---
_id: '63192'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a widely used material with several desirable
    physical properties, such as high second-order nonlinear optical and strong electro-optical
    effects. Thus LiNbO3 is used for various applications such as electro-optic modulation
    or nonlinear frequency conversion and mixing. But LiNbO3 also exhibits a strong
    photorefractive effect, which limits the intensity of the optical fields involved.
    Various approaches to reduce the photorefractive effect have been investigated,
    such as increasing the temperature, doping the crystal or using different waveguide
    designs in LiNbO3. Here, we present an analysis of the approach to increase the
    photorefractive damage threshold by using different waveguide designs. Contrary
    to previous claims and investigations, our SHG measurements revealed no significant
    difference in resistance to photorefractive damage when comparing conventional
    Ti-doped channel waveguides and Ti-doped diced ridge waveguides in LiNbO3. Furthermore,
    we have investigated the effect of photorefractive cleaning and curing using a
    light field at 532 nm. Here, we observe a reduction in the photorefractive effect
    at room temperature during and after SHG measurements, which is an easy alternative
    to conventional approaches.
article_number: '114260'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Michelle
  full_name: Kirsch, Michelle
  id: '69553'
  last_name: Kirsch
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Kießler, Christian
  id: '44252'
  last_name: Kießler
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Lengeling, Sebastian
  id: '44373'
  last_name: Lengeling
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Stefszky, Michael
  id: '42777'
  last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Christof
  full_name: Eigner, Christof
  id: '13244'
  last_name: Eigner
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
- first_name: Harald
  full_name: Herrmann, Harald
  id: '216'
  last_name: Herrmann
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
  id: '26263'
  last_name: Silberhorn
citation:
  ama: Kirsch M, Kießler C, Lengeling S, et al. Photorefraction and in-situ optical
    cleaning in various types of LiNbO3 waveguides. <i>Optics &#38; Laser Technology</i>.
    2025;193. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260">10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260</a>
  apa: Kirsch, M., Kießler, C., Lengeling, S., Stefszky, M., Eigner, C., Herrmann,
    H., &#38; Silberhorn, C. (2025). Photorefraction and in-situ optical cleaning
    in various types of LiNbO3 waveguides. <i>Optics &#38; Laser Technology</i>, <i>193</i>,
    Article 114260. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Kirsch_Kießler_Lengeling_Stefszky_Eigner_Herrmann_Silberhorn_2025,
    title={Photorefraction and in-situ optical cleaning in various types of LiNbO3
    waveguides}, volume={193}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260">10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260</a>},
    number={114260}, journal={Optics &#38; Laser Technology}, publisher={Elsevier
    BV}, author={Kirsch, Michelle and Kießler, Christian and Lengeling, Sebastian
    and Stefszky, Michael and Eigner, Christof and Herrmann, Harald and Silberhorn,
    Christine}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Kirsch, Michelle, Christian Kießler, Sebastian Lengeling, Michael Stefszky,
    Christof Eigner, Harald Herrmann, and Christine Silberhorn. “Photorefraction and
    In-Situ Optical Cleaning in Various Types of LiNbO3 Waveguides.” <i>Optics &#38;
    Laser Technology</i> 193 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260</a>.
  ieee: 'M. Kirsch <i>et al.</i>, “Photorefraction and in-situ optical cleaning in
    various types of LiNbO3 waveguides,” <i>Optics &#38; Laser Technology</i>, vol.
    193, Art. no. 114260, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260">10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260</a>.'
  mla: Kirsch, Michelle, et al. “Photorefraction and In-Situ Optical Cleaning in Various
    Types of LiNbO3 Waveguides.” <i>Optics &#38; Laser Technology</i>, vol. 193, 114260,
    Elsevier BV, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260">10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260</a>.
  short: M. Kirsch, C. Kießler, S. Lengeling, M. Stefszky, C. Eigner, H. Herrmann,
    C. Silberhorn, Optics &#38; Laser Technology 193 (2025).
date_created: 2025-12-18T08:17:57Z
date_updated: 2025-12-18T08:27:13Z
department:
- _id: '288'
- _id: '623'
- _id: '15'
doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.114260
intvolume: '       193'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030399225018511?via%3Dihub
oa: '1'
publication: Optics & Laser Technology
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0030-3992
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Photorefraction and in-situ optical cleaning in various types of LiNbO3 waveguides
type: journal_article
user_id: '69553'
volume: 193
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '59069'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Stable and bright single photon sources are key components for future
    quantum applications. A simple fabrication method is an important requirement
    for such sources. Here, we present a single photon source based on diced ridge
    waveguides in titanium indiffused LiNbO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>. These waveguides
    can be easily fabricated by combining planar titanium in-diffusion without lithographic
    patterning and easy-to-handle precision dicing. Such devices have the potential
    to generate high single photon rates because ridge structures are typically less
    prone to the photorefractive effect. We achieve waveguide propagation losses &lt;0.4dBcm
    and a SHG conversion efficiency of about 81%Wcm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>. Harnessing
    a type-0 SPDC process to generate 1550 nm photons, we obtain a SPDC brightness
    of 3⋅10<jats:sup>5</jats:sup>1s⋅mW⋅nm, with a heralding efficiency of <jats:italic>η</jats:italic><jats:sub>h</jats:sub>=45%
    (<jats:italic>η</jats:italic><jats:sub>h,wg</jats:sub>=77.5% for the waveguide
    itself excluded setup losses) and a heralded second-order correlation function
    of <jats:italic>g</jats:italic><jats:sub>h</jats:sub><jats:sup>2</jats:sup>(0)&lt;0.003
    at low pump powers.</jats:p>
article_number: '593'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Kießler, Christian
  id: '44252'
  last_name: Kießler
- first_name: Michelle
  full_name: Kirsch, Michelle
  id: '69553'
  last_name: Kirsch
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Lengeling, Sebastian
  id: '44373'
  last_name: Lengeling
- first_name: Harald
  full_name: Herrmann, Harald
  id: '216'
  last_name: Herrmann
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
  id: '26263'
  last_name: Silberhorn
citation:
  ama: Kießler C, Kirsch M, Lengeling S, Herrmann H, Silberhorn C. SPDC single-photon
    source in Ti-indiffused diced ridge LiNbO<sub>3</sub> waveguides. <i>Optics Continuum</i>.
    2025;4(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optcon.557439">10.1364/optcon.557439</a>
  apa: Kießler, C., Kirsch, M., Lengeling, S., Herrmann, H., &#38; Silberhorn, C.
    (2025). SPDC single-photon source in Ti-indiffused diced ridge LiNbO<sub>3</sub>
    waveguides. <i>Optics Continuum</i>, <i>4</i>(3), Article 593. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optcon.557439">https://doi.org/10.1364/optcon.557439</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Kießler_Kirsch_Lengeling_Herrmann_Silberhorn_2025, title={SPDC
    single-photon source in Ti-indiffused diced ridge LiNbO<sub>3</sub> waveguides},
    volume={4}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optcon.557439">10.1364/optcon.557439</a>},
    number={3593}, journal={Optics Continuum}, publisher={Optica Publishing Group},
    author={Kießler, Christian and Kirsch, Michelle and Lengeling, Sebastian and Herrmann,
    Harald and Silberhorn, Christine}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Kießler, Christian, Michelle Kirsch, Sebastian Lengeling, Harald Herrmann,
    and Christine Silberhorn. “SPDC Single-Photon Source in Ti-Indiffused Diced Ridge
    LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides.” <i>Optics Continuum</i> 4, no. 3 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optcon.557439">https://doi.org/10.1364/optcon.557439</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Kießler, M. Kirsch, S. Lengeling, H. Herrmann, and C. Silberhorn, “SPDC
    single-photon source in Ti-indiffused diced ridge LiNbO<sub>3</sub> waveguides,”
    <i>Optics Continuum</i>, vol. 4, no. 3, Art. no. 593, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optcon.557439">10.1364/optcon.557439</a>.'
  mla: Kießler, Christian, et al. “SPDC Single-Photon Source in Ti-Indiffused Diced
    Ridge LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Waveguides.” <i>Optics Continuum</i>, vol. 4, no. 3, 593,
    Optica Publishing Group, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optcon.557439">10.1364/optcon.557439</a>.
  short: C. Kießler, M. Kirsch, S. Lengeling, H. Herrmann, C. Silberhorn, Optics Continuum
    4 (2025).
date_created: 2025-03-19T10:56:04Z
date_updated: 2025-03-19T16:03:25Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
- _id: '288'
doi: 10.1364/optcon.557439
intvolume: '         4'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Optics Continuum
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2770-0208
publication_status: published
publisher: Optica Publishing Group
status: public
title: SPDC single-photon source in Ti-indiffused diced ridge LiNbO<sub>3</sub> waveguides
type: journal_article
user_id: '216'
volume: 4
year: '2025'
...