---
_id: '63451'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can enable
photon-number resolution (PNR) based on accurate measurements of the detector’s
response time to few-photon optical pulses. In this work, we investigate the impact
of the optical pulse shape and duration on the accuracy of this method. We find
that Gaussian temporal pulse shapes yield cleaner arrival-time histograms and,
thus, more accurate PNR, compared to bandpass-filtered pulses of equal bandwidth.
For low system jitter and an optical pulse duration comparable to the other jitter
contributions, photon numbers can be discriminated in our system with a commercial
SNSPD. At 60 ps optical pulse duration, photon-number discrimination is significantly
reduced. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of using the correct arrival-time
histogram model when analyzing photon-number assignment. Using exponentially modified
Gaussian distributions, instead of the commonly used Gaussian distributions, we
can more accurately determine photon-number misidentification probabilities. Finally,
we reconstruct the positive operator-valued measures of the detector, revealing
sharp features that indicate the intrinsic PNR capabilities.
article_number: '016102'
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Isabell
full_name: Mischke, Isabell
last_name: Mischke
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Schlue, Fabian
id: '63579'
last_name: Schlue
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Benjamin
full_name: Brecht, Benjamin
id: '27150'
last_name: Brecht
orcid: '0000-0003-4140-0556 '
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Schapeler T, Mischke I, Schlue F, et al. Practical considerations for assignment
of photon numbers with SNSPDs. APL Quantum. 2026;3(1). doi:10.1063/5.0304127
apa: Schapeler, T., Mischke, I., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht, B., Silberhorn,
C., & Bartley, T. (2026). Practical considerations for assignment of photon
numbers with SNSPDs. APL Quantum, 3(1), Article 016102. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127
bibtex: '@article{Schapeler_Mischke_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2026,
title={Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs},
volume={3}, DOI={10.1063/5.0304127},
number={1016102}, journal={APL Quantum}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Schapeler,
Timon and Mischke, Isabell and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht,
Benjamin and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2026} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Isabell Mischke, Fabian Schlue, Michael Stefszky, Benjamin
Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Practical Considerations for Assignment
of Photon Numbers with SNSPDs.” APL Quantum 3, no. 1 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler et al., “Practical considerations for assignment of photon
numbers with SNSPDs,” APL Quantum, vol. 3, no. 1, Art. no. 016102, 2026,
doi: 10.1063/5.0304127.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Practical Considerations for Assignment of Photon
Numbers with SNSPDs.” APL Quantum, vol. 3, no. 1, 016102, AIP Publishing,
2026, doi:10.1063/5.0304127.
short: T. Schapeler, I. Mischke, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn,
T. Bartley, APL Quantum 3 (2026).
date_created: 2026-01-05T10:00:58Z
date_updated: 2026-03-25T08:00:27Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
- _id: '288'
doi: 10.1063/5.0304127
intvolume: ' 3'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
- _id: '239'
name: 'ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors
in Low-Light Applications'
publication: APL Quantum
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2835-0103
publication_status: published
publisher: AIP Publishing
status: public
title: Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs
type: journal_article
user_id: '27150'
volume: 3
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '60587'
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Schlue, Fabian
id: '63579'
last_name: Schlue
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Benjamin
full_name: Brecht, Benjamin
id: '27150'
last_name: Brecht
orcid: '0000-0003-4140-0556 '
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: 'Schapeler T, Schlue F, Stefszky M, Brecht B, Silberhorn C, Bartley T. Optimizing
photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon detectors.
In: Itzler MA, McIntosh KA, Bienfang JC, eds. Advanced Photon Counting Techniques
XIX. SPIE; 2025. doi:10.1117/12.3054905'
apa: Schapeler, T., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht, B., Silberhorn, C., &
Bartley, T. (2025). Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire
multi-photon detectors. In M. A. Itzler, K. A. McIntosh, & J. C. Bienfang
(Eds.), Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Schapeler_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2025,
title={Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon
detectors}, DOI={10.1117/12.3054905},
booktitle={Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX}, publisher={SPIE}, author={Schapeler,
Timon and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn,
Christine and Bartley, Tim}, editor={Itzler, Mark A. and McIntosh, K. Alex and
Bienfang, Joshua C.}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Fabian Schlue, Michael Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine
Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Optimizing Photon-Number Resolution with Superconducting
Nanowire Multi-Photon Detectors.” In Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX,
edited by Mark A. Itzler, K. Alex McIntosh, and Joshua C. Bienfang. SPIE, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, and T. Bartley,
“Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon
detectors,” in Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX, 2025, doi: 10.1117/12.3054905.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Optimizing Photon-Number Resolution with Superconducting
Nanowire Multi-Photon Detectors.” Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX,
edited by Mark A. Itzler et al., SPIE, 2025, doi:10.1117/12.3054905.
short: 'T. Schapeler, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley,
in: M.A. Itzler, K.A. McIntosh, J.C. Bienfang (Eds.), Advanced Photon Counting
Techniques XIX, SPIE, 2025.'
date_created: 2025-07-11T09:18:09Z
date_updated: 2025-07-11T09:22:11Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1117/12.3054905
editor:
- first_name: Mark A.
full_name: Itzler, Mark A.
last_name: Itzler
- first_name: K. Alex
full_name: McIntosh, K. Alex
last_name: McIntosh
- first_name: Joshua C.
full_name: Bienfang, Joshua C.
last_name: Bienfang
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '239'
call_identifier: ERC
grant_number: '101042399'
name: 'QuESADILLA: ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array
Detectors in Low-Light Applications'
- _id: '191'
grant_number: 13N16103
name: 'PhoQuant--QCTest: PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing
Testplattform'
publication: Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX
publication_status: published
publisher: SPIE
status: public
title: Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon
detectors
type: conference
user_id: '55629'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61110'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'By analyzing the physics of multi-photon absorption in superconducting
nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs), we identify physical components of
jitter. From this, we formulate a quantitative physical model of the multi-photon
detector response that combines the local detection mechanism and local fluctuations
(hotspot formation and intrinsic jitter) with the thermoelectric dynamics of resistive
domains. Our model provides an excellent description of the arrival-time histogram
of a commercial SNSPD across several orders of magnitude, both in arrival-time
probability and across mean photon number. This is achieved with just three fitting
parameters: the scaling of the mean arrival time of voltage response pulses, as
well as the Gaussian and exponential jitter components. Our findings have important
implications for photon-number-resolving detector design, as well as applications
requiring low jitter, such as light detection and ranging (LIDAR).'
article_number: '086113'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Mariia
full_name: Sidorova, Mariia
last_name: Sidorova
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Alexej D.
full_name: Semenov, Alexej D.
last_name: Semenov
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Schlue, Fabian
id: '63579'
last_name: Schlue
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Benjamin
full_name: Brecht, Benjamin
id: '27150'
last_name: Brecht
orcid: '0000-0003-4140-0556 '
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Sidorova M, Schapeler T, Semenov AD, et al. Jitter in photon-number-resolved
detection by superconducting nanowires. APL Photonics. 2025;10(8). doi:10.1063/5.0273752
apa: Sidorova, M., Schapeler, T., Semenov, A. D., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht,
B., Silberhorn, C., & Bartley, T. (2025). Jitter in photon-number-resolved
detection by superconducting nanowires. APL Photonics, 10(8), Article
086113. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752
bibtex: '@article{Sidorova_Schapeler_Semenov_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2025,
title={Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by superconducting nanowires},
volume={10}, DOI={10.1063/5.0273752},
number={8086113}, journal={APL Photonics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Sidorova,
Mariia and Schapeler, Timon and Semenov, Alexej D. and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky,
Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2025}
}'
chicago: Sidorova, Mariia, Timon Schapeler, Alexej D. Semenov, Fabian Schlue, Michael
Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Jitter in Photon-Number-Resolved
Detection by Superconducting Nanowires.” APL Photonics 10, no. 8 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752.
ieee: 'M. Sidorova et al., “Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by
superconducting nanowires,” APL Photonics, vol. 10, no. 8, Art. no. 086113,
2025, doi: 10.1063/5.0273752.'
mla: Sidorova, Mariia, et al. “Jitter in Photon-Number-Resolved Detection by Superconducting
Nanowires.” APL Photonics, vol. 10, no. 8, 086113, AIP Publishing, 2025,
doi:10.1063/5.0273752.
short: M. Sidorova, T. Schapeler, A.D. Semenov, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht,
C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, APL Photonics 10 (2025).
date_created: 2025-09-01T11:12:19Z
date_updated: 2025-09-02T10:47:08Z
department:
- _id: '623'
- _id: '15'
doi: 10.1063/5.0273752
external_id:
arxiv:
- arXiv:2503.17146
intvolume: ' 10'
issue: '8'
keyword:
- Jitter
- PNR
- SNSPD
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
- _id: '239'
name: 'ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors
in Low-Light Applications'
publication: APL Photonics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2378-0967
publication_status: published
publisher: AIP Publishing
status: public
title: Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by superconducting nanowires
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 10
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '60466'
author:
- first_name: Julian
full_name: Brockmeier, Julian
id: '44807'
last_name: Brockmeier
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Nina Amelie
full_name: Lange, Nina Amelie
id: '56843'
last_name: Lange
orcid: 0000-0001-6624-7098
- first_name: Jan Philipp
full_name: Höpker, Jan Philipp
id: '33913'
last_name: Höpker
- first_name: Harald
full_name: Herrmann, Harald
id: '216'
last_name: Herrmann
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Brockmeier J, Schapeler T, Lange NA, et al. Harnessing temporal dispersion
for integrated pump filtering in spontaneous heralded single-photon generation
processes. New Journal of Physics. Published online 2025. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c
apa: Brockmeier, J., Schapeler, T., Lange, N. A., Höpker, J. P., Herrmann, H., Silberhorn,
C., & Bartley, T. (2025). Harnessing temporal dispersion for integrated pump
filtering in spontaneous heralded single-photon generation processes. New Journal
of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c
bibtex: '@article{Brockmeier_Schapeler_Lange_Höpker_Herrmann_Silberhorn_Bartley_2025,
title={Harnessing temporal dispersion for integrated pump filtering in spontaneous
heralded single-photon generation processes}, DOI={10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c},
journal={New Journal of Physics}, author={Brockmeier, Julian and Schapeler, Timon
and Lange, Nina Amelie and Höpker, Jan Philipp and Herrmann, Harald and Silberhorn,
Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Brockmeier, Julian, Timon Schapeler, Nina Amelie Lange, Jan Philipp Höpker,
Harald Herrmann, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Harnessing Temporal Dispersion
for Integrated Pump Filtering in Spontaneous Heralded Single-Photon Generation
Processes.” New Journal of Physics, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c.
ieee: 'J. Brockmeier et al., “Harnessing temporal dispersion for integrated
pump filtering in spontaneous heralded single-photon generation processes,” New
Journal of Physics, 2025, doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c.'
mla: Brockmeier, Julian, et al. “Harnessing Temporal Dispersion for Integrated Pump
Filtering in Spontaneous Heralded Single-Photon Generation Processes.” New
Journal of Physics, 2025, doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c.
short: J. Brockmeier, T. Schapeler, N.A. Lange, J.P. Höpker, H. Herrmann, C. Silberhorn,
T. Bartley, New Journal of Physics (2025).
date_created: 2025-06-30T08:58:37Z
date_updated: 2025-12-15T09:21:29Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/ade46c
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '171'
name: 'TRR 142; TP C07: Hohlraum-verstärkte Parametrische Fluoreszenz mit zeitlicher
Filterung unter Verwendung integrierter supraleitender Detektoren'
publication: New Journal of Physics
status: public
title: Harnessing temporal dispersion for integrated pump filtering in spontaneous
heralded single-photon generation processes
type: journal_article
user_id: '56843'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '55174'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "We apply principal component analysis (PCA) to a set of electrical
output signals from a commercially available superconducting nanowire single-photon
detector (SNSPD) to investigate their photon-number-resolving capability. We find
that the rising edge as well as the amplitude of the electrical signal have the
most dependence on photon number. Accurately measuring the rising edge while simultaneously
measuring the voltage of the pulse amplitude maximizes the photon-number resolution
of SNSPDs. Using an optimal basis of principal components, we show unambiguous
discrimination between one- and two-photon events, as well as partial resolution
up to five photons. This expands the use case of SNSPDs to photon-counting experiments,
without the need of detector multiplexing architectures.\r\n \r\n
\ \r\n \r\n \r\n
\ Published by the American Physical Society\r\n
\ 2024\r\n \r\n
\ \r\n "
article_number: '014024'
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Niklas
full_name: Lamberty, Niklas
last_name: Lamberty
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Hummel, Thomas
id: '83846'
last_name: Hummel
orcid: 0000-0001-8627-2119
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Schlue, Fabian
id: '63579'
last_name: Schlue
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Benjamin
full_name: Brecht, Benjamin
id: '27150'
last_name: Brecht
orcid: '0000-0003-4140-0556 '
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Schapeler T, Lamberty N, Hummel T, et al. Electrical trace analysis of superconducting
nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors. Physical Review Applied. 2024;22(1).
doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024
apa: Schapeler, T., Lamberty, N., Hummel, T., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht,
B., Silberhorn, C., & Bartley, T. (2024). Electrical trace analysis of superconducting
nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors. Physical Review Applied, 22(1),
Article 014024. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024
bibtex: '@article{Schapeler_Lamberty_Hummel_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2024,
title={Electrical trace analysis of superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving
detectors}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024},
number={1014024}, journal={Physical Review Applied}, publisher={American Physical
Society (APS)}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Lamberty, Niklas and Hummel, Thomas
and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn,
Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Niklas Lamberty, Thomas Hummel, Fabian Schlue, Michael
Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Electrical
Trace Analysis of Superconducting Nanowire Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors.”
Physical Review Applied 22, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler et al., “Electrical trace analysis of superconducting
nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors,” Physical Review Applied, vol.
22, no. 1, Art. no. 014024, 2024, doi: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Electrical Trace Analysis of Superconducting Nanowire
Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors.” Physical Review Applied, vol. 22, no.
1, 014024, American Physical Society (APS), 2024, doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024.
short: T. Schapeler, N. Lamberty, T. Hummel, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht,
C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Physical Review Applied 22 (2024).
date_created: 2024-07-11T07:23:08Z
date_updated: 2024-07-11T09:36:00Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024
intvolume: ' 22'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '239'
call_identifier: ERC
grant_number: '101042399'
name: 'QuESADILLA: ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array
Detectors in Low-Light Applications'
- _id: '191'
grant_number: 13N16103
name: 'PhoQuant--QCTest: PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing
Testplattform'
publication: Physical Review Applied
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2331-7019
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
status: public
title: Electrical trace analysis of superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving
detectors
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 22
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '53202'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: At large scales, quantum systems may become advantageous over their classical
counterparts at performing certain tasks. Developing tools to analyze these systems
at the relevant scales, in a manner consistent with quantum mechanics, is therefore
critical to benchmarking performance and characterizing their operation. While
classical computational approaches cannot perform like-for-like computations of
quantum systems beyond a certain scale, classical high-performance computing (HPC)
may nevertheless be useful for precisely these characterization and certification
tasks. By developing open-source customized algorithms using high-performance
computing, we perform quantum tomography on a megascale quantum photonic detector
covering a Hilbert space of 106. This requires finding 108 elements of the matrix
corresponding to the positive operator valued measure (POVM), the quantum description
of the detector, and is achieved in minutes of computation time. Moreover, by
exploiting the structure of the problem, we achieve highly efficient parallel
scaling, paving the way for quantum objects up to a system size of 1012 elements
to be reconstructed using this method. In general, this shows that a consistent
quantum mechanical description of quantum phenomena is applicable at everyday
scales. More concretely, this enables the reconstruction of large-scale quantum
sources, processes and detectors used in computation and sampling tasks, which
may be necessary to prove their nonclassical character or quantum computational
advantage.
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Robert
full_name: Schade, Robert
id: '75963'
last_name: Schade
orcid: 0000-0002-6268-5397
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Lass, Michael
id: '24135'
last_name: Lass
orcid: 0000-0002-5708-7632
- first_name: Christian
full_name: Plessl, Christian
id: '16153'
last_name: Plessl
orcid: 0000-0001-5728-9982
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Schapeler T, Schade R, Lass M, Plessl C, Bartley T. Scalable quantum detector
tomography by high-performance computing. Quantum Science and Technology.
2024;10(1). doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511
apa: Schapeler, T., Schade, R., Lass, M., Plessl, C., & Bartley, T. (2024).
Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing. Quantum
Science and Technology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511
bibtex: '@article{Schapeler_Schade_Lass_Plessl_Bartley_2024, title={Scalable quantum
detector tomography by high-performance computing}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511},
number={1}, journal={Quantum Science and Technology}, publisher={IOP Publishing},
author={Schapeler, Timon and Schade, Robert and Lass, Michael and Plessl, Christian
and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Robert Schade, Michael Lass, Christian Plessl, and Tim
Bartley. “Scalable Quantum Detector Tomography by High-Performance Computing.”
Quantum Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler, R. Schade, M. Lass, C. Plessl, and T. Bartley, “Scalable quantum
detector tomography by high-performance computing,” Quantum Science and Technology,
vol. 10, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Scalable Quantum Detector Tomography by High-Performance
Computing.” Quantum Science and Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, IOP Publishing,
2024, doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511.
short: T. Schapeler, R. Schade, M. Lass, C. Plessl, T. Bartley, Quantum Science
and Technology 10 (2024).
date_created: 2024-04-04T08:43:18Z
date_updated: 2025-12-16T11:32:12Z
department:
- _id: '27'
- _id: '623'
- _id: '15'
doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2404.02844'
intvolume: ' 10'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '52'
name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
- _id: '239'
name: 'ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors
in Low-Light Applications'
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
publication: Quantum Science and Technology
publisher: IOP Publishing
status: public
title: Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 10
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '50840'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have been
widely used to study the discrete nature of quantum states of light in the form
of photon-counting experiments. We show that SNSPDs can also be used to study
continuous variables of optical quantum states by performing homodyne detection
at a bandwidth of 400 kHz. By measuring the interference of a continuous-wave
field of a local oscillator with the field of the vacuum state using two SNSPDs,
we show that the variance of the difference in count rates is linearly proportional
to the photon flux of the local oscillator over almost five orders of magnitude.
The resulting shot-noise clearance of (46.0 ± 1.1) dB is the highest reported
clearance for a balanced optical homodyne detector, demonstrating their potential
for measuring highly squeezed states in the continuous-wave regime. In addition,
we measured a CMRR = 22.4 dB. From the joint click counting statistics, we also
measure the phase-dependent quadrature of a weak coherent state to demonstrate
our device’s functionality as a homodyne detector.
article_number: '1'
author:
- first_name: Maximilian
full_name: Protte, Maximilian
id: '46170'
last_name: Protte
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Jan
full_name: Sperling, Jan
id: '75127'
last_name: Sperling
orcid: 0000-0002-5844-3205
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Protte M, Schapeler T, Sperling J, Bartley T. Low-noise balanced homodyne detection
with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Optica Quantum.
2024;2(1). doi:10.1364/opticaq.502201
apa: Protte, M., Schapeler, T., Sperling, J., & Bartley, T. (2024). Low-noise
balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.
Optica Quantum, 2(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201
bibtex: '@article{Protte_Schapeler_Sperling_Bartley_2024, title={Low-noise balanced
homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors}, volume={2},
DOI={10.1364/opticaq.502201},
number={11}, journal={Optica Quantum}, publisher={Optica Publishing Group}, author={Protte,
Maximilian and Schapeler, Timon and Sperling, Jan and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024}
}'
chicago: Protte, Maximilian, Timon Schapeler, Jan Sperling, and Tim Bartley. “Low-Noise
Balanced Homodyne Detection with Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors.”
Optica Quantum 2, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201.
ieee: 'M. Protte, T. Schapeler, J. Sperling, and T. Bartley, “Low-noise balanced
homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors,” Optica
Quantum, vol. 2, no. 1, Art. no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.1364/opticaq.502201.'
mla: Protte, Maximilian, et al. “Low-Noise Balanced Homodyne Detection with Superconducting
Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors.” Optica Quantum, vol. 2, no. 1, 1, Optica
Publishing Group, 2024, doi:10.1364/opticaq.502201.
short: M. Protte, T. Schapeler, J. Sperling, T. Bartley, Optica Quantum 2 (2024).
date_created: 2024-01-25T11:48:02Z
date_updated: 2025-12-18T17:06:27Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1364/opticaq.502201
intvolume: ' 2'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
- _id: '239'
name: 'ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors
in Low-Light Applications'
- _id: '209'
name: 'ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender
Elektronik'
publication: Optica Quantum
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2837-6714
publication_status: published
publisher: Optica Publishing Group
status: public
title: Low-noise balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon
detectors
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 2
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '46468'
article_number: '023701'
author:
- first_name: Nina Amelie
full_name: Lange, Nina Amelie
id: '56843'
last_name: Lange
orcid: 0000-0001-6624-7098
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Jan Philipp
full_name: Höpker, Jan Philipp
id: '33913'
last_name: Höpker
- first_name: Maximilian
full_name: Protte, Maximilian
id: '46170'
last_name: Protte
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Lange NA, Schapeler T, Höpker JP, Protte M, Bartley T. Degenerate photons from
a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion source. Physical Review
A. 2023;108(2). doi:10.1103/physreva.108.023701
apa: Lange, N. A., Schapeler, T., Höpker, J. P., Protte, M., & Bartley, T. (2023).
Degenerate photons from a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion source.
Physical Review A, 108(2), Article 023701. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701
bibtex: '@article{Lange_Schapeler_Höpker_Protte_Bartley_2023, title={Degenerate
photons from a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion source}, volume={108},
DOI={10.1103/physreva.108.023701},
number={2023701}, journal={Physical Review A}, publisher={American Physical Society
(APS)}, author={Lange, Nina Amelie and Schapeler, Timon and Höpker, Jan Philipp
and Protte, Maximilian and Bartley, Tim}, year={2023} }'
chicago: Lange, Nina Amelie, Timon Schapeler, Jan Philipp Höpker, Maximilian Protte,
and Tim Bartley. “Degenerate Photons from a Cryogenic Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion
Source.” Physical Review A 108, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.108.023701.
ieee: 'N. A. Lange, T. Schapeler, J. P. Höpker, M. Protte, and T. Bartley, “Degenerate
photons from a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion source,” Physical
Review A, vol. 108, no. 2, Art. no. 023701, 2023, doi: 10.1103/physreva.108.023701.'
mla: Lange, Nina Amelie, et al. “Degenerate Photons from a Cryogenic Spontaneous
Parametric Down-Conversion Source.” Physical Review A, vol. 108, no. 2,
023701, American Physical Society (APS), 2023, doi:10.1103/physreva.108.023701.
short: N.A. Lange, T. Schapeler, J.P. Höpker, M. Protte, T. Bartley, Physical Review
A 108 (2023).
date_created: 2023-08-10T07:34:54Z
date_updated: 2025-12-15T09:24:16Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1103/physreva.108.023701
intvolume: ' 108'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '171'
name: 'TRR 142; TP C07: Hohlraum-verstärkte Parametrische Fluoreszenz mit zeitlicher
Filterung unter Verwendung integrierter supraleitender Detektoren'
publication: Physical Review A
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2469-9926
- 2469-9934
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
status: public
title: Degenerate photons from a cryogenic spontaneous parametric down-conversion
source
type: journal_article
user_id: '56843'
volume: 108
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '33670'
article_number: '013701'
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Schapeler T, Bartley T. Information extraction in photon-counting experiments.
Physical Review A. 2022;106(1). doi:10.1103/physreva.106.013701
apa: Schapeler, T., & Bartley, T. (2022). Information extraction in photon-counting
experiments. Physical Review A, 106(1), Article 013701. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701
bibtex: '@article{Schapeler_Bartley_2022, title={Information extraction in photon-counting
experiments}, volume={106}, DOI={10.1103/physreva.106.013701},
number={1013701}, journal={Physical Review A}, publisher={American Physical Society
(APS)}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Bartley, Tim}, year={2022} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, and Tim Bartley. “Information Extraction in Photon-Counting
Experiments.” Physical Review A 106, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.106.013701.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler and T. Bartley, “Information extraction in photon-counting experiments,”
Physical Review A, vol. 106, no. 1, Art. no. 013701, 2022, doi: 10.1103/physreva.106.013701.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, and Tim Bartley. “Information Extraction in Photon-Counting
Experiments.” Physical Review A, vol. 106, no. 1, 013701, American Physical
Society (APS), 2022, doi:10.1103/physreva.106.013701.
short: T. Schapeler, T. Bartley, Physical Review A 106 (2022).
date_created: 2022-10-11T07:13:12Z
date_updated: 2025-12-18T17:07:12Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1103/physreva.106.013701
intvolume: ' 106'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '209'
name: 'ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender
Elektronik'
publication: Physical Review A
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2469-9926
- 2469-9934
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
status: public
title: Information extraction in photon-counting experiments
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 106
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '23727'
article_number: '064002'
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Jan Philipp
full_name: Höpker, Jan Philipp
id: '33913'
last_name: Höpker
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Schapeler T, Höpker JP, Bartley T. Quantum detector tomography of a high dynamic-range
superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. Superconductor Science and
Technology. Published online 2021. doi:10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a
apa: Schapeler, T., Höpker, J. P., & Bartley, T. (2021). Quantum detector tomography
of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. Superconductor
Science and Technology, Article 064002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a
bibtex: '@article{Schapeler_Höpker_Bartley_2021, title={Quantum detector tomography
of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire single-photon detector}, DOI={10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a},
number={064002}, journal={Superconductor Science and Technology}, author={Schapeler,
Timon and Höpker, Jan Philipp and Bartley, Tim}, year={2021} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Jan Philipp Höpker, and Tim Bartley. “Quantum Detector
Tomography of a High Dynamic-Range Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector.”
Superconductor Science and Technology, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler, J. P. Höpker, and T. Bartley, “Quantum detector tomography
of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire single-photon detector,” Superconductor
Science and Technology, Art. no. 064002, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Quantum Detector Tomography of a High Dynamic-Range
Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector.” Superconductor Science and
Technology, 064002, 2021, doi:10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a.
short: T. Schapeler, J.P. Höpker, T. Bartley, Superconductor Science and Technology
(2021).
date_created: 2021-09-03T08:03:34Z
date_updated: 2025-12-18T17:07:44Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
doi: 10.1088/1361-6668/abee9a
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '209'
name: 'ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender
Elektronik'
publication: Superconductor Science and Technology
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0953-2048
- 1361-6668
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Quantum detector tomography of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire
single-photon detector
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '37933'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We present a time-over-threshold readout technique to count the number
of activated pixels from an array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors
(SNSPDs). This technique places no additional heatload on the cryostat, and retains
the intrinsic count rate of the time-tagger. We demonstrate proof-of-principle
operation with respect to a four-pixel device. Furthermore, we show that, given
some permissible error threshold, the number of pixels that can be reliably read
out scales linearly with the intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio of the individual
pixel response.
article_number: '5528'
author:
- first_name: Johannes
full_name: Tiedau, Johannes
last_name: Tiedau
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Vikas
full_name: Anant, Vikas
last_name: Anant
- first_name: Helmut
full_name: Fedder, Helmut
last_name: Fedder
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Tiedau J, Schapeler T, Anant V, Fedder H, Silberhorn C, Bartley T. Single-channel
electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector.
Optics Express. 2020;28(4). doi:10.1364/oe.383111
apa: Tiedau, J., Schapeler, T., Anant, V., Fedder, H., Silberhorn, C., & Bartley,
T. (2020). Single-channel electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire
single photon detector. Optics Express, 28(4), Article 5528. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111
bibtex: '@article{Tiedau_Schapeler_Anant_Fedder_Silberhorn_Bartley_2020, title={Single-channel
electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector},
volume={28}, DOI={10.1364/oe.383111},
number={45528}, journal={Optics Express}, publisher={Optica Publishing Group},
author={Tiedau, Johannes and Schapeler, Timon and Anant, Vikas and Fedder, Helmut
and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2020} }'
chicago: Tiedau, Johannes, Timon Schapeler, Vikas Anant, Helmut Fedder, Christine
Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Single-Channel Electronic Readout of a Multipixel
Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector.” Optics Express 28, no.
4 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.383111.
ieee: 'J. Tiedau, T. Schapeler, V. Anant, H. Fedder, C. Silberhorn, and T. Bartley,
“Single-channel electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single
photon detector,” Optics Express, vol. 28, no. 4, Art. no. 5528, 2020,
doi: 10.1364/oe.383111.'
mla: Tiedau, Johannes, et al. “Single-Channel Electronic Readout of a Multipixel
Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector.” Optics Express, vol.
28, no. 4, 5528, Optica Publishing Group, 2020, doi:10.1364/oe.383111.
short: J. Tiedau, T. Schapeler, V. Anant, H. Fedder, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley,
Optics Express 28 (2020).
date_created: 2023-01-22T17:13:35Z
date_updated: 2025-12-18T17:10:24Z
department:
- _id: '288'
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
- _id: '230'
doi: 10.1364/oe.383111
intvolume: ' 28'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- Atomic and Molecular Physics
- and Optics
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '237'
name: 'PhoG: Sub-Poissonian Photon Gun by Coherent Diffusive Photonics - EU Flagship
Project'
- _id: '209'
name: 'ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender
Elektronik'
publication: Optics Express
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1094-4087
publication_status: published
publisher: Optica Publishing Group
status: public
title: Single-channel electronic readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire
single photon detector
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 28
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '20156'
article_number: '33035'
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Jan Philipp
full_name: Höpker, Jan Philipp
id: '33913'
last_name: Höpker
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Schapeler T, Höpker JP, Bartley T. Quantum detector tomography of a 2×2 multi-pixel
array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. Optics Express.
Published online 2020. doi:10.1364/oe.404285
apa: Schapeler, T., Höpker, J. P., & Bartley, T. (2020). Quantum detector tomography
of a 2×2 multi-pixel array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors.
Optics Express, Article 33035. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285
bibtex: '@article{Schapeler_Höpker_Bartley_2020, title={Quantum detector tomography
of a 2×2 multi-pixel array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors},
DOI={10.1364/oe.404285}, number={33035},
journal={Optics Express}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Höpker, Jan Philipp and
Bartley, Tim}, year={2020} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Jan Philipp Höpker, and Tim Bartley. “Quantum Detector
Tomography of a 2×2 Multi-Pixel Array of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon
Detectors.” Optics Express, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.404285.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler, J. P. Höpker, and T. Bartley, “Quantum detector tomography
of a 2×2 multi-pixel array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors,”
Optics Express, Art. no. 33035, 2020, doi: 10.1364/oe.404285.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Quantum Detector Tomography of a 2×2 Multi-Pixel
Array of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors.” Optics Express,
33035, 2020, doi:10.1364/oe.404285.
short: T. Schapeler, J.P. Höpker, T. Bartley, Optics Express (2020).
date_created: 2020-10-21T11:02:41Z
date_updated: 2025-12-18T17:08:01Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
doi: 10.1364/oe.404285
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '209'
name: 'ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender
Elektronik'
publication: Optics Express
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1094-4087
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Quantum detector tomography of a 2×2 multi-pixel array of superconducting nanowire
single photon detectors
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
year: '2020'
...