[{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can enable photon-number resolution (PNR) based on accurate measurements of the detector’s response time to few-photon optical pulses. In this work, we investigate the impact of the optical pulse shape and duration on the accuracy of this method. We find that Gaussian temporal pulse shapes yield cleaner arrival-time histograms and, thus, more accurate PNR, compared to bandpass-filtered pulses of equal bandwidth. For low system jitter and an optical pulse duration comparable to the other jitter contributions, photon numbers can be discriminated in our system with a commercial SNSPD. At 60 ps optical pulse duration, photon-number discrimination is significantly reduced. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of using the correct arrival-time histogram model when analyzing photon-number assignment. Using exponentially modified Gaussian distributions, instead of the commonly used Gaussian distributions, we can more accurately determine photon-number misidentification probabilities. Finally, we reconstruct the positive operator-valued measures of the detector, revealing sharp features that indicate the intrinsic PNR capabilities.</jats:p>"}],"publication":"APL Quantum","title":"Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs","date_created":"2026-01-05T10:00:58Z","publisher":"AIP Publishing","year":"2026","issue":"1","article_number":"016102","user_id":"27150","department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"623"},{"_id":"288"}],"project":[{"name":"PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer -  Quantencomputing Testplattform","_id":"191"},{"_id":"239","name":"ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors in Low-Light Applications"}],"_id":"63451","status":"public","type":"journal_article","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1063/5.0304127","author":[{"first_name":"Timon","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","id":"55629","last_name":"Schapeler","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716"},{"full_name":"Mischke, Isabell","last_name":"Mischke","first_name":"Isabell"},{"first_name":"Fabian","last_name":"Schlue","id":"63579","full_name":"Schlue, Fabian"},{"first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Stefszky, Michael","id":"42777","last_name":"Stefszky"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-4140-0556 ","last_name":"Brecht","id":"27150","full_name":"Brecht, Benjamin","first_name":"Benjamin"},{"id":"26263","full_name":"Silberhorn, Christine","last_name":"Silberhorn","first_name":"Christine"},{"id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","last_name":"Bartley","first_name":"Tim"}],"volume":3,"date_updated":"2026-03-25T08:00:27Z","oa":"1","citation":{"ieee":"T. Schapeler <i>et al.</i>, “Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs,” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 3, no. 1, Art. no. 016102, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">10.1063/5.0304127</a>.","chicago":"Schapeler, Timon, Isabell Mischke, Fabian Schlue, Michael Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Practical Considerations for Assignment of Photon Numbers with SNSPDs.” <i>APL Quantum</i> 3, no. 1 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127</a>.","ama":"Schapeler T, Mischke I, Schlue F, et al. Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs. <i>APL Quantum</i>. 2026;3(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">10.1063/5.0304127</a>","apa":"Schapeler, T., Mischke, I., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht, B., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2026). Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs. <i>APL Quantum</i>, <i>3</i>(1), Article 016102. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127</a>","mla":"Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Practical Considerations for Assignment of Photon Numbers with SNSPDs.” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 3, no. 1, 016102, AIP Publishing, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">10.1063/5.0304127</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Schapeler_Mischke_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2026, title={Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs}, volume={3}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127\">10.1063/5.0304127</a>}, number={1016102}, journal={APL Quantum}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Mischke, Isabell and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2026} }","short":"T. Schapeler, I. Mischke, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, APL Quantum 3 (2026)."},"intvolume":"         3","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2835-0103"]}},{"publication_status":"published","citation":{"chicago":"Schapeler, Timon, Fabian Schlue, Michael Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Optimizing Photon-Number Resolution with Superconducting Nanowire Multi-Photon Detectors.” In <i>Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX</i>, edited by Mark A. Itzler, K. Alex McIntosh, and Joshua C. Bienfang. SPIE, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905\">https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905</a>.","ieee":"T. Schapeler, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, and T. Bartley, “Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon detectors,” in <i>Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX</i>, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905\">10.1117/12.3054905</a>.","ama":"Schapeler T, Schlue F, Stefszky M, Brecht B, Silberhorn C, Bartley T. Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon detectors. In: Itzler MA, McIntosh KA, Bienfang JC, eds. <i>Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX</i>. SPIE; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905\">10.1117/12.3054905</a>","apa":"Schapeler, T., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht, B., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2025). Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon detectors. In M. A. Itzler, K. A. McIntosh, &#38; J. C. Bienfang (Eds.), <i>Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX</i>. SPIE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905\">https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Schapeler_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2025, title={Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon detectors}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905\">10.1117/12.3054905</a>}, booktitle={Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX}, publisher={SPIE}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, editor={Itzler, Mark A. and McIntosh, K. Alex and Bienfang, Joshua C.}, year={2025} }","mla":"Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Optimizing Photon-Number Resolution with Superconducting Nanowire Multi-Photon Detectors.” <i>Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX</i>, edited by Mark A. Itzler et al., SPIE, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905\">10.1117/12.3054905</a>.","short":"T. Schapeler, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, in: M.A. Itzler, K.A. McIntosh, J.C. Bienfang (Eds.), Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX, SPIE, 2025."},"year":"2025","date_created":"2025-07-11T09:18:09Z","author":[{"first_name":"Timon","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","last_name":"Schapeler","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","id":"55629"},{"first_name":"Fabian","id":"63579","full_name":"Schlue, Fabian","last_name":"Schlue"},{"first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Stefszky, Michael","id":"42777","last_name":"Stefszky"},{"last_name":"Brecht","orcid":"0000-0003-4140-0556 ","id":"27150","full_name":"Brecht, Benjamin","first_name":"Benjamin"},{"last_name":"Silberhorn","full_name":"Silberhorn, Christine","id":"26263","first_name":"Christine"},{"first_name":"Tim","last_name":"Bartley","id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim"}],"publisher":"SPIE","date_updated":"2025-07-11T09:22:11Z","doi":"10.1117/12.3054905","title":"Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon detectors","type":"conference","publication":"Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX","status":"public","editor":[{"first_name":"Mark A.","full_name":"Itzler, Mark A.","last_name":"Itzler"},{"first_name":"K. Alex","last_name":"McIntosh","full_name":"McIntosh, K. Alex"},{"first_name":"Joshua C.","full_name":"Bienfang, Joshua C.","last_name":"Bienfang"}],"user_id":"55629","department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"623"}],"project":[{"_id":"239","name":"QuESADILLA: ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors in Low-Light Applications","grant_number":"101042399","call_identifier":"ERC"},{"grant_number":"13N16103","name":"PhoQuant--QCTest: PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer -  Quantencomputing Testplattform","_id":"191"}],"_id":"60587","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"issue":"8","year":"2025","publisher":"AIP Publishing","date_created":"2025-09-01T11:12:19Z","title":"Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by superconducting nanowires","publication":"APL Photonics","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>By analyzing the physics of multi-photon absorption in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs), we identify physical components of jitter. From this, we formulate a quantitative physical model of the multi-photon detector response that combines the local detection mechanism and local fluctuations (hotspot formation and intrinsic jitter) with the thermoelectric dynamics of resistive domains. Our model provides an excellent description of the arrival-time histogram of a commercial SNSPD across several orders of magnitude, both in arrival-time probability and across mean photon number. This is achieved with just three fitting parameters: the scaling of the mean arrival time of voltage response pulses, as well as the Gaussian and exponential jitter components. Our findings have important implications for photon-number-resolving detector design, as well as applications requiring low jitter, such as light detection and ranging (LIDAR).</jats:p>"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["arXiv:2503.17146"]},"keyword":["Jitter","PNR","SNSPD"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2378-0967"]},"citation":{"ieee":"M. Sidorova <i>et al.</i>, “Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by superconducting nanowires,” <i>APL Photonics</i>, vol. 10, no. 8, Art. no. 086113, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752\">10.1063/5.0273752</a>.","chicago":"Sidorova, Mariia, Timon Schapeler, Alexej D. Semenov, Fabian Schlue, Michael Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Jitter in Photon-Number-Resolved Detection by Superconducting Nanowires.” <i>APL Photonics</i> 10, no. 8 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752</a>.","ama":"Sidorova M, Schapeler T, Semenov AD, et al. Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by superconducting nanowires. <i>APL Photonics</i>. 2025;10(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752\">10.1063/5.0273752</a>","apa":"Sidorova, M., Schapeler, T., Semenov, A. D., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht, B., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2025). Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by superconducting nanowires. <i>APL Photonics</i>, <i>10</i>(8), Article 086113. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752\">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752</a>","bibtex":"@article{Sidorova_Schapeler_Semenov_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2025, title={Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by superconducting nanowires}, volume={10}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752\">10.1063/5.0273752</a>}, number={8086113}, journal={APL Photonics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Sidorova, Mariia and Schapeler, Timon and Semenov, Alexej D. and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2025} }","short":"M. Sidorova, T. Schapeler, A.D. Semenov, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, APL Photonics 10 (2025).","mla":"Sidorova, Mariia, et al. “Jitter in Photon-Number-Resolved Detection by Superconducting Nanowires.” <i>APL Photonics</i>, vol. 10, no. 8, 086113, AIP Publishing, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752\">10.1063/5.0273752</a>."},"intvolume":"        10","oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-09-02T10:47:08Z","author":[{"last_name":"Sidorova","full_name":"Sidorova, Mariia","first_name":"Mariia"},{"first_name":"Timon","last_name":"Schapeler","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","id":"55629","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon"},{"first_name":"Alexej D.","full_name":"Semenov, Alexej D.","last_name":"Semenov"},{"full_name":"Schlue, Fabian","id":"63579","last_name":"Schlue","first_name":"Fabian"},{"full_name":"Stefszky, Michael","id":"42777","last_name":"Stefszky","first_name":"Michael"},{"first_name":"Benjamin","full_name":"Brecht, Benjamin","id":"27150","last_name":"Brecht","orcid":"0000-0003-4140-0556 "},{"last_name":"Silberhorn","id":"26263","full_name":"Silberhorn, Christine","first_name":"Christine"},{"first_name":"Tim","id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","last_name":"Bartley"}],"volume":10,"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1063/5.0273752","type":"journal_article","status":"public","project":[{"_id":"191","name":"PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer -  Quantencomputing Testplattform"},{"_id":"239","name":"ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors in Low-Light Applications"}],"_id":"61110","user_id":"55629","department":[{"_id":"623"},{"_id":"15"}],"article_number":"086113","article_type":"original"},{"citation":{"apa":"Brockmeier, J., Schapeler, T., Lange, N. A., Höpker, J. P., Herrmann, H., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2025). Harnessing temporal dispersion for integrated pump filtering in spontaneous heralded single-photon generation processes. <i>New Journal of Physics</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c</a>","short":"J. Brockmeier, T. Schapeler, N.A. Lange, J.P. Höpker, H. Herrmann, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, New Journal of Physics (2025).","bibtex":"@article{Brockmeier_Schapeler_Lange_Höpker_Herrmann_Silberhorn_Bartley_2025, title={Harnessing temporal dispersion for integrated pump filtering in spontaneous heralded single-photon generation processes}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c\">10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c</a>}, journal={New Journal of Physics}, author={Brockmeier, Julian and Schapeler, Timon and Lange, Nina Amelie and Höpker, Jan Philipp and Herrmann, Harald and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2025} }","mla":"Brockmeier, Julian, et al. “Harnessing Temporal Dispersion for Integrated Pump Filtering in Spontaneous Heralded Single-Photon Generation Processes.” <i>New Journal of Physics</i>, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c\">10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c</a>.","ama":"Brockmeier J, Schapeler T, Lange NA, et al. Harnessing temporal dispersion for integrated pump filtering in spontaneous heralded single-photon generation processes. <i>New Journal of Physics</i>. Published online 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c\">10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c</a>","ieee":"J. Brockmeier <i>et al.</i>, “Harnessing temporal dispersion for integrated pump filtering in spontaneous heralded single-photon generation processes,” <i>New Journal of Physics</i>, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c\">10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c</a>.","chicago":"Brockmeier, Julian, Timon Schapeler, Nina Amelie Lange, Jan Philipp Höpker, Harald Herrmann, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Harnessing Temporal Dispersion for Integrated Pump Filtering in Spontaneous Heralded Single-Photon Generation Processes.” <i>New Journal of Physics</i>, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c</a>."},"year":"2025","doi":"10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"title":"Harnessing temporal dispersion for integrated pump filtering in spontaneous heralded single-photon generation processes","author":[{"id":"44807","full_name":"Brockmeier, Julian","last_name":"Brockmeier","first_name":"Julian"},{"first_name":"Timon","id":"55629","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","last_name":"Schapeler"},{"id":"56843","full_name":"Lange, Nina Amelie","last_name":"Lange","orcid":"0000-0001-6624-7098","first_name":"Nina Amelie"},{"last_name":"Höpker","full_name":"Höpker, Jan Philipp","id":"33913","first_name":"Jan Philipp"},{"first_name":"Harald","last_name":"Herrmann","full_name":"Herrmann, Harald","id":"216"},{"last_name":"Silberhorn","id":"26263","full_name":"Silberhorn, Christine","first_name":"Christine"},{"id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","last_name":"Bartley","first_name":"Tim"}],"date_created":"2025-06-30T08:58:37Z","oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-12-15T09:21:29Z","status":"public","publication":"New Journal of Physics","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"623"}],"user_id":"56843","_id":"60466","project":[{"name":"TRR 142; TP C07: Hohlraum-verstärkte Parametrische Fluoreszenz mit zeitlicher Filterung unter Verwendung integrierter supraleitender Detektoren","_id":"171"}]},{"article_number":"014024","project":[{"call_identifier":"ERC","name":"QuESADILLA: ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors in Low-Light Applications","_id":"239","grant_number":"101042399"},{"name":"PhoQuant--QCTest: PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer -  Quantencomputing Testplattform","_id":"191","grant_number":"13N16103"}],"_id":"55174","user_id":"55629","department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"623"}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024","date_updated":"2024-07-11T09:36:00Z","oa":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Timon","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","last_name":"Schapeler","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","id":"55629"},{"first_name":"Niklas","last_name":"Lamberty","full_name":"Lamberty, Niklas"},{"full_name":"Hummel, Thomas","id":"83846","orcid":"0000-0001-8627-2119","last_name":"Hummel","first_name":"Thomas"},{"full_name":"Schlue, Fabian","id":"63579","last_name":"Schlue","first_name":"Fabian"},{"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Stefszky","id":"42777","full_name":"Stefszky, Michael"},{"first_name":"Benjamin","orcid":"0000-0003-4140-0556 ","last_name":"Brecht","full_name":"Brecht, Benjamin","id":"27150"},{"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Silberhorn","full_name":"Silberhorn, Christine","id":"26263"},{"id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","last_name":"Bartley","first_name":"Tim"}],"volume":22,"citation":{"ama":"Schapeler T, Lamberty N, Hummel T, et al. Electrical trace analysis of superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors. <i>Physical Review Applied</i>. 2024;22(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024\">10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024</a>","chicago":"Schapeler, Timon, Niklas Lamberty, Thomas Hummel, Fabian Schlue, Michael Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Electrical Trace Analysis of Superconducting Nanowire Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i> 22, no. 1 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024</a>.","ieee":"T. Schapeler <i>et al.</i>, “Electrical trace analysis of superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors,” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, vol. 22, no. 1, Art. no. 014024, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024\">10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024</a>.","short":"T. Schapeler, N. Lamberty, T. Hummel, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Physical Review Applied 22 (2024).","bibtex":"@article{Schapeler_Lamberty_Hummel_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2024, title={Electrical trace analysis of superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors}, volume={22}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024\">10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024</a>}, number={1014024}, journal={Physical Review Applied}, publisher={American Physical Society (APS)}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Lamberty, Niklas and Hummel, Thomas and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024} }","mla":"Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Electrical Trace Analysis of Superconducting Nanowire Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, vol. 22, no. 1, 014024, American Physical Society (APS), 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024\">10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024</a>.","apa":"Schapeler, T., Lamberty, N., Hummel, T., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht, B., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2024). Electrical trace analysis of superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors. <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, <i>22</i>(1), Article 014024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024</a>"},"intvolume":"        22","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2331-7019"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>We apply principal component analysis (PCA) to a set of electrical output signals from a commercially available superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) to investigate their photon-number-resolving capability. We find that the rising edge as well as the amplitude of the electrical signal have the most dependence on photon number. Accurately measuring the rising edge while simultaneously measuring the voltage of the pulse amplitude maximizes the photon-number resolution of SNSPDs. Using an optimal basis of principal components, we show unambiguous discrimination between one- and two-photon events, as well as partial resolution up to five photons. This expands the use case of SNSPDs to photon-counting experiments, without the need of detector multiplexing architectures.</jats:p>\r\n          <jats:sec>\r\n            <jats:title/>\r\n            <jats:supplementary-material>\r\n              <jats:permissions>\r\n                <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement>\r\n                <jats:copyright-year>2024</jats:copyright-year>\r\n              </jats:permissions>\r\n            </jats:supplementary-material>\r\n          </jats:sec>"}],"publication":"Physical Review Applied","title":"Electrical trace analysis of superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors","publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","date_created":"2024-07-11T07:23:08Z","year":"2024","issue":"1"},{"author":[{"first_name":"Timon","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","id":"55629","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","last_name":"Schapeler"},{"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Schade","orcid":"0000-0002-6268-5397","full_name":"Schade, Robert","id":"75963"},{"id":"24135","full_name":"Lass, Michael","last_name":"Lass","orcid":"0000-0002-5708-7632","first_name":"Michael"},{"first_name":"Christian","full_name":"Plessl, Christian","id":"16153","last_name":"Plessl","orcid":"0000-0001-5728-9982"},{"id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","last_name":"Bartley","first_name":"Tim"}],"volume":10,"oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-12-16T11:32:12Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511","citation":{"ieee":"T. Schapeler, R. Schade, M. Lass, C. Plessl, and T. Bartley, “Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing,” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 10, no. 1, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511\">10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511</a>.","chicago":"Schapeler, Timon, Robert Schade, Michael Lass, Christian Plessl, and Tim Bartley. “Scalable Quantum Detector Tomography by High-Performance Computing.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i> 10, no. 1 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511\">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511</a>.","ama":"Schapeler T, Schade R, Lass M, Plessl C, Bartley T. Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing. <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. 2024;10(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511\">10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511</a>","mla":"Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Scalable Quantum Detector Tomography by High-Performance Computing.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 10, no. 1, IOP Publishing, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511\">10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511</a>.","short":"T. Schapeler, R. Schade, M. Lass, C. Plessl, T. Bartley, Quantum Science and Technology 10 (2024).","bibtex":"@article{Schapeler_Schade_Lass_Plessl_Bartley_2024, title={Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing}, volume={10}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511\">10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511</a>}, number={1}, journal={Quantum Science and Technology}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Schade, Robert and Lass, Michael and Plessl, Christian and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024} }","apa":"Schapeler, T., Schade, R., Lass, M., Plessl, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2024). Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing. <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, <i>10</i>(1). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511\">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511</a>"},"intvolume":"        10","user_id":"55629","department":[{"_id":"27"},{"_id":"623"},{"_id":"15"}],"project":[{"name":"PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing","_id":"52"},{"name":"ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors in Low-Light Applications","_id":"239"},{"name":"PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer -  Quantencomputing Testplattform","_id":"191"}],"_id":"53202","type":"journal_article","status":"public","date_created":"2024-04-04T08:43:18Z","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing","issue":"1","year":"2024","external_id":{"arxiv":["2404.02844"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Quantum Science and Technology","abstract":[{"text":"At large scales, quantum systems may become advantageous over their classical counterparts at performing certain tasks. Developing tools to analyze these systems at the relevant scales, in a manner consistent with quantum mechanics, is therefore critical to benchmarking performance and characterizing their operation. While classical computational approaches cannot perform like-for-like computations of quantum systems beyond a certain scale, classical high-performance computing (HPC) may nevertheless be useful for precisely these characterization and certification tasks. By developing open-source customized algorithms using high-performance computing, we perform quantum tomography on a megascale quantum photonic detector covering a Hilbert space of 106. This requires finding 108 elements of the matrix corresponding to the positive operator valued measure (POVM), the quantum description of the detector, and is achieved in minutes of computation time. Moreover, by exploiting the structure of the problem, we achieve highly efficient parallel scaling, paving the way for quantum objects up to a system size of 1012 elements to be reconstructed using this method. In general, this shows that a consistent quantum mechanical description of quantum phenomena is applicable at everyday scales. More concretely, this enables the reconstruction of large-scale quantum sources, processes and detectors used in computation and sampling tasks, which may be necessary to prove their nonclassical character or quantum computational advantage.","lang":"eng"}]},{"type":"journal_article","publication":"Optica Quantum","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have been widely used to study the discrete nature of quantum states of light in the form of photon-counting experiments. We show that SNSPDs can also be used to study continuous variables of optical quantum states by performing homodyne detection at a bandwidth of 400 kHz. By measuring the interference of a continuous-wave field of a local oscillator with the field of the vacuum state using two SNSPDs, we show that the variance of the difference in count rates is linearly proportional to the photon flux of the local oscillator over almost five orders of magnitude. The resulting shot-noise clearance of (46.0 ± 1.1) dB is the highest reported clearance for a balanced optical homodyne detector, demonstrating their potential for measuring highly squeezed states in the continuous-wave regime. In addition, we measured a CMRR = 22.4 dB. From the joint click counting statistics, we also measure the phase-dependent quadrature of a weak coherent state to demonstrate our device’s functionality as a homodyne detector.</jats:p>"}],"status":"public","project":[{"_id":"191","name":"PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer -  Quantencomputing Testplattform"},{"_id":"239","name":"ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors in Low-Light Applications"},{"_id":"209","name":"ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender Elektronik"}],"_id":"50840","user_id":"55629","department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"623"}],"article_number":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2837-6714"]},"issue":"1","year":"2024","citation":{"mla":"Protte, Maximilian, et al. “Low-Noise Balanced Homodyne Detection with Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors.” <i>Optica Quantum</i>, vol. 2, no. 1, 1, Optica Publishing Group, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201\">10.1364/opticaq.502201</a>.","short":"M. Protte, T. Schapeler, J. Sperling, T. Bartley, Optica Quantum 2 (2024).","bibtex":"@article{Protte_Schapeler_Sperling_Bartley_2024, title={Low-noise balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors}, volume={2}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201\">10.1364/opticaq.502201</a>}, number={11}, journal={Optica Quantum}, publisher={Optica Publishing Group}, author={Protte, Maximilian and Schapeler, Timon and Sperling, Jan and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024} }","apa":"Protte, M., Schapeler, T., Sperling, J., &#38; Bartley, T. (2024). Low-noise balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. <i>Optica Quantum</i>, <i>2</i>(1), Article 1. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201\">https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201</a>","ieee":"M. Protte, T. Schapeler, J. Sperling, and T. Bartley, “Low-noise balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors,” <i>Optica Quantum</i>, vol. 2, no. 1, Art. no. 1, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201\">10.1364/opticaq.502201</a>.","chicago":"Protte, Maximilian, Timon Schapeler, Jan Sperling, and Tim Bartley. “Low-Noise Balanced Homodyne Detection with Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors.” <i>Optica Quantum</i> 2, no. 1 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201\">https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201</a>.","ama":"Protte M, Schapeler T, Sperling J, Bartley T. Low-noise balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. <i>Optica Quantum</i>. 2024;2(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201\">10.1364/opticaq.502201</a>"},"intvolume":"         2","oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-12-18T17:06:27Z","publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","author":[{"full_name":"Protte, Maximilian","id":"46170","last_name":"Protte","first_name":"Maximilian"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","last_name":"Schapeler","id":"55629","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","first_name":"Timon"},{"first_name":"Jan","orcid":"0000-0002-5844-3205","last_name":"Sperling","full_name":"Sperling, Jan","id":"75127"},{"first_name":"Tim","last_name":"Bartley","id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim"}],"date_created":"2024-01-25T11:48:02Z","volume":2,"title":"Low-noise balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1364/opticaq.502201"},{"article_number":"023701","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"46468","project":[{"name":"TRR 142; TP C07: Hohlraum-verstärkte Parametrische Fluoreszenz mit zeitlicher Filterung unter Verwendung integrierter supraleitender Detektoren","_id":"171"}],"department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"230"},{"_id":"623"}],"user_id":"56843","status":"public","publication":"Physical Review A","type":"journal_article","title":"Degenerate photons from a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion source","doi":"10.1103/physreva.108.023701","publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","date_updated":"2025-12-15T09:24:16Z","volume":108,"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-6624-7098","last_name":"Lange","full_name":"Lange, Nina Amelie","id":"56843","first_name":"Nina Amelie"},{"first_name":"Timon","last_name":"Schapeler","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","id":"55629","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon"},{"first_name":"Jan Philipp","id":"33913","full_name":"Höpker, Jan Philipp","last_name":"Höpker"},{"first_name":"Maximilian","last_name":"Protte","full_name":"Protte, Maximilian","id":"46170"},{"first_name":"Tim","id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","last_name":"Bartley"}],"date_created":"2023-08-10T07:34:54Z","year":"2023","intvolume":"       108","citation":{"ieee":"N. A. Lange, T. Schapeler, J. P. Höpker, M. Protte, and T. Bartley, “Degenerate photons from a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion source,” <i>Physical Review A</i>, vol. 108, no. 2, Art. no. 023701, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701\">10.1103/physreva.108.023701</a>.","chicago":"Lange, Nina Amelie, Timon Schapeler, Jan Philipp Höpker, Maximilian Protte, and Tim Bartley. “Degenerate Photons from a Cryogenic Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion Source.” <i>Physical Review A</i> 108, no. 2 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701</a>.","ama":"Lange NA, Schapeler T, Höpker JP, Protte M, Bartley T. Degenerate photons from a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion source. <i>Physical Review A</i>. 2023;108(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701\">10.1103/physreva.108.023701</a>","short":"N.A. Lange, T. Schapeler, J.P. Höpker, M. Protte, T. Bartley, Physical Review A 108 (2023).","mla":"Lange, Nina Amelie, et al. “Degenerate Photons from a Cryogenic Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion Source.” <i>Physical Review A</i>, vol. 108, no. 2, 023701, American Physical Society (APS), 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701\">10.1103/physreva.108.023701</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Lange_Schapeler_Höpker_Protte_Bartley_2023, title={Degenerate photons from a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion source}, volume={108}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701\">10.1103/physreva.108.023701</a>}, number={2023701}, journal={Physical Review A}, publisher={American Physical Society (APS)}, author={Lange, Nina Amelie and Schapeler, Timon and Höpker, Jan Philipp and Protte, Maximilian and Bartley, Tim}, year={2023} }","apa":"Lange, N. A., Schapeler, T., Höpker, J. P., Protte, M., &#38; Bartley, T. (2023). Degenerate photons from a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion source. <i>Physical Review A</i>, <i>108</i>(2), Article 023701. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2469-9926","2469-9934"]},"publication_status":"published","issue":"2"},{"intvolume":"       106","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Schapeler_Bartley_2022, title={Information extraction in photon-counting experiments}, volume={106}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701\">10.1103/physreva.106.013701</a>}, number={1013701}, journal={Physical Review A}, publisher={American Physical Society (APS)}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Bartley, Tim}, year={2022} }","short":"T. Schapeler, T. Bartley, Physical Review A 106 (2022).","mla":"Schapeler, Timon, and Tim Bartley. “Information Extraction in Photon-Counting Experiments.” <i>Physical Review A</i>, vol. 106, no. 1, 013701, American Physical Society (APS), 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701\">10.1103/physreva.106.013701</a>.","apa":"Schapeler, T., &#38; Bartley, T. (2022). Information extraction in photon-counting experiments. <i>Physical Review A</i>, <i>106</i>(1), Article 013701. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701</a>","ama":"Schapeler T, Bartley T. Information extraction in photon-counting experiments. <i>Physical Review A</i>. 2022;106(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701\">10.1103/physreva.106.013701</a>","ieee":"T. Schapeler and T. Bartley, “Information extraction in photon-counting experiments,” <i>Physical Review A</i>, vol. 106, no. 1, Art. no. 013701, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701\">10.1103/physreva.106.013701</a>.","chicago":"Schapeler, Timon, and Tim Bartley. “Information Extraction in Photon-Counting Experiments.” <i>Physical Review A</i> 106, no. 1 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701</a>."},"year":"2022","issue":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2469-9926","2469-9934"]},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1103/physreva.106.013701","title":"Information extraction in photon-counting experiments","volume":106,"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","last_name":"Schapeler","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","id":"55629","first_name":"Timon"},{"id":"49683","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","last_name":"Bartley","first_name":"Tim"}],"date_created":"2022-10-11T07:13:12Z","date_updated":"2025-12-18T17:07:12Z","publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","status":"public","publication":"Physical Review A","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"013701","department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"230"},{"_id":"623"}],"user_id":"55629","_id":"33670","project":[{"_id":"209","name":"ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender Elektronik"}]},{"publication":"Superconductor Science and Technology","type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"23727","project":[{"_id":"209","name":"ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender Elektronik"}],"department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"230"}],"user_id":"55629","article_number":"064002","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0953-2048","1361-6668"]},"publication_status":"published","year":"2021","citation":{"apa":"Schapeler, T., Höpker, J. P., &#38; Bartley, T. (2021). Quantum detector tomography of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. <i>Superconductor Science and Technology</i>, Article 064002. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a</a>","bibtex":"@article{Schapeler_Höpker_Bartley_2021, title={Quantum detector tomography of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire single-photon detector}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a\">10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a</a>}, number={064002}, journal={Superconductor Science and Technology}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Höpker, Jan Philipp and Bartley, Tim}, year={2021} }","mla":"Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Quantum Detector Tomography of a High Dynamic-Range Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector.” <i>Superconductor Science and Technology</i>, 064002, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a\">10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a</a>.","short":"T. Schapeler, J.P. Höpker, T. Bartley, Superconductor Science and Technology (2021).","ieee":"T. Schapeler, J. P. Höpker, and T. Bartley, “Quantum detector tomography of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire single-photon detector,” <i>Superconductor Science and Technology</i>, Art. no. 064002, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a\">10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a</a>.","chicago":"Schapeler, Timon, Jan Philipp Höpker, and Tim Bartley. “Quantum Detector Tomography of a High Dynamic-Range Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector.” <i>Superconductor Science and Technology</i>, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a</a>.","ama":"Schapeler T, Höpker JP, Bartley T. Quantum detector tomography of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. <i>Superconductor Science and Technology</i>. Published online 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a\">10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a</a>"},"date_updated":"2025-12-18T17:07:44Z","date_created":"2021-09-03T08:03:34Z","author":[{"full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","id":"55629","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","last_name":"Schapeler","first_name":"Timon"},{"last_name":"Höpker","full_name":"Höpker, Jan Philipp","id":"33913","first_name":"Jan Philipp"},{"first_name":"Tim","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","id":"49683","last_name":"Bartley"}],"title":"Quantum detector tomography of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire single-photon detector","doi":"10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a"},{"year":"2020","issue":"4","title":"Single-channel electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector","date_created":"2023-01-22T17:13:35Z","publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>We present a time-over-threshold readout technique to count the number of activated pixels from an array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs). This technique places no additional heatload on the cryostat, and retains the intrinsic count rate of the time-tagger. We demonstrate proof-of-principle operation with respect to a four-pixel device. Furthermore, we show that, given some permissible error threshold, the number of pixels that can be reliably read out scales linearly with the intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio of the individual pixel response.</jats:p>"}],"publication":"Optics Express","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Atomic and Molecular Physics","and Optics"],"intvolume":"        28","citation":{"apa":"Tiedau, J., Schapeler, T., Anant, V., Fedder, H., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2020). Single-channel electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector. <i>Optics Express</i>, <i>28</i>(4), Article 5528. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111\">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111</a>","mla":"Tiedau, Johannes, et al. “Single-Channel Electronic Readout of a Multipixel Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector.” <i>Optics Express</i>, vol. 28, no. 4, 5528, Optica Publishing Group, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111\">10.1364/oe.383111</a>.","short":"J. Tiedau, T. Schapeler, V. Anant, H. Fedder, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Optics Express 28 (2020).","bibtex":"@article{Tiedau_Schapeler_Anant_Fedder_Silberhorn_Bartley_2020, title={Single-channel electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector}, volume={28}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111\">10.1364/oe.383111</a>}, number={45528}, journal={Optics Express}, publisher={Optica Publishing Group}, author={Tiedau, Johannes and Schapeler, Timon and Anant, Vikas and Fedder, Helmut and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2020} }","chicago":"Tiedau, Johannes, Timon Schapeler, Vikas Anant, Helmut Fedder, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Single-Channel Electronic Readout of a Multipixel Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector.” <i>Optics Express</i> 28, no. 4 (2020). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111\">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111</a>.","ieee":"J. Tiedau, T. Schapeler, V. Anant, H. Fedder, C. Silberhorn, and T. Bartley, “Single-channel electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector,” <i>Optics Express</i>, vol. 28, no. 4, Art. no. 5528, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111\">10.1364/oe.383111</a>.","ama":"Tiedau J, Schapeler T, Anant V, Fedder H, Silberhorn C, Bartley T. Single-channel electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector. <i>Optics Express</i>. 2020;28(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111\">10.1364/oe.383111</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1094-4087"]},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1364/oe.383111","volume":28,"author":[{"full_name":"Tiedau, Johannes","last_name":"Tiedau","first_name":"Johannes"},{"first_name":"Timon","last_name":"Schapeler","orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","id":"55629"},{"first_name":"Vikas","last_name":"Anant","full_name":"Anant, Vikas"},{"full_name":"Fedder, Helmut","last_name":"Fedder","first_name":"Helmut"},{"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Silberhorn","id":"26263","full_name":"Silberhorn, Christine"},{"full_name":"Bartley, Tim","id":"49683","last_name":"Bartley","first_name":"Tim"}],"date_updated":"2025-12-18T17:10:24Z","status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_number":"5528","department":[{"_id":"288"},{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"623"},{"_id":"230"}],"user_id":"55629","_id":"37933","project":[{"name":"PhoG: Sub-Poissonian Photon Gun by Coherent Diffusive Photonics - EU Flagship Project","_id":"237"},{"name":"ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender Elektronik","_id":"209"}]},{"year":"2020","citation":{"chicago":"Schapeler, Timon, Jan Philipp Höpker, and Tim Bartley. “Quantum Detector Tomography of a 2×2 Multi-Pixel Array of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors.” <i>Optics Express</i>, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285\">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285</a>.","ieee":"T. Schapeler, J. P. Höpker, and T. Bartley, “Quantum detector tomography of a 2×2 multi-pixel array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors,” <i>Optics Express</i>, Art. no. 33035, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285\">10.1364/oe.404285</a>.","ama":"Schapeler T, Höpker JP, Bartley T. Quantum detector tomography of a 2×2 multi-pixel array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. <i>Optics Express</i>. Published online 2020. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285\">10.1364/oe.404285</a>","mla":"Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Quantum Detector Tomography of a 2×2 Multi-Pixel Array of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors.” <i>Optics Express</i>, 33035, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285\">10.1364/oe.404285</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Schapeler_Höpker_Bartley_2020, title={Quantum detector tomography of a 2×2 multi-pixel array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285\">10.1364/oe.404285</a>}, number={33035}, journal={Optics Express}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Höpker, Jan Philipp and Bartley, Tim}, year={2020} }","short":"T. Schapeler, J.P. Höpker, T. Bartley, Optics Express (2020).","apa":"Schapeler, T., Höpker, J. P., &#38; Bartley, T. (2020). Quantum detector tomography of a 2×2 multi-pixel array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. <i>Optics Express</i>, Article 33035. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285\">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285</a>"},"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1094-4087"]},"title":"Quantum detector tomography of a 2×2 multi-pixel array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors","doi":"10.1364/oe.404285","date_updated":"2025-12-18T17:08:01Z","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-7652-1716","last_name":"Schapeler","id":"55629","full_name":"Schapeler, Timon","first_name":"Timon"},{"last_name":"Höpker","full_name":"Höpker, Jan Philipp","id":"33913","first_name":"Jan Philipp"},{"first_name":"Tim","last_name":"Bartley","full_name":"Bartley, Tim","id":"49683"}],"date_created":"2020-10-21T11:02:41Z","status":"public","type":"journal_article","publication":"Optics Express","article_number":"33035","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"project":[{"_id":"209","name":"ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender Elektronik"}],"_id":"20156","user_id":"55629","department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"230"}]}]