---
_id: '63838'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Industrial electrification is increasing to reduce fossil fuel dependence,
    alongside a growing share of volatile renewables.\r\nA secure and reliable energy
    supply is crucial for industry, leading to a shift from centralised to decentralised
    grid structures.\r\nDC microgrids becoming increasingly popular in industry, since
    they enable energy recuperation from braking, reduce components and cables, and
    integrate storage and local generation to manage supply interruptions or peak
    loads.\r\nEVs add further synergies by serving as mobile storage units, helping
    to store and redistribute locally generated renewable energy.\r\nThis paper analyses
    how EV integration in droop-controlled DC grids can contribute to a more stable,
    low-emission and peak-reduced load profile to the supply grid through load shifting
    and bridge interruptions.\r\nA droop-controlled DC grid model has been developed,
    incorporating an EV charging park based on probability functions.\r\nScalable
    scenarios allow for diverse condition analysis using an energy management system
    that utilises fuzzy logic and sequential MILP optimisation.\r\nIt has been shown
    that a 7% improvement of coefficient represented grid-serving behaviour is possible
    by load shifting.\r\nIt has also been demonstrated that an optimised EMS can reduce
    the demand-based CO2 emissions by 41kg for a representative day compared to a
    fuzzy logic EMS.\r\nAt the same time peak load is decreased yielding a more constant
    residual load.\r\nThese results highlight the potential of a controlled bidirectional
    charging infrastructure in DC grids and underscore the need to explicitly consider
    charging processes to ensure a residual load as constant as possible."
article_number: '100227'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Henning Christoph
  full_name: Rahlf, Henning Christoph
  id: '56955'
  last_name: Rahlf
  orcid: 0009-0006-8106-2132
- first_name: Lukas
  full_name: Knorr, Lukas
  id: '90391'
  last_name: Knorr
  orcid: 0009-0005-4727-7511
- first_name: Simon
  full_name: Althoff, Simon
  last_name: Althoff
- first_name: Henning
  full_name: Meschede, Henning
  id: '86954'
  last_name: Meschede
  orcid: 0000-0002-1538-089X
citation:
  ama: Rahlf HC, Knorr L, Althoff S, Meschede H. Analysis of bidirectional EV charging
    infrastructures within industrial DC grids. <i>Smart Energy</i>. Published online
    2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227">10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>
  apa: Rahlf, H. C., Knorr, L., Althoff, S., &#38; Meschede, H. (2026). Analysis of
    bidirectional EV charging infrastructures within industrial DC grids. <i>Smart
    Energy</i>, Article 100227. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Rahlf_Knorr_Althoff_Meschede_2026, title={Analysis of bidirectional
    EV charging infrastructures within industrial DC grids}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227">10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>},
    number={100227}, journal={Smart Energy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rahlf,
    Henning Christoph and Knorr, Lukas and Althoff, Simon and Meschede, Henning},
    year={2026} }'
  chicago: Rahlf, Henning Christoph, Lukas Knorr, Simon Althoff, and Henning Meschede.
    “Analysis of Bidirectional EV Charging Infrastructures within Industrial DC Grids.”
    <i>Smart Energy</i>, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>.
  ieee: 'H. C. Rahlf, L. Knorr, S. Althoff, and H. Meschede, “Analysis of bidirectional
    EV charging infrastructures within industrial DC grids,” <i>Smart Energy</i>,
    Art. no. 100227, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227">10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>.'
  mla: Rahlf, Henning Christoph, et al. “Analysis of Bidirectional EV Charging Infrastructures
    within Industrial DC Grids.” <i>Smart Energy</i>, 100227, Elsevier BV, 2026, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227">10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227</a>.
  short: H.C. Rahlf, L. Knorr, S. Althoff, H. Meschede, Smart Energy (2026).
date_created: 2026-02-02T14:45:17Z
date_updated: 2026-02-03T12:58:44Z
department:
- _id: '644'
doi: 10.1016/j.segy.2026.100227
keyword:
- DC-grid
- Droop control
- Grid-serving behaviour
- Grid stability
- Bidirectional charging
- Sequential decision
- MILP optimisation
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Smart Energy
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2666-9552
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Analysis of bidirectional EV charging infrastructures within industrial DC
  grids
type: journal_article
user_id: '56955'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '60086'
author:
- first_name: Denis
  full_name: Divkovic, Denis
  id: '89059'
  last_name: Divkovic
- first_name: Julia
  full_name: Kirschbaum, Julia
  id: '98813'
  last_name: Kirschbaum
- first_name: Henning Christoph
  full_name: Rahlf, Henning Christoph
  id: '56955'
  last_name: Rahlf
  orcid: 0009-0006-8106-2132
- first_name: Lukas
  full_name: Knorr, Lukas
  id: '90391'
  last_name: Knorr
- first_name: Henning
  full_name: Meschede, Henning
  id: '86954'
  last_name: Meschede
  orcid: 0000-0002-1538-089X
citation:
  ama: 'Divkovic D, Kirschbaum J, Rahlf HC, Knorr L, Meschede H. <i>Optimising Heat
    Planning: Cost Effective Heat Planning for Low Carbon District Heating</i>. International
    Conference on Smart Energy Systems; 2024.'
  apa: 'Divkovic, D., Kirschbaum, J., Rahlf, H. C., Knorr, L., &#38; Meschede, H.
    (2024). <i>Optimising Heat Planning: Cost effective heat planning for low carbon
    district heating</i>. International Conference on Smart Energy Systems.'
  bibtex: '@book{Divkovic_Kirschbaum_Rahlf_Knorr_Meschede_2024, place={Aalborg}, title={Optimising
    Heat Planning: Cost effective heat planning for low carbon district heating},
    publisher={International Conference on Smart Energy Systems}, author={Divkovic,
    Denis and Kirschbaum, Julia and Rahlf, Henning Christoph and Knorr, Lukas and
    Meschede, Henning}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: 'Divkovic, Denis, Julia Kirschbaum, Henning Christoph Rahlf, Lukas Knorr,
    and Henning Meschede. <i>Optimising Heat Planning: Cost Effective Heat Planning
    for Low Carbon District Heating</i>. Aalborg: International Conference on Smart
    Energy Systems, 2024.'
  ieee: 'D. Divkovic, J. Kirschbaum, H. C. Rahlf, L. Knorr, and H. Meschede, <i>Optimising
    Heat Planning: Cost effective heat planning for low carbon district heating</i>.
    Aalborg: International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, 2024.'
  mla: 'Divkovic, Denis, et al. <i>Optimising Heat Planning: Cost Effective Heat Planning
    for Low Carbon District Heating</i>. International Conference on Smart Energy
    Systems, 2024.'
  short: 'D. Divkovic, J. Kirschbaum, H.C. Rahlf, L. Knorr, H. Meschede, Optimising
    Heat Planning: Cost Effective Heat Planning for Low Carbon District Heating, International
    Conference on Smart Energy Systems, Aalborg, 2024.'
date_created: 2025-06-02T08:16:09Z
date_updated: 2025-06-02T08:16:17Z
language:
- iso: eng
place: Aalborg
publisher: International Conference on Smart Energy Systems
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Henning
  full_name: Meschede, Henning
  id: '86954'
  last_name: Meschede
  orcid: 0000-0002-1538-089X
title: 'Optimising Heat Planning: Cost effective heat planning for low carbon district
  heating'
type: misc
user_id: '89059'
year: '2024'
...