@article{28015,
  abstract     = {{Background
Understanding changes in dietary intake during puberty could aid the mapping of dietary interventions for primary prevention. The present study describes dietary changes from childhood to adolescence, and their associations with parental education, family income, child education, body mass index (BMI), pubertal onset and screen-time sedentary behaviour.
Methods
Dietary data (n = 1232) were obtained from food frequency questionnaires at the 10- and 15-year follow-ups of the GINIplus birth cohort study. Intakes of 17 food groups, macronutrients and antioxidant vitamins, were described by a) paired Wilcoxon rank sum tests, comparing average intakes at each time-point, and b) Cohen’s kappa “tracking” coefficients, measuring stability of intakes (maintenance of relative tertile positions across time). Further, associations of changes (tertile position increase or decrease vs. tracking) with parental education, family income, child education, pubertal onset, BMI, and screen-time, were assessed by logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression models stratified by baseline intake tertile.
Results
Both sexes increased average intakes of water and decreased starchy vegetables, margarine and dairy. Females decreased meat and retinol intakes and increased vegetables, grains, oils and tea. Males decreased fruit and carbohydrates and increased average intakes of meat, caloric drinks, water, protein, fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol. Both sexes presented mainly “fair” tracking levels [κw = 0.21–0.40]. Females with high (vs. low) parental education were more likely to increase their nut intake [OR = 3.8; 95 % CI = (1.7;8.8)], and less likely to decrease vitamin C intakes [0.2 (0.1;0.5)], while males were less likely to increase egg consumption [0.2 (0.1;0.5)] and n3 PUFAs [0.2 (0.1;0.5)]. Females with a higher (vs. low) family income were more likely to maintain medium wholegrain intakes [0.2 (0.1;0.7) for decrease vs. tracking, and 0.1 (0.0;0.5) for increase vs. tracking], and were less likely to decrease vitamin C intakes [0.2 (0.1;0.6)]. Males with high education were less likely to increase sugar-sweetened foods [0.1 (0.1;0.4)]. Finally, BMI in females was negatively associated with decreasing protein intakes [0.7 (0.6;0.9)]. In males BMI was positively associated with increasing margarine [1.4 (1.1;1.6)] and vitamin C intakes [1.4 (1.1;1.6)], and negatively associated with increasing n3 PUFA.
Conclusions
Average dietary intakes changed significantly, despite fair tracking levels, suggesting the presence of trends in dietary behaviour during puberty. Family income and parental education predominantly influenced intake changes. Our results support the rationale for dietary interventions targeting children, and suggest that sex-specific subpopulations, e.g. low socio-economic status, should be considered for added impact.}},
  author       = {{Harris, Carla  and Flexeder, Claudia and Thiering, Elisabeth and Buyken, Anette and Berdel, Dietrich and Koletzko, Sibylle and Bauer, Carl-Peter and Brüske, Irene and Koletzko, Berthold and Standl, Marie}},
  journal      = {{BMC Public Health}},
  keywords     = {{Puberty, Dietary intake, Dietary changes, Tracking, Determinants, Epidemiology}},
  pages        = {{841}},
  title        = {{{Changes in dietary intake during puberty and their determinants: results from the GINIplus birth cohort study}}},
  volume       = {{15}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@article{26918,
  author       = {{Wright, C J and Atkinson, F S and Ramalingam, N and Buyken, Anette and Brand-Miller, J C}},
  issn         = {{0954-3007}},
  journal      = {{European Journal of Clinical Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{939--943}},
  title        = {{{Effects of human milk and formula on postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia}}},
  doi          = {{10.1038/ejcn.2015.29}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@article{26919,
  author       = {{Goletzke, Janina and Buyken, Anette and Louie, Jimmy CY and Moses, Robert G and Brand-Miller, Jennie C}},
  issn         = {{0002-9165}},
  journal      = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{626--632}},
  title        = {{{Dietary micronutrient intake during pregnancy is a function of carbohydrate quality}}},
  doi          = {{10.3945/ajcn.114.104836}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@article{26920,
  author       = {{Günther, Anke L. B. and Schulze, Matthias B. and Kroke, Anja and Diethelm, Katharina and Joslowski, Gesa and Krupp, Danika and Wudy, Stefan and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{0163-5581}},
  journal      = {{Nutrition and Cancer}},
  pages        = {{877--892}},
  title        = {{{Early Diet and Later Cancer Risk: Prospective Associations of Dietary Patterns During Critical Periods of Childhood with the GH-IGF Axis, Insulin Resistance and Body Fatness in Younger Adulthood}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/01635581.2015.1056313}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@article{26921,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The growth hormone (GH) insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis has been linked to insulin metabolism and cancer risk. Experimental evidence indicates that the GH–IGF axis itself can be influenced by dietary flavonoids. As fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is a major source of flavonoid consumption, FV’s beneficial health effects may be explained via flavonoids’ influence on the GH–IGF axis, but observational evidence is currently rare. We used data from Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study participants to analyse prospective associations between FV, fruit intake and flavonoid intake from FV (FlavFV) with IGF-1 and its binding proteins IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3. Subjects needed to provide a fasting blood sample in adulthood (18–39 years) and at least two 3-d weighed dietary records in early life (0·5−2 years,<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>191), mid-childhood (3−7 years,<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>265) or adolescence (girls: 9−15 years, boys: 10−16 years,<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>261). Additional analyses were conducted among those providing at least three 24-h urine samples in adolescence (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>236) to address the predictor urinary hippuric acid (HA), a biomarker of polyphenol intake. Higher fruit intake in mid-childhood and adolescence was related to higher IGFBP-2 in adulthood (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>=0·03 and<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>=0·045). Comparable trends (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>=0·045−0·09) were discernable for FV intake (but not FlavFV) in all three time windows. Similarly, higher adolescent HA excretion tended to be related (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>=0·06) to higher adult IGFBP-2 levels. Regarding IGFBP-3, a marginal (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>=0·08) positive association was observed with FlavFV in mid-childhood only. None of the investigated dietary factors was related to IGF-1. In conclusion, higher fruit and FV intakes during growth may be relevant for adult IGFBP-2, but probably not for IGFBP-3 or IGF-1.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Krupp, Danika and Remer, Thomas and Penczynski, Katharina J. and Bolzenius, Katja and Wudy, Stefan A. and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{0007-1145}},
  journal      = {{British Journal of Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{527--537}},
  title        = {{{Relevance of fruits, vegetables and flavonoids from fruits and vegetables during early life, mid-childhood and adolescence for levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and its binding proteins IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in young adulthood}}},
  doi          = {{10.1017/s0007114515004742}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@article{26922,
  author       = {{Penczynski, Katharina J. and Krupp, Danika and Bring, Anna and Bolzenius, Katja and Remer, Thomas and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{1436-6207}},
  journal      = {{European Journal of Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{757--766}},
  title        = {{{Relative validation of 24-h urinary hippuric acid excretion as a biomarker for dietary flavonoid intake from fruit and vegetables in healthy adolescents}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00394-015-1121-9}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@article{27012,
  author       = {{Augustin, L.S.A. and Kendall, C.W.C. and Jenkins, D.J.A. and Willett, W.C. and Astrup, A. and Barclay, A.W. and Björck, I. and Brand-Miller, J.C. and Brighenti, F. and Buyken, Anette and Ceriello, A. and La Vecchia, C. and Livesey, G. and Liu, S. and Riccardi, G. and Rizkalla, S.W. and Sievenpiper, J.L. and Trichopoulou, A. and Wolever, T.M.S. and Baer-Sinnott, S. and Poli, A.}},
  issn         = {{0939-4753}},
  journal      = {{Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases}},
  pages        = {{795--815}},
  title        = {{{Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC)}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.005}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@article{27783,
  author       = {{Brand-Miller, Jennie C. and Astrup, Arne and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{0098-7484}},
  journal      = {{JAMA}},
  title        = {{{Low vs High Glycemic Index Diet}}},
  doi          = {{10.1001/jama.2015.2078}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@article{27975,
  author       = {{Carbohydrate Quality Consortium, International and Jenkins, DJ and Willett, WC and Astrup, A and Augustin, LS and Baer-Sinnott, S and Barclay, AW and Björck, I and Brand-Miller, JC and Brighenti, F and Buyken, Anette and Ceriello, A and Kendall, CW and La Vecchia, C and Livesey, G and Liu, S and Poli, A and Riccardi, G and Rizkalla, SW and Sievenpiper, JL and Trichopoulou, A and Wolever, TM}},
  issn         = {{0007-1145}},
  journal      = {{Br J Nutr}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{380--382}},
  title        = {{{Glycaemic index: did Health Canada get it wrong? Position from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC).}}},
  doi          = {{10.1017/s0007114513003905}},
  volume       = {{111}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{27977,
  author       = {{Pei, Z and Flexeder, C and Fuertes, E and Standl, M and Buyken, Anette and Berdel, D and von Berg, A and Lehmann, I and Schaaf, B and Heinrich, J and and LISAplus Study Group, GINIplus}},
  issn         = {{0250-6807}},
  journal      = {{Ann Nutr Metab}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{60--70}},
  title        = {{{Food intake and overweight in school-aged children in Germany: Results of the GINIplus and LISAplus studies.}}},
  doi          = {{10.1159/000362694}},
  volume       = {{64}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{26913,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>Primary school years seem to represent a critical period for the development of overweight and obesity. However, only a few studies have analysed the prospective relationship between dietary patterns and weight status in children. The aims of the present study were to identify dietary patterns at the beginning of and during the primary school period and to examine their relevance to the development of body composition. Nutritional and anthropometric data from 371 participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study at the beginning (ages 6 and 7 years) and end (ages 10 and 11 years) of the primary school period were used. Principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted to identify dietary patterns, which were regressed on changes in BMI and fat mass index (FMI) between ages 6 and 7 years and ages 10 and 11 years. Reduced rank regression (RRR) was used to directly extract patterns explaining variation in changes in BMI and FMI between ages 6 and 7 years and ages 10 and 11 years. PCA yielded interpretable patterns of dietary changes at the beginning of and during the primary school period, which were not related to changes in body composition. Conversely, RRR allowed identifying predictive patterns: higher baseline intakes of white bread and lower baseline intakes of whole-grain products as well as increases in the consumption of savoury snacks, sausages and cheese during primary school years independently predicted increases in BMI and FMI during the primary school period. In conclusion, selection of unfavourable carbohydrate sources at the beginning of the primary school period and increases in the consumption of processed savoury foods during primary school years may adversely affect the development of body composition during the course of primary school.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Diethelm, Katharina and Günther, Anke L. B. and Schulze, Matthias B. and Standl, Marie and Heinrich, Joachim and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{0007-1145}},
  journal      = {{British Journal of Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{1488--1498}},
  title        = {{{Prospective relevance of dietary patterns at the beginning and during the course of primary school to the development of body composition}}},
  doi          = {{10.1017/s0007114513004017}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{26914,
  author       = {{Joslowski, Gesa and Halim, Jocelyn and Goletzke, Janina and Gow, Megan and Ho, Mandy and Louie, Jimmy C.-Y. and Buyken, Anette and Cowell, Chris T. and Garnett, Sarah P.}},
  issn         = {{0261-5614}},
  journal      = {{Clinical Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{89--94}},
  title        = {{{Dietary glycemic load, insulin load, and weight loss in obese, insulin resistant adolescents: RESIST study}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.clnu.2014.01.015}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{26915,
  author       = {{Buyken, Anette and Goletzke, Janina and Joslowski, Gesa and Felbick, Anna and Cheng, Guo and Herder, Christian and Brand-Miller, Jennie C}},
  issn         = {{0002-9165}},
  journal      = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{813--833}},
  title        = {{{Association between carbohydrate quality and inflammatory markers: systematic review of observational and interventional studies}}},
  doi          = {{10.3945/ajcn.113.074252}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{26916,
  author       = {{Cheng, G and Bolzenius, K and Joslowski, G and Günther, A L B and Kroke, A and Heinrich, J and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{0954-3007}},
  journal      = {{European Journal of Clinical Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{262--268}},
  title        = {{{Velocities of weight, height and fat mass gain during potentially critical periods of growth are decisive for adult body composition}}},
  doi          = {{10.1038/ejcn.2014.131}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{26917,
  author       = {{Goletzke, Janina and Buyken, Anette and Joslowski, Gesa and Bolzenius, Katja and Remer, Thomas and Carstensen, Maren and Egert, Sarah and Nöthlings, Ute and Rathmann, Wolfgang and Roden, Michael and Herder, Christian}},
  issn         = {{0022-3166}},
  journal      = {{The Journal of Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{1586--1593}},
  title        = {{{Increased Intake of Carbohydrates from Sources with a Higher Glycemic Index and Lower Consumption of Whole Grains during Puberty Are Prospectively Associated with Higher IL-6 Concentrations in Younger Adulthood among Healthy Individuals}}},
  doi          = {{10.3945/jn.114.193391}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{27768,
  author       = {{Riedel, Christina and von Kries, Rüdiger and Buyken, Anette and Diethelm, Katharina and Keil, Thomas and Grabenhenrich, Linus and Müller, Manfred J. and Plachta-Danielzik, Sandra}},
  issn         = {{1932-6203}},
  journal      = {{PLoS ONE}},
  title        = {{{Overweight in Adolescence Can Be Predicted at Age 6 Years: A CART Analysis in German Cohorts}}},
  doi          = {{10.1371/journal.pone.0093581}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{26910,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with insulin resistance and obesity. Hence, carbohydrate quality could be of relevance to the risk of NAFLD, but prospective data are lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate longitudinal associations between carbohydrate quality (including dietary glycaemic index (GI) and intakes of sugar, starch and fibre) and markers of liver function in an older Australian population. The analysis was based on 866 participants ( ≥ 49 years) of the Blue Mountains Eye Study with fasting blood specimens and dietary intake data at baseline and 5-year follow-up. Multi-level mixed regression analysis was used to relate dietary GI and sugar, starch and fibre intake to the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), as well as fasting TAG and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, a lower fibre intake was cross-sectionally related to higher GGT (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>= 0·02) and fasting TAG (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>= 0·002) levels, with fruit fibre being the most relevant fibre source (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>= 0·095 for GGT; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>= 0·003 for TAG). A higher dietary GI was associated with lower HDL-C (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>= 0·046). Changes in carbohydrate quality during 5 years were not related to changes in ALT, GGT, TAG or HDL-C (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>≥ 0·08). In conclusion, the absence of longitudinal associations between carbohydrate quality and liver enzymes and serum lipids in this older population does not support a major role of carbohydrate nutrition in liver function among the elderly.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Goletzke, Janina and Buyken, Anette and Gopinath, Bamini and Rochtchina, Elena and Barclay, Alan W. and Cheng, Guo and Brand-Miller, Jennie C. and Mitchell, Paul}},
  issn         = {{0007-1145}},
  journal      = {{British Journal of Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{918--925}},
  title        = {{{Carbohydrate quality is not associated with liver enzyme activity and plasma TAG and HDL concentrations over 5 years in an older population}}},
  doi          = {{10.1017/s0007114512005867}},
  year         = {{2013}},
}

@article{26911,
  author       = {{Goletzke, J. and Herder, C. and Joslowski, G. and Bolzenius, K. and Remer, T. and Wudy, S. A. and Roden, M. and Rathmann, W. and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{0149-5992}},
  journal      = {{Diabetes Care}},
  pages        = {{1870--1876}},
  title        = {{{Habitually Higher Dietary Glycemic Index During Puberty Is Prospectively Related to Increased Risk Markers of Type 2 Diabetes in Younger Adulthood}}},
  doi          = {{10.2337/dc12-2063}},
  year         = {{2013}},
}

@article{26912,
  author       = {{Joslowski, Gesa and Remer, Thomas and Assmann, Karen E. and Krupp, Danika and Cheng, Guo and Garnett, Sarah P. and Kroke, Anja and Wudy, Stefan A. and Günther, Anke L. B. and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{1541-6100}},
  journal      = {{The Journal of Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{1147--1154}},
  title        = {{{Animal Protein Intakes during Early Life and Adolescence Differ in Their Relation to the Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like-Growth-Factor Axis in Young Adulthood}}},
  doi          = {{10.3945/jn.113.175877}},
  year         = {{2013}},
}

@article{27732,
  author       = {{Assmann, K.E. and Joslowski, G. and Buyken, Anette and Cheng, G. and Remer, T. and Kroke, A. and Günther, A.L.B.}},
  issn         = {{1930-7381}},
  journal      = {{Obesity}},
  pages        = {{E782--E789}},
  title        = {{{Prospective association of protein intake during puberty with body composition in young adulthood}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/oby.20516}},
  year         = {{2013}},
}