, our methodology can be
applied to other aggregate geometries as well.
author:
- first_name: M. J.
full_name: Kirchhof, M. J.
last_name: Kirchhof
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: Kirchhof MJ, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Three-dimensional simulation of viscous-flow
agglomerate sintering. Physical Review E. 2009;80(2):026319. doi:10.1103/physreve.80.026319
apa: Kirchhof, M. J., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2009). Three-dimensional
simulation of viscous-flow agglomerate sintering. Physical Review E, 80(2),
026319. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.80.026319
bibtex: '@article{Kirchhof_Schmid_Peukert_2009, title={Three-dimensional simulation
of viscous-flow agglomerate sintering}, volume={80}, DOI={10.1103/physreve.80.026319},
number={2}, journal={Physical Review E}, author={Kirchhof, M. J. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim
and Peukert, W.}, year={2009}, pages={026319} }'
chicago: 'Kirchhof, M. J., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Three-Dimensional
Simulation of Viscous-Flow Agglomerate Sintering.” Physical Review E 80,
no. 2 (2009): 026319. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.80.026319.'
ieee: 'M. J. Kirchhof, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Three-dimensional simulation
of viscous-flow agglomerate sintering,” Physical Review E, vol. 80, no.
2, p. 026319, 2009, doi: 10.1103/physreve.80.026319.'
mla: Kirchhof, M. J., et al. “Three-Dimensional Simulation of Viscous-Flow Agglomerate
Sintering.” Physical Review E, vol. 80, no. 2, 2009, p. 026319, doi:10.1103/physreve.80.026319.
short: M.J. Kirchhof, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Physical Review E 80 (2009) 026319.
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:23:14Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1103/physreve.80.026319
intvolume: ' 80'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
page: '026319 '
publication: Physical Review E
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1539-3755
- 1550-2376
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Three-dimensional simulation of viscous-flow agglomerate sintering
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 80
year: '2009'
...
---
_id: '26142'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Modeling of particle deposition on adjacent walls is a key issue in various
applications like separation or transport processes. The present paper focuses
on the modeling of turbophoretic deposition of particles in the micron size range.
The first step is to evaluate the important range where turbophoresis plays an
important role in comparison to other mechanisms e.g. gravity or electrostatic
separation. The disadvantages of commonly used models will be analyzed and overcome
by implementing a more sophisticated approach considering damping of turbulent
fluctuations in the wall-boundary layer. In contrast to previous work, commonly
used turbulence models are applied to solve the mean flow field of the examples
under consideration. The results will show a good prediction of particle deposition
in comparison to experimental values [B.Y.H. Liu, J.K. Agarwal, Experimental observation
of aerosol deposition in turbulent flow, Aerosol. Sci. 5 (1974) 145–155.] by using
the advanced model.
author:
- first_name: M.
full_name: Horn, M.
last_name: Horn
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: Horn M, Schmid H-J. A comprehensive approach in modeling Lagrangian particle
deposition in turbulent boundary layers. Powder Technology. 2008;186(3):189-198.
doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2007.11.048
apa: Horn, M., & Schmid, H.-J. (2008). A comprehensive approach in modeling
Lagrangian particle deposition in turbulent boundary layers. Powder Technology,
186(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2007.11.048
bibtex: '@article{Horn_Schmid_2008, title={A comprehensive approach in modeling
Lagrangian particle deposition in turbulent boundary layers}, volume={186}, DOI={10.1016/j.powtec.2007.11.048},
number={3}, journal={Powder Technology}, author={Horn, M. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim},
year={2008}, pages={189–198} }'
chicago: 'Horn, M., and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “A Comprehensive Approach in Modeling
Lagrangian Particle Deposition in Turbulent Boundary Layers.” Powder Technology
186, no. 3 (2008): 189–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2007.11.048.'
ieee: 'M. Horn and H.-J. Schmid, “A comprehensive approach in modeling Lagrangian
particle deposition in turbulent boundary layers,” Powder Technology, vol.
186, no. 3, pp. 189–198, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2007.11.048.'
mla: Horn, M., and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “A Comprehensive Approach in Modeling Lagrangian
Particle Deposition in Turbulent Boundary Layers.” Powder Technology, vol.
186, no. 3, 2008, pp. 189–98, doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2007.11.048.
short: M. Horn, H.-J. Schmid, Powder Technology 186 (2008) 189–198.
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:37:04Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2007.11.048
intvolume: ' 186'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 189-198
publication: Powder Technology
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0032-5910
publication_status: published
status: public
title: A comprehensive approach in modeling Lagrangian particle deposition in turbulent
boundary layers
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 186
year: '2008'
...
---
_id: '26147'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy is a recently developed technique
for the investigation of surface properties of particles. To apply the method
to technical colloidal systems, the dependences of several experimental parameters
on the signal have to be studied. In this work the influence of particle concentration
on the SHG signal from the surfaces of colloids (polystyrene beads in a size range
of 0.1 μm to 2.9 μm) is investigated. A simple model, based on Lambert–Beer’s
law, to describe the measured dependences is derived. The model agrees with the
experimental observations for particles smaller 1.1 μm and with a small modification
also for larger particles. Based on the new model an analytical equation for determining
the optimum concentration, where highest signals in colloidal SHG spectroscopy
measurements are obtained, is derived. '
author:
- first_name: L.
full_name: Schneider, L.
last_name: Schneider
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: Schneider L, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Influence of particle size and concentration
on the second-harmonic signal generated at colloidal surfaces. Applied Physics
B. 2007;87:333-339. doi:10.1007/s00340-007-2597-7
apa: Schneider, L., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2007). Influence of particle
size and concentration on the second-harmonic signal generated at colloidal surfaces.
Applied Physics B, 87, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-007-2597-7
bibtex: '@article{Schneider_Schmid_Peukert_2007, title={Influence of particle size
and concentration on the second-harmonic signal generated at colloidal surfaces},
volume={87}, DOI={10.1007/s00340-007-2597-7},
journal={Applied Physics B}, author={Schneider, L. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and
Peukert, W.}, year={2007}, pages={333–339} }'
chicago: 'Schneider, L., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Influence of Particle
Size and Concentration on the Second-Harmonic Signal Generated at Colloidal Surfaces.”
Applied Physics B 87 (2007): 333–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-007-2597-7.'
ieee: 'L. Schneider, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Influence of particle size and
concentration on the second-harmonic signal generated at colloidal surfaces,”
Applied Physics B, vol. 87, pp. 333–339, 2007, doi: 10.1007/s00340-007-2597-7.'
mla: Schneider, L., et al. “Influence of Particle Size and Concentration on the
Second-Harmonic Signal Generated at Colloidal Surfaces.” Applied Physics B,
vol. 87, 2007, pp. 333–39, doi:10.1007/s00340-007-2597-7.
short: L. Schneider, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Applied Physics B 87 (2007) 333–339.
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:52:28Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:17Z
doi: 10.1007/s00340-007-2597-7
intvolume: ' 87'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 333-339
publication: Applied Physics B
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0946-2171
- 1432-0649
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Influence of particle size and concentration on the second-harmonic signal
generated at colloidal surfaces
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 87
year: '2007'
...
---
_id: '29827'
abstract:
- lang: ger
text: 'Die Entwicklung neuer Konfigurationen zur Rußabscheidung in Elektrofiltern
im Hinblick auf Kfz-Applikationen bedingt die Notwendigkeit, diese auch mithilfe
von Simulationen bewerten zu können. Der Beitrag stellt einen neuen Ansatz zur
Simulation des Abscheideprozesses für einen Temperaturbereich bis 400 Grad C vor.
Entscheidend ist die Möglichkeit, das raumladungsbehaftete elektrische Feld für
alle Betriebszustände zu simulieren. Für den Transport der Raumladungen wird ein
Ansatz aus der Mehrphasenströmungssimulation verwendet. Die Abscheidung der Partikeln
wird mithilfe eines Lagrangeschen Ansatzes modelliert, der die zeitabhängige Aufladung
unter lokalen elektrischen Bedingungen berücksichtigt. Die Simulation des Gesamtprozesses
wird mit experimentellen Untersuchungen anhand eines Laborabscheiders verifiziert.
Simulation und Experiment stimmen gut überein. Insbesondere der dominierende Einfluss
durch die Bereiche in der Nähe der Platten konnte gut abgebildet werden. Das Gleiche
gilt für die parabolische Form der Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie. Weitere Untersuchungen
sind erforderlich, um die gezeigten Methoden auf die Rußabscheidung zu übertragen.
Die Problematik liegt in der Charakterisierung der Rußeigenschaften in Abhängigkeit
von der Rußentstehung. Auch die Randbedingungen der Methoden zur elektrischen
Charakterisierung können zurzeit noch nicht auf allgemeine Fälle übertragen werden. '
author:
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: Schmid H-J. Neuer Ansatz zur Modellierung der Abscheidung in einem modifizierten
Rohrelektrofilter. Gefahrstoffe, Reinhaltung der Luft Air Quality Control.
2007;67(4).
apa: Schmid, H.-J. (2007). Neuer Ansatz zur Modellierung der Abscheidung in einem
modifizierten Rohrelektrofilter. Gefahrstoffe, Reinhaltung der Luft. Air Quality
Control, 67(4).
bibtex: '@article{Schmid_2007, title={Neuer Ansatz zur Modellierung der Abscheidung
in einem modifizierten Rohrelektrofilter}, volume={67}, number={4}, journal={Gefahrstoffe,
Reinhaltung der Luft. Air Quality Control}, author={Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2007}
}'
chicago: Schmid, Hans-Joachim. “Neuer Ansatz zur Modellierung der Abscheidung in
einem modifizierten Rohrelektrofilter.” Gefahrstoffe, Reinhaltung der Luft.
Air Quality Control 67, no. 4 (2007).
ieee: H.-J. Schmid, “Neuer Ansatz zur Modellierung der Abscheidung in einem modifizierten
Rohrelektrofilter,” Gefahrstoffe, Reinhaltung der Luft. Air Quality Control,
vol. 67, no. 4, 2007.
mla: Schmid, Hans-Joachim. “Neuer Ansatz zur Modellierung der Abscheidung in einem
modifizierten Rohrelektrofilter.” Gefahrstoffe, Reinhaltung der Luft. Air Quality
Control, vol. 67, no. 4, 2007.
short: H.-J. Schmid, Gefahrstoffe, Reinhaltung der Luft. Air Quality Control 67
(2007).
date_created: 2022-02-14T11:39:12Z
date_updated: 2022-02-14T11:39:18Z
department:
- _id: '150'
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 67'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: ger
publication: Gefahrstoffe, Reinhaltung der Luft. Air Quality Control
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0949-8036
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Neuer Ansatz zur Modellierung der Abscheidung in einem modifizierten Rohrelektrofilter
type: journal_article
user_id: '3959'
volume: 67
year: '2007'
...
---
_id: '26145'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The drag force on aggregates and partially sintered agglomerates is assessed
using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and accelerated Stokesian dynamics (ASD).
Both methods have been compared in terms of accuracy and computational effort.
It is shown that they give comparable results if all numerical parameters are
controlled carefully. LBM requires a much higher computational effort, however,
in contrast to ASD it is able to simulate partially sintered agglomerates as well.
The results show that even a very small amount of sintering leads to a significant
reduction in the drag force. The analysis of the drag force on agglomerates as
well as on aggregates shows that there is no simple geometric quantity which is
uniquely related to the drag force. Moreover, there is a significant variation
in drag force for single aggregates at different orientations or for the orientation
averaged drag force of different aggregates of the same size. This is explained
by the structural effects which may lead to a variation in the drag force up to
+-20%.
author:
- first_name: Christian
full_name: Binder, Christian
last_name: Binder
- first_name: Christian
full_name: Feichtinger, Christian
last_name: Feichtinger
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: Nils
full_name: Thürey, Nils
last_name: Thürey
- first_name: Wolfgang
full_name: Peukert, Wolfgang
last_name: Peukert
- first_name: Ulrich
full_name: Rüde, Ulrich
last_name: Rüde
citation:
ama: Binder C, Feichtinger C, Schmid H-J, Thürey N, Peukert W, Rüde U. Simulation
of the hydrodynamic drag of aggregated particles. Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science. 2006;301(1):155-167. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.045
apa: Binder, C., Feichtinger, C., Schmid, H.-J., Thürey, N., Peukert, W., &
Rüde, U. (2006). Simulation of the hydrodynamic drag of aggregated particles.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 301(1), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.045
bibtex: '@article{Binder_Feichtinger_Schmid_Thürey_Peukert_Rüde_2006, title={Simulation
of the hydrodynamic drag of aggregated particles}, volume={301}, DOI={10.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.045},
number={1}, journal={Journal of Colloid and Interface Science}, author={Binder,
Christian and Feichtinger, Christian and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Thürey, Nils
and Peukert, Wolfgang and Rüde, Ulrich}, year={2006}, pages={155–167} }'
chicago: 'Binder, Christian, Christian Feichtinger, Hans-Joachim Schmid, Nils Thürey,
Wolfgang Peukert, and Ulrich Rüde. “Simulation of the Hydrodynamic Drag of Aggregated
Particles.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 301, no. 1 (2006):
155–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.045.'
ieee: 'C. Binder, C. Feichtinger, H.-J. Schmid, N. Thürey, W. Peukert, and U. Rüde,
“Simulation of the hydrodynamic drag of aggregated particles,” Journal of Colloid
and Interface Science, vol. 301, no. 1, pp. 155–167, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.045.'
mla: Binder, Christian, et al. “Simulation of the Hydrodynamic Drag of Aggregated
Particles.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 301, no. 1,
2006, pp. 155–67, doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.045.
short: C. Binder, C. Feichtinger, H.-J. Schmid, N. Thürey, W. Peukert, U. Rüde,
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 301 (2006) 155–167.
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:49:32Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:17Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.045
intvolume: ' 301'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 155-167
publication: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-9797
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Simulation of the hydrodynamic drag of aggregated particles
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 301
year: '2006'
...
---
_id: '26148'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Die Modellierung der wandnahen Bereiche bei der Simulation von Zweiphasenströmungen
spielt in der Praxis eine entscheidende Rolle, wenn erwünschter oder unerwünschter
Transport der dispersen Phase zu einer Oberfläche bedeutend ist. Zweiphasenströmungen
mit einer dispersen Phase werden heutzutage häufig mit dem Euler-Lagrange-Verfahren
in modernen CFD-Codes simuliert. Im Folgenden wird darauf eingegangen werden,
wie solche Berechnungen in kommerziellen CFD-Codes durchgeführt werden.
author:
- first_name: M.
full_name: Horn, M.
last_name: Horn
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: Horn M, Schmid H-J. Modellierung der wandnahen Bereiche in turbulenten Zweiphasenströmungen.
Chemie Ingenieur Technik. 2006;78(6):694-699. doi:10.1002/cite.200500110
apa: Horn, M., & Schmid, H.-J. (2006). Modellierung der wandnahen Bereiche in
turbulenten Zweiphasenströmungen. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 78(6),
694–699. https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.200500110
bibtex: '@article{Horn_Schmid_2006, title={Modellierung der wandnahen Bereiche in
turbulenten Zweiphasenströmungen}, volume={78}, DOI={10.1002/cite.200500110},
number={6}, journal={Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, author={Horn, M. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim},
year={2006}, pages={694–699} }'
chicago: 'Horn, M., and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Modellierung der wandnahen Bereiche
in turbulenten Zweiphasenströmungen.” Chemie Ingenieur Technik 78, no.
6 (2006): 694–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.200500110.'
ieee: 'M. Horn and H.-J. Schmid, “Modellierung der wandnahen Bereiche in turbulenten
Zweiphasenströmungen,” Chemie Ingenieur Technik, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 694–699,
2006, doi: 10.1002/cite.200500110.'
mla: Horn, M., and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Modellierung der wandnahen Bereiche in
turbulenten Zweiphasenströmungen.” Chemie Ingenieur Technik, vol. 78, no.
6, 2006, pp. 694–99, doi:10.1002/cite.200500110.
short: M. Horn, H.-J. Schmid, Chemie Ingenieur Technik 78 (2006) 694–699.
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:54:23Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:17Z
doi: 10.1002/cite.200500110
intvolume: ' 78'
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: ger
page: 694-699
publication: Chemie Ingenieur Technik
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0009-286X
- 1522-2640
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Modellierung der wandnahen Bereiche in turbulenten Zweiphasenströmungen
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 78
year: '2006'
...
---
_id: '26150'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: This work investigates the effects of reduced accessible surface area of aggregate
particles and of surface energy on relevant particle formation and growth mechanisms
during titania formation from the vapour phase at industrial process conditions.
Growth due to surface reaction and due to condensation is related to the fraction
of the surface area that is exposed to the collision with single molecules. Surface
shielding is found to hamper surface reaction and condensation once fractal aggregates
start to form. It leads to significantly retarded precursor consumption and produces
aggregate particles, which consist of more, but smaller primary particles. Surface
energy data are varied within a range as proposed by available literature data.
Moderate and high surface energy values result in a thermodynamic barrier to the
formation of new particles and are shown to reduce the formation of seed particles
by several orders of magnitude. This leads to the formation of aggregate particles
which consist of a rather small number of primary particles and mainly grow by
surface reaction. The primary contribution of condensation to growth of individual
primary particles is shown to be very little. However, condensation should not
be neglected as it has a strong impact on particle formation rates and hence on
product characteristics such as the number of primary particles and primary particle
size.
author:
- first_name: C.
full_name: Artelt, C.
last_name: Artelt
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: 'Artelt C, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Modelling titania formation at typical industrial
process conditions: effect of surface shielding and surface energy on relevant
growth mechanisms. Chemical Engineering Science. 2006;61(1):18-32. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.053'
apa: 'Artelt, C., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2006). Modelling titania formation
at typical industrial process conditions: effect of surface shielding and surface
energy on relevant growth mechanisms. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(1),
18–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.053'
bibtex: '@article{Artelt_Schmid_Peukert_2006, title={Modelling titania formation
at typical industrial process conditions: effect of surface shielding and surface
energy on relevant growth mechanisms}, volume={61}, DOI={10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.053},
number={1}, journal={Chemical Engineering Science}, author={Artelt, C. and Schmid,
Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2006}, pages={18–32} }'
chicago: 'Artelt, C., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Modelling Titania Formation
at Typical Industrial Process Conditions: Effect of Surface Shielding and Surface
Energy on Relevant Growth Mechanisms.” Chemical Engineering Science 61,
no. 1 (2006): 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.053.'
ieee: 'C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Modelling titania formation at
typical industrial process conditions: effect of surface shielding and surface
energy on relevant growth mechanisms,” Chemical Engineering Science, vol.
61, no. 1, pp. 18–32, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.053.'
mla: 'Artelt, C., et al. “Modelling Titania Formation at Typical Industrial Process
Conditions: Effect of Surface Shielding and Surface Energy on Relevant Growth
Mechanisms.” Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 61, no. 1, 2006, pp. 18–32,
doi:10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.053.'
short: C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Chemical Engineering Science 61 (2006)
18–32.
date_created: 2021-10-13T16:00:22Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:17Z
doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.053
intvolume: ' 61'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 18-32
publication: Chemical Engineering Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0009-2509
publication_status: published
status: public
title: 'Modelling titania formation at typical industrial process conditions: effect
of surface shielding and surface energy on relevant growth mechanisms'
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 61
year: '2006'
...
---
_id: '26149'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Nanoparticle precipitation is an interesting process to generate particles
with tailored properties. In this study we investigate the impact of various process
steps such as solid formation, mixing and agglomeration on the resulting particle
size distribution (PSD) as representative property using barium sulfate as exemplary
material. Besides the experimental investigation, process simulations were carried
out by solving the full 1D population balance equation coupled to a model describing
the micromixing kinetics based on a finite-element Galerkin h-p-method. This combination
of population balance and micromixing model was applied successfully to predict
the influence of mixing on mean sizes (good quantitative agreement between experimental
data and simulation results are obtained) and gain insights into nanoparticle
precipitation: The interfacial energy was identified to be a critical parameter
in predicting the particle size, poor mixing results in larger particles and the
impact of agglomeration was found to increase with supersaturation due to larger
particle numbers. Shear-induced agglomeration was found to be controllable through
the residence time in turbulent regions and the intensity of turbulence, necessary
for intense mixing but undesired due to agglomeration. By this approach, however,
the distribution width is underestimated which is attributed to the large spectrum
of mixing histories of fluid elements on their way through the mixer. Therefore,
an improved computational fluid dynamics-based approach using direct numerical
simulation with a Lagrangian particle tracking strategy is applied in combination
with the coupled population balance–micromixing approach. We found that the full
DNS-approach, coupled to the population balance and micromixing model is capable
of predicting not only the mean sizes but the full PSD in nanoparticle precipitation.'
author:
- first_name: Hans-Christoph
full_name: Schwarzer, Hans-Christoph
last_name: Schwarzer
- first_name: Florian
full_name: Schwertfirm, Florian
last_name: Schwertfirm
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Manhart, Michael
last_name: Manhart
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: Wolfgang
full_name: Peukert, Wolfgang
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: Schwarzer H-C, Schwertfirm F, Manhart M, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Predictive
simulation of nanoparticle precipitation based on the population balance equation.
Chemical Engineering Science. 2005;61(1):167-181. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2004.11.064
apa: Schwarzer, H.-C., Schwertfirm, F., Manhart, M., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert,
W. (2005). Predictive simulation of nanoparticle precipitation based on the population
balance equation. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(1), 167–181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.11.064
bibtex: '@article{Schwarzer_Schwertfirm_Manhart_Schmid_Peukert_2005, title={Predictive
simulation of nanoparticle precipitation based on the population balance equation},
volume={61}, DOI={10.1016/j.ces.2004.11.064},
number={1}, journal={Chemical Engineering Science}, author={Schwarzer, Hans-Christoph
and Schwertfirm, Florian and Manhart, Michael and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert,
Wolfgang}, year={2005}, pages={167–181} }'
chicago: 'Schwarzer, Hans-Christoph, Florian Schwertfirm, Michael Manhart, Hans-Joachim
Schmid, and Wolfgang Peukert. “Predictive Simulation of Nanoparticle Precipitation
Based on the Population Balance Equation.” Chemical Engineering Science
61, no. 1 (2005): 167–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.11.064.'
ieee: 'H.-C. Schwarzer, F. Schwertfirm, M. Manhart, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert,
“Predictive simulation of nanoparticle precipitation based on the population balance
equation,” Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 167–181, 2005,
doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.11.064.'
mla: Schwarzer, Hans-Christoph, et al. “Predictive Simulation of Nanoparticle Precipitation
Based on the Population Balance Equation.” Chemical Engineering Science,
vol. 61, no. 1, 2005, pp. 167–81, doi:10.1016/j.ces.2004.11.064.
short: H.-C. Schwarzer, F. Schwertfirm, M. Manhart, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Chemical
Engineering Science 61 (2005) 167–181.
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:57:59Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:17Z
doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.11.064
intvolume: ' 61'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 167-181
publication: Chemical Engineering Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0009-2509
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Predictive simulation of nanoparticle precipitation based on the population
balance equation
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 61
year: '2005'
...