---
_id: '63720'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The aging behavior of closed-cell polyurethane (PUR) foam, a material widely
    used in household refrigeration, is studied by examining the variation of cell
    gas composition and thermal conductivity over time. Aging is primarily driven
    by gas permeation, wherein the initially present cell gases carbon dioxide and
    cyclopentane are progressively replaced by nitrogen and oxygen from the ambient,
    resulting in an increased thermal conductivity and reduced insulation performance.
    The cell gas composition is measured over 1400 days employing gas chromatography,
    and the thermal conductivity of the foam is measured over 190 days. Morphological
    foam characteristics, such as average cell diameter, are determined via scanning
    electron microscopy and barrier measurements are performed to estimate the effective
    diffusion coefficient of oxygen. To simulate the aging process, one-dimensional
    and three-dimensional models are developed for both diffusive mass transfer as
    well as heat transfer. The present model for the thermal conductivity explicitly
    accounts for condensation effects, i.e. partial condensation of cyclopentane and
    carbon dioxide occurring at around 12°C, which significantly influences the insulation
    behavior of the foam. Sensitivity analyses indicate that an initial cell gas pressure
    of approximately 0.7 bar yields results that closely coincide with the experimental
    measurements, where the three-dimensional model demonstrates better accuracy.
    These measurements and simulations provide valuable insights for evaluating and
    predicting the long-term degradation of the insulation performance of PUR foams.
article_number: '129850'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Schumacher, Daniel
  last_name: Schumacher
- first_name: Gabriela
  full_name: Guevara-Carrion, Gabriela
  last_name: Guevara-Carrion
- first_name: Tina
  full_name: Kasper, Tina
  id: '94562'
  last_name: Kasper
  orcid: '0000-0003-3993-5316 '
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Bettina
  full_name: Peters, Bettina
  id: '62920'
  last_name: Peters
- first_name: Wenke
  full_name: Wollny, Wenke
  last_name: Wollny
- first_name: Marcus
  full_name: Bluemel, Marcus
  last_name: Bluemel
- first_name: Heike
  full_name: Hoelscher, Heike
  last_name: Hoelscher
- first_name: Nicola
  full_name: Brzoska-Steinhaus, Nicola
  last_name: Brzoska-Steinhaus
- first_name: Klaus
  full_name: Heil, Klaus
  last_name: Heil
- first_name: Lukas
  full_name: Schleelein, Lukas
  last_name: Schleelein
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Becker, Wolfgang
  last_name: Becker
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Gries, Ulrich
  last_name: Gries
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: 'Schumacher D, Guevara-Carrion G, Kasper T, et al. Aging of polyurethane foam:
    Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity.
    <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. 2026;289. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>'
  apa: 'Schumacher, D., Guevara-Carrion, G., Kasper, T., Paul, A., Elsner, A., Peters,
    B., Wollny, W., Bluemel, M., Hoelscher, H., Brzoska-Steinhaus, N., Heil, K., Schleelein,
    L., Becker, W., Gries, U., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2026). Aging of polyurethane foam:
    Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity.
    <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, <i>289</i>, Article 129850. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Schumacher_Guevara-Carrion_Kasper_Paul_Elsner_Peters_Wollny_Bluemel_Hoelscher_Brzoska-Steinhaus_et
    al._2026, title={Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis and modeling
    of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity}, volume={289}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>},
    number={129850}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV},
    author={Schumacher, Daniel and Guevara-Carrion, Gabriela and Kasper, Tina and
    Paul, Andreas and Elsner, Andreas and Peters, Bettina and Wollny, Wenke and Bluemel,
    Marcus and Hoelscher, Heike and Brzoska-Steinhaus, Nicola and et al.}, year={2026}
    }'
  chicago: 'Schumacher, Daniel, Gabriela Guevara-Carrion, Tina Kasper, Andreas Paul,
    Andreas Elsner, Bettina Peters, Wenke Wollny, et al. “Aging of Polyurethane Foam:
    Experimental Analysis and Modeling of Cell Gas Composition and Thermal Conductivity.”
    <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i> 289 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>.'
  ieee: 'D. Schumacher <i>et al.</i>, “Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis
    and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity,” <i>Applied Thermal
    Engineering</i>, vol. 289, Art. no. 129850, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>.'
  mla: 'Schumacher, Daniel, et al. “Aging of Polyurethane Foam: Experimental Analysis
    and Modeling of Cell Gas Composition and Thermal Conductivity.” <i>Applied Thermal
    Engineering</i>, vol. 289, 129850, Elsevier BV, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>.'
  short: D. Schumacher, G. Guevara-Carrion, T. Kasper, A. Paul, A. Elsner, B. Peters,
    W. Wollny, M. Bluemel, H. Hoelscher, N. Brzoska-Steinhaus, K. Heil, L. Schleelein,
    W. Becker, U. Gries, J. Vrabec, Applied Thermal Engineering 289 (2026).
date_created: 2026-01-23T12:48:07Z
date_updated: 2026-01-23T12:53:26Z
department:
- _id: '728'
doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850
intvolume: '       289'
keyword:
- Polyurethane
- Foam
- Gas permeation
- Diffusion models
- Thermal conductivity
- Condensation
- Gas chromatography
- Scanning electron microscopy
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Applied Thermal Engineering
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1359-4311
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas
  composition and thermal conductivity'
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
volume: 289
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '57899'
abstract:
- lang: ger
  text: "In Haushaltskältegeräten werden in den letzten Jahren immer häufiger Vakuumisolationspaneele
    (VIP) eingesetzt. Hiermit ist es unter anderem möglich, dass die Geräte in die
    Energieeffizienzklassen A bis C klassifiziert werden können. Ein VIP besteht vereinfacht
    aus einer Schutzfolie, die nahezu gasdicht ist und einem Füllmaterial, welches
    für die Formstabilität im Vakuum zuständig ist. Aufgrund von technischen Alterungsprozessen
    kommt es mit der Zeit zu einem Anstieg des Innendrucks im VIP, wodurch die Wärmeleitfähigkeit
    des VIP steigt. Je nach Füllmaterial erfolgt dieser Alterungsprozess unterschiedlich
    schnell. Im Extremfall kann so ein neues Haushalts-kältegerät der Energieeffizienzklasse
    A nach 1 bis 3 Jahren nur noch als Klasse D bis F eingestuft werden.\r\nInnerhalb
    eines Forschungsprojekts wurden Haushaltskältegeräte mit VIP thermografisch untersucht.
    Im Rahmen dieser Studienarbeit wurde ein Versuchsaufbau entwickelt, mit dem die
    zeitliche Veränderung von Wärmebrücken begutachtet werden kann und so Rückschlüsse
    auf den Effizienzverlust der Geräte möglich sind. Der Funkionsnachweises dieses
    Versuchsaufbaus wurden an einem Haushaltskältegerät mit künstlich gealterten Vakuumisolationspaneelen
    durchgeführt. Diese Arbeiten bieten zukünftig die Möglichkeiten Haushaltskältegeräten
    mit VIP bezüglich ihres Degenerationsverhaltens besser zu beurteilen.\r\n"
author:
- first_name: Emily
  full_name: Potthast, Emily
  last_name: Potthast
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Tina
  full_name: Kasper, Tina
  id: '94562'
  last_name: Kasper
  orcid: '0000-0003-3993-5316 '
citation:
  ama: 'Potthast E, Elsner A, Paul A, Kasper T. Thermografische Messungen an Haushaltskältegeräten
    mit Vakuumisolationspaneele. In: Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein
    e.V., ed. <i>Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatagung 2024 Dresden</i>. Deutscher Kälte‐
    und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.; 2025.'
  apa: Potthast, E., Elsner, A., Paul, A., &#38; Kasper, T. (2025). Thermografische
    Messungen an Haushaltskältegeräten mit Vakuumisolationspaneele. In Deutscher Kälte‐
    und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. (Ed.), <i>Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatagung 2024
    Dresden</i>. Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Potthast_Elsner_Paul_Kasper_2025, place={Hannover}, title={Thermografische
    Messungen an Haushaltskältegeräten mit Vakuumisolationspaneele}, booktitle={Deutsche
    Kälte- und Klimatagung 2024 Dresden}, publisher={Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer
    Verein e.V.}, author={Potthast, Emily and Elsner, Andreas and Paul, Andreas and
    Kasper, Tina}, editor={Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.}, year={2025}
    }'
  chicago: 'Potthast, Emily, Andreas Elsner, Andreas Paul, and Tina Kasper. “Thermografische
    Messungen an Haushaltskältegeräten mit Vakuumisolationspaneele.” In <i>Deutsche
    Kälte- und Klimatagung 2024 Dresden</i>, edited by Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer
    Verein e.V. Hannover: Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., 2025.'
  ieee: E. Potthast, A. Elsner, A. Paul, and T. Kasper, “Thermografische Messungen
    an Haushaltskältegeräten mit Vakuumisolationspaneele,” in <i>Deutsche Kälte- und
    Klimatagung 2024 Dresden</i>, Dresden, 2025.
  mla: Potthast, Emily, et al. “Thermografische Messungen an Haushaltskältegeräten
    mit Vakuumisolationspaneele.” <i>Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatagung 2024 Dresden</i>,
    edited by Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., Deutscher Kälte‐
    und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., 2025.
  short: 'E. Potthast, A. Elsner, A. Paul, T. Kasper, in: Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer
    Verein e.V. (Ed.), Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatagung 2024 Dresden, Deutscher Kälte‐
    und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., Hannover, 2025.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-11-22
  location: Dresden
  name: Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatagung 2024 Dresden
  start_date: 2024-11-20
corporate_editor:
- Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.
date_created: 2025-01-02T11:44:59Z
date_updated: 2025-02-04T06:56:20Z
department:
- _id: '728'
keyword:
- Haushaltskältegeräte
- Energieaufnahme
- Alterung
- Isolierung
- Vakuumisolationspaneele
language:
- iso: ger
place: Hannover
publication: Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatagung 2024 Dresden
publisher: Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.
status: public
title: Thermografische Messungen an Haushaltskältegeräten mit Vakuumisolationspaneele
type: conference
user_id: '7828'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '57897'
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Tina
  full_name: Kasper, Tina
  id: '94562'
  last_name: Kasper
  orcid: '0000-0003-3993-5316 '
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Schumacher, Daniel
  last_name: Schumacher
- first_name: 'Jadran '
  full_name: 'Vrabec, Jadran '
  last_name: Vrabec
- first_name: 'Heike '
  full_name: 'Hölscher, Heike '
  last_name: Hölscher
- first_name: 'Marcus '
  full_name: 'Bluemel, Marcus '
  last_name: Bluemel
- first_name: Wenke
  full_name: Wollny, Wenke
  last_name: Wollny
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Becker, Wolfgang
  last_name: Becker
- first_name: 'Nicola '
  full_name: 'Brzoska-Steinhaus, Nicola '
  last_name: Brzoska-Steinhaus
citation:
  ama: 'Paul A, Elsner A, Kasper T, et al. Alterungsbedingter Anstieg der Energieaufnahme
    von Haushaltskältegeräten. In: ; 2024.'
  apa: Paul, A., Elsner, A., Kasper, T., Schumacher, D., Vrabec, J., Hölscher, H.,
    Bluemel, M., Wollny, W., Becker, W., &#38; Brzoska-Steinhaus, N. (2024). <i>Alterungsbedingter
    Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten</i>. Thermodynamik-Kolloquium,
    September.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Paul_Elsner_Kasper_Schumacher_Vrabec_Hölscher_Bluemel_Wollny_Becker_Brzoska-Steinhaus_2024,
    title={Alterungsbedingter Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten},
    author={Paul, Andreas and Elsner, Andreas and Kasper, Tina and Schumacher, Daniel
    and Vrabec, Jadran  and Hölscher, Heike  and Bluemel, Marcus  and Wollny, Wenke
    and Becker, Wolfgang and Brzoska-Steinhaus, Nicola }, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Paul, Andreas, Andreas Elsner, Tina Kasper, Daniel Schumacher, Jadran  Vrabec,
    Heike  Hölscher, Marcus  Bluemel, Wenke Wollny, Wolfgang Becker, and Nicola  Brzoska-Steinhaus.
    “Alterungsbedingter Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten,” 2024.
  ieee: A. Paul <i>et al.</i>, “Alterungsbedingter Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von
    Haushaltskältegeräten,” presented at the Thermodynamik-Kolloquium, September,
    2024.
  mla: Paul, Andreas, et al. <i>Alterungsbedingter Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von
    Haushaltskältegeräten</i>. 2024.
  short: 'A. Paul, A. Elsner, T. Kasper, D. Schumacher, J. Vrabec, H. Hölscher, M.
    Bluemel, W. Wollny, W. Becker, N. Brzoska-Steinhaus, in: 2024.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-09-27
  location: September
  name: Thermodynamik-Kolloquium
  start_date: 2024-09-25
date_created: 2025-01-02T11:39:12Z
date_updated: 2025-01-02T11:50:38Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '155'
language:
- iso: ger
status: public
title: Alterungsbedingter Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '7828'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '57898'
author:
- first_name: Simon
  full_name: Kruse, Simon
  id: '65653'
  last_name: Kruse
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Tina
  full_name: Kasper, Tina
  id: '94562'
  last_name: Kasper
  orcid: '0000-0003-3993-5316 '
citation:
  ama: 'Kruse S, Elsner A, Paul A, Kasper T. Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten.
    In: ; 2024.'
  apa: Kruse, S., Elsner, A., Paul, A., &#38; Kasper, T. (2024). <i>Anstieg der Energieaufnahme
    von Haushaltskältegeräten</i>. DKV-Tagung2024, Dresden.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Kruse_Elsner_Paul_Kasper_2024, title={Anstieg der Energieaufnahme
    von Haushaltskältegeräten}, author={Kruse, Simon and Elsner, Andreas and Paul,
    Andreas and Kasper, Tina}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Kruse, Simon, Andreas Elsner, Andreas Paul, and Tina Kasper. “Anstieg der
    Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten,” 2024.
  ieee: S. Kruse, A. Elsner, A. Paul, and T. Kasper, “Anstieg der Energieaufnahme
    von Haushaltskältegeräten,” presented at the DKV-Tagung2024, Dresden, 2024.
  mla: Kruse, Simon, et al. <i>Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten</i>.
    2024.
  short: 'S. Kruse, A. Elsner, A. Paul, T. Kasper, in: 2024.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-11-222
  location: Dresden
  name: DKV-Tagung2024
  start_date: 2024-11-20
date_created: 2025-01-02T11:42:01Z
date_updated: 2025-09-24T13:42:03Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '155'
keyword:
- Haushaltskältegeräte
- Energieaufnahme
- Alterung
language:
- iso: ger
status: public
title: Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '7828'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '43391'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The technical importance of paraffins as phase change materials (PCM) in heat
    storage systems increases. Knowledge on the thermal conductivity of paraffins
    is necessary for the design and optimization of heat storage systems. However,
    for most paraffins solely the thermal conductivity of the liquid state has been
    sufficiently investigated. For the solid state, precise thermal conductivity data
    are only known for a few paraffins, while only generalized values are available
    for the remainder, some of which contradict each other. In this study, a measurement
    setup based on the modified guarded hot plate method is developed. It is used
    to investigate the thermal conductivity of several paraffines in the solid state,
    including pure n-docosane and its compounds with different types and concentrations
    of graphite. For n-docosane in the solid state, the thermal conductivity is determined
    to be 0.49 W/(m K). A particle size of 200 μm with a spherical shape turns out
    to be optimal to increase the thermal conductivity. This allows the thermal conductivity
    of a compound with 10% graphite to increase by a factor of three compared to the
    pure paraffin. Furthermore, significant differences to thermal conductivity data
    from the literature are found.
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Elmar
  full_name: Baumhögger, Elmar
  id: '15164'
  last_name: Baumhögger
- first_name: Mats-Ole
  full_name: Dewerth, Mats-Ole
  id: '49826'
  last_name: Dewerth
- first_name: Iman
  full_name: Hami Dindar, Iman
  id: '54836'
  last_name: Hami Dindar
- first_name: Gerrit
  full_name: Sonnenrein, Gerrit
  last_name: Sonnenrein
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: Paul A, Baumhögger E, Dewerth M-O, Hami Dindar I, Sonnenrein G, Vrabec J. Thermal
    conductivity of solid paraffins and several n-docosane compounds with graphite.
    <i>Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry</i>. Published online 2023. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2">10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2</a>
  apa: Paul, A., Baumhögger, E., Dewerth, M.-O., Hami Dindar, I., Sonnenrein, G.,
    &#38; Vrabec, J. (2023). Thermal conductivity of solid paraffins and several n-docosane
    compounds with graphite. <i>Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry</i>. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Paul_Baumhögger_Dewerth_Hami Dindar_Sonnenrein_Vrabec_2023, title={Thermal
    conductivity of solid paraffins and several n-docosane compounds with graphite},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2">10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2</a>},
    journal={Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry}, publisher={Springer Science
    and Business Media LLC}, author={Paul, Andreas and Baumhögger, Elmar and Dewerth,
    Mats-Ole and Hami Dindar, Iman and Sonnenrein, Gerrit and Vrabec, Jadran}, year={2023}
    }'
  chicago: Paul, Andreas, Elmar Baumhögger, Mats-Ole Dewerth, Iman Hami Dindar, Gerrit
    Sonnenrein, and Jadran Vrabec. “Thermal Conductivity of Solid Paraffins and Several
    N-Docosane Compounds with Graphite.” <i>Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry</i>,
    2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2</a>.
  ieee: 'A. Paul, E. Baumhögger, M.-O. Dewerth, I. Hami Dindar, G. Sonnenrein, and
    J. Vrabec, “Thermal conductivity of solid paraffins and several n-docosane compounds
    with graphite,” <i>Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry</i>, 2023, doi:
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2">10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2</a>.'
  mla: Paul, Andreas, et al. “Thermal Conductivity of Solid Paraffins and Several
    N-Docosane Compounds with Graphite.” <i>Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry</i>,
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2">10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2</a>.
  short: A. Paul, E. Baumhögger, M.-O. Dewerth, I. Hami Dindar, G. Sonnenrein, J.
    Vrabec, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (2023).
date_created: 2023-04-04T06:48:57Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:10:32Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '145'
- _id: '393'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.1007/s10973-023-12107-2
keyword:
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Condensed Matter Physics
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1388-6150
  - 1588-2926
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Thermal conductivity of solid paraffins and several n-docosane compounds with
  graphite
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '43394'
abstract:
- lang: ger
  text: "Die für die Berechnung des Energieeffizienzindex von Haushaltskältegeräten
    benötigten Parameter werden durch Norm-Messungen im Neuzustand der Geräte bestimmt.
    Aus früheren Untersuchungen ist bekannt, dass durch verschiedene technische Alterungsmechanismen
    der Energieverbrauch über eine Produktlebensdauer von 18 Jahren um bis zu 33 %
    zunehmen kann. Ziel des vom BMWi geförderten Projekts ALGE war es, die verschie-denen
    Ursachen und Einflussgrößen für die Alterung von Haushaltskältegeräten zu ermitteln
    und eine Alterungs-funktion zu bestimmen, die den zeitlichen Verlauf des zunehmenden
    Energieverbrauchs beschreibt.\r\nIn diesem Projekt wurde das Alterungsverhalten
    von Haushaltskältegeräten durch 100 Normenergieverbrauchs-messungen an 32 real
    gealterten Geräten untersucht. Aus den gewonnenen Ergebnissen konnte eine Alterungs-funktion
    bestimmt werden, die den Anstieg des Energieverbrauchs beschreibt. Alle untersuchten
    Geräte wurden an der Universität Paderborn im Neuzustand vermessen und nach einer
    Laufzeit von bis zu 21 Jahren erneut geprüft. Bereits nach einem zweijährigen
    Betrieb konnte ein Mehrverbrauch von bis zu 11 % festgestellt werden. Über die
    durchschnittliche Produktlebensdauer von Haushaltskältegeräten von ca. 16 Jahren
    steigert sich der Energieverbrauch um durchschnittlich 27 %.\r\nIm Rahmen des
    Projekts wurden verschiedene Systemkomponenten, wie Isolierung und Verdichter,
    hinsichtlich ihres Alterungsverhaltens untersucht. Bei dem im Gehäuse als Isolierung
    verwendeten PUR-Schaum konnte über einen Zeitraum von 31 Monaten ein Anstieg der
    Wärmeleitfähigkeit von 19,5 W/(m⋅K) auf 24,5 W/(m⋅K) festge-stellt werden. Zur
    Untersuchung der Alterung der Verdichter wurden zuvor auf einem Kalorimeterteststand
    ver-messene Verdichter in Geräte eingebaut. Nach einem zweijährigen Betrieb wurden
    diese Verdichter wieder aus-gebaut und erneut vermessen. Hierbei konnte keine
    Änderung des COP festgestellt werden. Zusätzlich zu den technischen Parametern
    wurde der Einfluss des Verbraucherverhaltens analysiert. Hier zeigte sich, dass
    bis zu 33 % des Gesamtenergieverbrauchs nach einer mehrjährigen Nutzungsdauer
    verbraucherinduziert sein können."
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Elmar
  full_name: Baumhögger, Elmar
  id: '15164'
  last_name: Baumhögger
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Reineke, Michael
  id: '24603'
  last_name: Reineke
- first_name: Tina
  full_name: Kasper, Tina
  id: '94562'
  last_name: Kasper
  orcid: '0000-0003-3993-5316 '
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Schumacher, Daniel
  last_name: Schumacher
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: ' Hüppe, Christian'
  last_name: ' Hüppe'
- first_name: Rainer
  full_name: ' Stamminger, Rainer'
  last_name: ' Stamminger'
- first_name: Heike
  full_name: Hölscher, Heike
  last_name: Hölscher
- first_name: Ragnar
  full_name: Stoll, Ragnar
  last_name: Stoll
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Wagner, Hendrik
  last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: ' Gries, Ulrich'
  last_name: ' Gries'
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Becker, Wolfgang
  last_name: Becker
citation:
  ama: 'Paul A, Baumhögger E, Elsner A, et al. Alterungsmechanismen von Haushaltskältegeräten.
    In: Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., ed. Deutscher Kälte‐ und
    Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.; 2023.'
  apa: Paul, A., Baumhögger, E., Elsner, A., Reineke, M., Kasper, T., Schumacher,
    D., Vrabec, J.,  Hüppe, C.,  Stamminger, R., Hölscher, H., Stoll, R., Wagner,
    H.,  Gries, U., &#38; Becker, W. (2023). <i>Alterungsmechanismen von Haushaltskältegeräten</i>
    (Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., Ed.). Deutscher Kälte‐ und
    Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Paul_Baumhögger_Elsner_Reineke_Kasper_Schumacher_Vrabec_
    Hüppe_ Stamminger_Hölscher_et al._2023, place={Hannover}, title={Alterungsmechanismen
    von Haushaltskältegeräten}, publisher={Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein
    e.V.}, author={Paul, Andreas and Baumhögger, Elmar and Elsner, Andreas and Reineke,
    Michael and Kasper, Tina and Schumacher, Daniel and Vrabec, Jadran and  Hüppe,
    Christian and  Stamminger, Rainer and Hölscher, Heike and et al.}, editor={Deutscher
    Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: 'Paul, Andreas, Elmar Baumhögger, Andreas Elsner, Michael Reineke, Tina
    Kasper, Daniel Schumacher, Jadran Vrabec, et al. “Alterungsmechanismen von Haushaltskältegeräten.”
    edited by Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. Hannover: Deutscher
    Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., 2023.'
  ieee: A. Paul <i>et al.</i>, “Alterungsmechanismen von Haushaltskältegeräten,” Magdeburg,
    2023.
  mla: Paul, Andreas, et al. <i>Alterungsmechanismen von Haushaltskältegeräten</i>.
    Edited by Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., Deutscher Kälte‐
    und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., 2023.
  short: 'A. Paul, E. Baumhögger, A. Elsner, M. Reineke, T. Kasper, D. Schumacher,
    J. Vrabec, C.  Hüppe, R.  Stamminger, H. Hölscher, R. Stoll, H. Wagner, U.  Gries,
    W. Becker, in: Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. (Ed.), Deutscher
    Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V., Hannover, 2023.'
conference:
  end_date: 2022-11-18
  location: Magdeburg
  name: Deutsche Kälte-Klima Tagung 48
  start_date: 2022-11-16
corporate_editor:
- Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.
date_created: 2023-04-04T12:49:16Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:11:44Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '9'
keyword:
- Haushaltskältegeräte
- Energieverbrauch
- Alterung
- Verdichter
- PUR-Schaum
language:
- iso: ger
place: Hannover
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-3-932715-55-6
publication_status: published
publisher: Deutscher Kälte‐ und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Alterungsmechanismen von Haushaltskältegeräten
type: conference
user_id: '7828'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '46753'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Die Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten ist seit den 1990er Jahren erheblich
    gesunken. Dieser Wert wird von den Herstellern im Neuzustand der Geräte unter
    Normbedingungen bestimmt. Wie jedes technische System unterliegen jedoch auch
    Haushaltskältegeräte einem Alterungsprozess, der zu einem Anstieg der Energieaufnahme
    über die Zeit führt. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde auf der Grundlage von
    100 Messungen der Energieaufnahme, die an 32 Geräten über einen Zeitraum von 21
    Jahren durchgeführt wurden, ein Alterungsmodell entwickelt. Dieses Modell ist
    das erste, das mit Hilfe von Daten der Energieaufnahme real gealterter Geräte
    entwickelt wurde. Es beschreibt einen Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von 27 % über
    die durchschnittliche Einsatzzeit eines Haushaltskältegeräts von 16 Jahren. Der
    stärkste Anstieg erfolgt in den ersten fünf Betriebsjahren. Durch Diffusionsvorgänge
    in dem im Gehäuse verbauten Polyurethan-Schaum wird das im Zellgas vorhandene
    Kohlenstoffdioxid durch Luft ersetzt. Hierdurch steigt die Wärmeleitfähigkeit
    des Schaums um ca. 33 % an, wodurch sich die Energieaufnahme der Geräte erhöht.
    Des Weiteren wurde der Einsatz von Paraffinen als Phasenwechselmaterial in Haushaltskältegeräten
    untersucht. Durch deren Einsatz konnte die Energieaufnahme gesenkt und die Funktionalität
    der Geräte gesteigert werden. Hierfür sind detaillierte Kenntnisse der Materialkenndaten
    der Paraffine notwendig. Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit der verschiedenen Paraffin-Stoffgruppen
    in der festen Phase ist jedoch bisher nur unzureichend untersucht worden. Daher
    wurde ein Messaufbau entwickelt, mit dem die Wärmeleitfähigkeit von festem Paraffin
    bestimmt werden kann, und es wurden entsprechende Messungen durchgeführt.
- lang: eng
  text: The energy consumption of household refrigeration appliances has decreased
    significantly since the 1990s. This value is determined by the manufacturers under
    standard conditions when the appliances are new. However, like any other technical
    system, these appliances are also subject to an aging process that leads to an
    increase of energy consumption over the time of usage. As part of this thesis,
    an aging model was developed on the basis of 100 standard energy consumption measurements
    carried out on 32 appliances over a period of 21 years. This model is the first
    to be developed on the basis of energy consumption data from real aged appliances.
    It describes an increase of energy consumption by 27 % over 16 years, which is
    the average period of use of a household refrigeration appliance. The largest
    increase occurs in the first five years of use. Diffusion processes in the polyurethane
    foam installed in the cabinet of the appliances result in an exchange of carbon
    dioxide with air. This gas exchange increases the thermal conductivity of the
    foam by approximately 33 %, which rises the energy consumption of the appliances.
    Furthermore, the use of paraffins, as one type of phase change materials, in household
    refrigeration appliances was investigated. The use of these materials made it
    possible to reduce energy consumption and increase the functionality of the appliances.
    This application of paraffins requires detailed knowledge of their material characteristics.
    However, the thermal conductivity of paraffins in the solid state has so far only
    been investigated insufficiently. Therefore, a measurement setup for determining
    the thermal conductivity of solid paraffins was developed and corresponding measurements
    were carried out.
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
citation:
  ama: Paul A. <i>Analyse von Alterungsmechanismen Im Hinblick Auf Die Effizienz von
    Haushaltskältegeräten</i>. LibreCat University; 2023. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784">10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784</a>
  apa: Paul, A. (2023). <i>Analyse von Alterungsmechanismen im Hinblick auf die Effizienz
    von Haushaltskältegeräten</i>. LibreCat University. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784</a>
  bibtex: '@book{Paul_2023, title={Analyse von Alterungsmechanismen im Hinblick auf
    die Effizienz von Haushaltskältegeräten}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784">10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784</a>},
    publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Paul, Andreas}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Paul, Andreas. <i>Analyse von Alterungsmechanismen Im Hinblick Auf Die
    Effizienz von Haushaltskältegeräten</i>. LibreCat University, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784</a>.
  ieee: A. Paul, <i>Analyse von Alterungsmechanismen im Hinblick auf die Effizienz
    von Haushaltskältegeräten</i>. LibreCat University, 2023.
  mla: Paul, Andreas. <i>Analyse von Alterungsmechanismen Im Hinblick Auf Die Effizienz
    von Haushaltskältegeräten</i>. LibreCat University, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784">10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784</a>.
  short: A. Paul, Analyse von Alterungsmechanismen Im Hinblick Auf Die Effizienz von
    Haushaltskältegeräten, LibreCat University, 2023.
date_created: 2023-08-29T07:26:23Z
date_updated: 2023-08-29T07:30:31Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '155'
doi: 10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: Analyse von Alterungsmechanismen im Hinblick auf die Effizienz von Haushaltskältegeräten
type: research_data
user_id: '7828'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '29208'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The parameters required to calculate the energy efficiency of household refrigerating
    appliances (i.e. refrigerators, freezers and their combinations) are determined
    by standard measurements. According to regulations, these measurements are carried
    out when the appliances are new. It is known from previous studies that various
    technical aging mechanisms can increase electrical energy consumption by up to
    36 % over a product lifespan of 18 years. In order to determine the time dependence
    of the energy consumption of household refrigerating appliances, repeated measurements
    are carried out in this work. Eleven new appliances are examined under standard
    measurement conditions. After just two years of operation, an additional energy
    consumption of up to 11 % is determined. Furthermore, 21 older appliances that
    had previously been measured in new condition are tested again after up to 21
    years of operation. For these older appliances, an average increase of energy
    consumption of 28 % is found. For individual appliances, the maximum increase
    is 36 %. An aging model is developed on the basis of these measurement results,
    which may help to predict the aging-related increase of energy consumption of
    household refrigerating appliances. This model shows an average increase in energy
    consumption of 27 % for an appliance age of 16 years. Supplemental performance
    tests of eight compressors do not show any significant aging effects related to
    these devices after two years of operation. Furthermore, measurements of the thermal
    conductivity of aged polyurethane foam test samples are carried out and an increase
    of its thermal conductivity of 26 % over a period of about three years is determined.
article_number: '117992'
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Elmar
  full_name: Baumhögger, Elmar
  id: '15164'
  last_name: Baumhögger
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Reineke, Michael
  id: '24603'
  last_name: Reineke
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Hueppe, Christian
  last_name: Hueppe
- first_name: Rainer
  full_name: Stamminger, Rainer
  last_name: Stamminger
- first_name: Heike
  full_name: Hoelscher, Heike
  last_name: Hoelscher
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Wagner, Hendrik
  last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Gries, Ulrich
  last_name: Gries
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Becker, Wolfgang
  last_name: Becker
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: Paul A, Baumhögger E, Elsner A, et al. Impact of aging on the energy efficiency
    of household refrigerating appliances. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. 2022;205.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>
  apa: Paul, A., Baumhögger, E., Elsner, A., Reineke, M., Hueppe, C., Stamminger,
    R., Hoelscher, H., Wagner, H., Gries, U., Becker, W., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2022).
    Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances.
    <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, <i>205</i>, Article 117992. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Paul_Baumhögger_Elsner_Reineke_Hueppe_Stamminger_Hoelscher_Wagner_Gries_Becker_et
    al._2022, title={Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household refrigerating
    appliances}, volume={205}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>},
    number={117992}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV},
    author={Paul, Andreas and Baumhögger, Elmar and Elsner, Andreas and Reineke, Michael
    and Hueppe, Christian and Stamminger, Rainer and Hoelscher, Heike and Wagner,
    Hendrik and Gries, Ulrich and Becker, Wolfgang and et al.}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Paul, Andreas, Elmar Baumhögger, Andreas Elsner, Michael Reineke, Christian
    Hueppe, Rainer Stamminger, Heike Hoelscher, et al. “Impact of Aging on the Energy
    Efficiency of Household Refrigerating Appliances.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>
    205 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>.
  ieee: 'A. Paul <i>et al.</i>, “Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household
    refrigerating appliances,” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 205, Art.
    no. 117992, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>.'
  mla: Paul, Andreas, et al. “Impact of Aging on the Energy Efficiency of Household
    Refrigerating Appliances.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 205, 117992,
    Elsevier BV, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>.
  short: A. Paul, E. Baumhögger, A. Elsner, M. Reineke, C. Hueppe, R. Stamminger,
    H. Hoelscher, H. Wagner, U. Gries, W. Becker, J. Vrabec, Applied Thermal Engineering
    205 (2022).
date_created: 2022-01-10T13:35:45Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:08:36Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '155'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992
intvolume: '       205'
keyword:
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Applied Thermal Engineering
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1359-4311
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
volume: 205
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '20921'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The increase of the thermal conductivity of PUR foam in the insulation of
    the cabinet is an important cause for aging processes of household refrigerating
    appliances. To determine the influence of the PUR foam aging on energy consumption,
    the development of a new measurement method is necessary be- cause current methods
    influence the aging behavior of household refrigerators and are therefore not
    applicable in general. Based on a latent heat sink, constructed as an ice water
    bucket, a new measure- ment method is developed to determine the k ·A value over
    time. With this method, the k ·A value of four household refrigerating appliances
    was determined over an interval of 14 months. The k ·A value increased between
    3.6% and 11.5% during this period.
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Elmar
  full_name: Baumhögger, Elmar
  id: '15164'
  last_name: Baumhögger
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Lukas
  full_name: Moczarski, Lukas
  last_name: Moczarski
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Reineke, Michael
  id: '24603'
  last_name: Reineke
- first_name: Gerrit
  full_name: Sonnenrein, Gerrit
  last_name: Sonnenrein
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Hueppe, Christian
  last_name: Hueppe
- first_name: Rainer
  full_name: Stamminger, Rainer
  last_name: Stamminger
- first_name: Heike
  full_name: Hoelscher, Heike
  last_name: Hoelscher
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Wagner, Hendrik
  last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Gries, Ulrich
  last_name: Gries
- first_name: Alfred
  full_name: Freiberger, Alfred
  last_name: Freiberger
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Becker, Wolfgang
  last_name: Becker
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: Paul A, Baumhögger E, Elsner A, et al. Determining the heat flow through the
    cabinet walls of household refrigerating appliances. <i>International Journal
    of Refrigeration</i>. Published online 2021:235-242. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007</a>
  apa: Paul, A., Baumhögger, E., Elsner, A., Moczarski, L., Reineke, M., Sonnenrein,
    G., Hueppe, C., Stamminger, R., Hoelscher, H., Wagner, H., Gries, U., Freiberger,
    A., Becker, W., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2021). Determining the heat flow through the
    cabinet walls of household refrigerating appliances. <i>International Journal
    of Refrigeration</i>, 235–242. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Paul_Baumhögger_Elsner_Moczarski_Reineke_Sonnenrein_Hueppe_Stamminger_Hoelscher_Wagner_et
    al._2021, title={Determining the heat flow through the cabinet walls of household
    refrigerating appliances}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007</a>},
    journal={International Journal of Refrigeration}, author={Paul, Andreas and Baumhögger,
    Elmar and Elsner, Andreas and Moczarski, Lukas and Reineke, Michael and Sonnenrein,
    Gerrit and Hueppe, Christian and Stamminger, Rainer and Hoelscher, Heike and Wagner,
    Hendrik and et al.}, year={2021}, pages={235–242} }'
  chicago: Paul, Andreas, Elmar Baumhögger, Andreas Elsner, Lukas Moczarski, Michael
    Reineke, Gerrit Sonnenrein, Christian Hueppe, et al. “Determining the Heat Flow
    through the Cabinet Walls of Household Refrigerating Appliances.” <i>International
    Journal of Refrigeration</i>, 2021, 235–42. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007</a>.
  ieee: 'A. Paul <i>et al.</i>, “Determining the heat flow through the cabinet walls
    of household refrigerating appliances,” <i>International Journal of Refrigeration</i>,
    pp. 235–242, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007</a>.'
  mla: Paul, Andreas, et al. “Determining the Heat Flow through the Cabinet Walls
    of Household Refrigerating Appliances.” <i>International Journal of Refrigeration</i>,
    2021, pp. 235–42, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007</a>.
  short: A. Paul, E. Baumhögger, A. Elsner, L. Moczarski, M. Reineke, G. Sonnenrein,
    C. Hueppe, R. Stamminger, H. Hoelscher, H. Wagner, U. Gries, A. Freiberger, W.
    Becker, J. Vrabec, International Journal of Refrigeration (2021) 235–242.
date_created: 2021-01-13T09:12:09Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:09:45Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '155'
- _id: '393'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007
language:
- iso: eng
page: 235-242
publication: International Journal of Refrigeration
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0140-7007
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Determining the heat flow through the cabinet walls of household refrigerating
  appliances
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '27290'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Domestic refrigeration appliances are standard household commodities. Although
    policies, such as the energy labelling, prompted technical improvements and decreased
    appliance energy consumption throughout recent decades, important parameters were
    disregarded. These refer to the efficiency loss over time and the consumer behaviour.
    The objective of this contribution was to develop a dynamic energy model to determine
    the power consumption of refrigeration appliances considering degradation factors
    and behaviour. These were included by model parameters for direct consumer interactions,
    such as the storage behaviour, door openings and temperature setting, as well
    as indirect actions, e.g. exposing an appliance to specific temperature conditions
    at an installation site. For this, an online-survey was conducted to evaluate
    the consumer behaviour. A total of 706 consumers participated in the national
    questionnaire, serving as input for the dynamic energy model. It was found that
    the efficiency loss increases the power consumption by at least 1% annually, leading
    to an excess of 10% after 10 years of usage. Another important finding was that
    32.5% of appliance’s power consumption results from consumer behaviour, whereas
    the promotion of behavioural changes leads to a significant decrease of the consumer-induced
    consumption. Consequently, this study provides a tool to evaluate the impact of
    policies targeting refrigeration appliances, stressing that efficiency loss and
    behaviour should be integrated into future policy approaches.
article_number: '112275'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Hueppe, Christian
  last_name: Hueppe
- first_name: Jasmin
  full_name: Geppert, Jasmin
  last_name: Geppert
- first_name: Julia
  full_name: Moenninghoff-Juessen, Julia
  last_name: Moenninghoff-Juessen
- first_name: Lena
  full_name: Wolff, Lena
  last_name: Wolff
- first_name: Rainer
  full_name: Stamminger, Rainer
  last_name: Stamminger
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Wagner, Hendrik
  last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Heike
  full_name: Hoelscher, Heike
  last_name: Hoelscher
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Becker, Wolfgang
  last_name: Becker
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Gries, Ulrich
  last_name: Gries
- first_name: Alfred
  full_name: Freiberger, Alfred
  last_name: Freiberger
citation:
  ama: 'Hueppe C, Geppert J, Moenninghoff-Juessen J, et al. Investigating the real
    life energy consumption of refrigeration appliances in Germany: Are present policies
    sufficient? <i>Energy Policy</i>. Published online 2021. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275">10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275</a>'
  apa: 'Hueppe, C., Geppert, J., Moenninghoff-Juessen, J., Wolff, L., Stamminger,
    R., Paul, A., Elsner, A., Vrabec, J., Wagner, H., Hoelscher, H., Becker, W., Gries,
    U., &#38; Freiberger, A. (2021). Investigating the real life energy consumption
    of refrigeration appliances in Germany: Are present policies sufficient? <i>Energy
    Policy</i>, Article 112275. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Hueppe_Geppert_Moenninghoff-Juessen_Wolff_Stamminger_Paul_Elsner_Vrabec_Wagner_Hoelscher_et
    al._2021, title={Investigating the real life energy consumption of refrigeration
    appliances in Germany: Are present policies sufficient?}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275">10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275</a>},
    number={112275}, journal={Energy Policy}, author={Hueppe, Christian and Geppert,
    Jasmin and Moenninghoff-Juessen, Julia and Wolff, Lena and Stamminger, Rainer
    and Paul, Andreas and Elsner, Andreas and Vrabec, Jadran and Wagner, Hendrik and
    Hoelscher, Heike and et al.}, year={2021} }'
  chicago: 'Hueppe, Christian, Jasmin Geppert, Julia Moenninghoff-Juessen, Lena Wolff,
    Rainer Stamminger, Andreas Paul, Andreas Elsner, et al. “Investigating the Real
    Life Energy Consumption of Refrigeration Appliances in Germany: Are Present Policies
    Sufficient?” <i>Energy Policy</i>, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Hueppe <i>et al.</i>, “Investigating the real life energy consumption
    of refrigeration appliances in Germany: Are present policies sufficient?,” <i>Energy
    Policy</i>, Art. no. 112275, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275">10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275</a>.'
  mla: 'Hueppe, Christian, et al. “Investigating the Real Life Energy Consumption
    of Refrigeration Appliances in Germany: Are Present Policies Sufficient?” <i>Energy
    Policy</i>, 112275, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275">10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275</a>.'
  short: C. Hueppe, J. Geppert, J. Moenninghoff-Juessen, L. Wolff, R. Stamminger,
    A. Paul, A. Elsner, J. Vrabec, H. Wagner, H. Hoelscher, W. Becker, U. Gries, A.
    Freiberger, Energy Policy (2021).
date_created: 2021-11-09T13:17:23Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:11:28Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112275
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Energy Policy
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0301-4215
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Investigating the real life energy consumption of refrigeration appliances
  in Germany: Are present policies sufficient?'
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '21514'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The influence of latent heat storage elements on the cooling performance and
    the temperature rise time of household refrigerating appliances is studied experimentally
    in the context of the “new global refriger- ator standard”IEC 62552:2015. In addition
    to the daily energy consumption, this international standard- ization introduced
    performance tests for cooling capacity and temperature rise time. While the cooling
    capacity has long been anchored in various test procedures of consumer organizations,
    the temperature rise time, which has only been tested on freezers so far, will
    be a decisive factor in the future. Moreover, the need for so-called "smart appliances"
    that may balance power consumption is increasing since such devices may compensate
    the volatility of renewable energies and thus stabilize the power grid. Against
    this background, eight commercial household refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers
    are equipped with polymer-bound phase change materials (PCM) and their performance
    is determined under the new stan- dard test conditions. The results show that
    the introduction of PCM increases the cooling capacity by up to 33 % and also
    increases the temperature rise time by up to 145 %, without affecting power consump-
    tion, as compared to the unmodified refrigeration appliances.
author:
- first_name: Gerrit
  full_name: Sonnenrein, Gerrit
  last_name: Sonnenrein
- first_name: Elmar
  full_name: Baumhögger, Elmar
  id: '15164'
  last_name: Baumhögger
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Morbach, A.
  last_name: Morbach
- first_name: Moritz
  full_name: Neukötter, Moritz
  id: '45530'
  last_name: Neukötter
  orcid: 0000-0001-9101-8828
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Vrabec, J.
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: Sonnenrein G, Baumhögger E, Elsner A, et al. Improving the performance of household
    refrigerating appliances through the integration of phase change materials in
    the context of the new global refrigerator standard IEC 62552:2015. <i>International
    Journal of Refrigeration</i>. 2020;119:448-456. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025</a>
  apa: Sonnenrein, G., Baumhögger, E., Elsner, A., Morbach, A., Neukötter, M., Paul,
    A., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2020). Improving the performance of household refrigerating
    appliances through the integration of phase change materials in the context of
    the new global refrigerator standard IEC 62552:2015. <i>International Journal
    of Refrigeration</i>, <i>119</i>, 448–456. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Sonnenrein_Baumhögger_Elsner_Morbach_Neukötter_Paul_Vrabec_2020,
    title={Improving the performance of household refrigerating appliances through
    the integration of phase change materials in the context of the new global refrigerator
    standard IEC 62552:2015}, volume={119}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025</a>},
    journal={International Journal of Refrigeration}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Sonnenrein,
    Gerrit and Baumhögger, Elmar and Elsner, Andreas and Morbach, A. and Neukötter,
    Moritz and Paul, Andreas and Vrabec, J.}, year={2020}, pages={448–456} }'
  chicago: 'Sonnenrein, Gerrit, Elmar Baumhögger, Andreas Elsner, A. Morbach, Moritz
    Neukötter, Andreas Paul, and J. Vrabec. “Improving the Performance of Household
    Refrigerating Appliances through the Integration of Phase Change Materials in
    the Context of the New Global Refrigerator Standard IEC 62552:2015.” <i>International
    Journal of Refrigeration</i> 119 (2020): 448–56. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025</a>.'
  ieee: 'G. Sonnenrein <i>et al.</i>, “Improving the performance of household refrigerating
    appliances through the integration of phase change materials in the context of
    the new global refrigerator standard IEC 62552:2015,” <i>International Journal
    of Refrigeration</i>, vol. 119, pp. 448–456, 2020, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025</a>.'
  mla: Sonnenrein, Gerrit, et al. “Improving the Performance of Household Refrigerating
    Appliances through the Integration of Phase Change Materials in the Context of
    the New Global Refrigerator Standard IEC 62552:2015.” <i>International Journal
    of Refrigeration</i>, vol. 119, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 448–56, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025</a>.
  short: G. Sonnenrein, E. Baumhögger, A. Elsner, A. Morbach, M. Neukötter, A. Paul,
    J. Vrabec, International Journal of Refrigeration 119 (2020) 448–456.
date_created: 2021-03-16T11:52:39Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:10:20Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '155'
- _id: '393'
- _id: '150'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025
intvolume: '       119'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 448-456
publication: International Journal of Refrigeration
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0140-7007
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Improving the performance of household refrigerating appliances through the
  integration of phase change materials in the context of the new global refrigerator
  standard IEC 62552:2015
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
volume: 119
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '21512'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Despite the omnipresence of household refrigeration appliances, there is still
    a lack of knowledge about their agerelated efficiency loss over time. Past studies
    provide basic evidence for increasing electricity consumption of cooling appliances
    with ageing but fail to investigate the associated technical wear. Concentrating
    on the degradation of the thermal insulation, we first determined the ageing process
    of sealed samples of polyurethane rigid foam by investigating changes in cell
    gas composition and thermal conductivity over time. Simultaneously, the main challenge
    was to develop an approach that investigates the age-related efficiency loss of
    the insulation without its destruction. This testing procedure is referred to
    as the Bonn method. The non-destructive Bonn method was applied to varying refrigerator
    models in a series of successive experiments to evaluate the insulation degradation
    over time. Subsequently, the physical relationship between the test value of the
    Bonn method and the heat transfer through the multi-layered compartment walls
    of domestic refrigeration appliances was established, ultimately characterising
    the degrading insulation in terms of increasing heat transfer. Our results give
    substantiated evidence that the efficiency loss of cooling appliances is greatly
    influenced by insulation degradation over time. The ageing of sealed samples of
    polyurethane rigid foam indicates a large initial increase of thermal conductivity
    by 15% within the first year, corresponding to a change in cell gas composition.
    These results are in line with those of the Bonn method, emphasising an increasing
    heat flow through the multi-layered compartment walls of domestic refrigerators
    with ageing. Therewith, the present study is of significance to a wide range of
    stakeholders and forms the basis for future research.
article_number: '115113'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Hueppe, Christian
  last_name: Hueppe
- first_name: Jasmin
  full_name: Geppert, Jasmin
  last_name: Geppert
- first_name: Rainer
  full_name: Stamminger, Rainer
  last_name: Stamminger
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Wagner, Hendrik
  last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Heike
  full_name: Hoelscher, Heike
  last_name: Hoelscher
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Becker, Wolfgang
  last_name: Becker
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Gries, Ulrich
  last_name: Gries
- first_name: Alfred
  full_name: Freiberger, Alfred
  last_name: Freiberger
citation:
  ama: 'Hueppe C, Geppert J, Stamminger R, et al. Age-related efficiency loss of household
    refrigeration appliances: Development of an approach to measure the degradation
    of insulation properties. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. 2020;173. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>'
  apa: 'Hueppe, C., Geppert, J., Stamminger, R., Wagner, H., Hoelscher, H., Vrabec,
    J., Paul, A., Elsner, A., Becker, W., Gries, U., &#38; Freiberger, A. (2020).
    Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances: Development
    of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation properties. <i>Applied
    Thermal Engineering</i>, <i>173</i>, Article 115113. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Hueppe_Geppert_Stamminger_Wagner_Hoelscher_Vrabec_Paul_Elsner_Becker_Gries_et
    al._2020, title={Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances:
    Development of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation properties},
    volume={173}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>},
    number={115113}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier},
    author={Hueppe, Christian and Geppert, Jasmin and Stamminger, Rainer and Wagner,
    Hendrik and Hoelscher, Heike and Vrabec, Jadran and Paul, Andreas and Elsner,
    Andreas and Becker, Wolfgang and Gries, Ulrich and et al.}, year={2020} }'
  chicago: 'Hueppe, Christian, Jasmin Geppert, Rainer Stamminger, Hendrik Wagner,
    Heike Hoelscher, Jadran Vrabec, Andreas Paul, et al. “Age-Related Efficiency Loss
    of Household Refrigeration Appliances: Development of an Approach to Measure the
    Degradation of Insulation Properties.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i> 173
    (2020). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Hueppe <i>et al.</i>, “Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration
    appliances: Development of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation
    properties,” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 173, Art. no. 115113, 2020,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>.'
  mla: 'Hueppe, Christian, et al. “Age-Related Efficiency Loss of Household Refrigeration
    Appliances: Development of an Approach to Measure the Degradation of Insulation
    Properties.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 173, 115113, Elsevier, 2020,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>.'
  short: C. Hueppe, J. Geppert, R. Stamminger, H. Wagner, H. Hoelscher, J. Vrabec,
    A. Paul, A. Elsner, W. Becker, U. Gries, A. Freiberger, Applied Thermal Engineering
    173 (2020).
date_created: 2021-03-16T10:12:12Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:11:07Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '155'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113
intvolume: '       173'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Applied Thermal Engineering
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1359-4311
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances: Development
  of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation properties'
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
volume: 173
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '21519'
author:
- first_name: Matti
  full_name: Grabo, Matti
  id: '66520'
  last_name: Grabo
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Weber, Daniel
  id: '24041'
  last_name: Weber
  orcid: 0000-0003-3367-5998
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Klaus, Tobias
  last_name: Klaus
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Bermpohl, Wolfgang
  id: '15290'
  last_name: Bermpohl
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Krauter, Stefan
  id: '28836'
  last_name: Krauter
  orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: Eugeny
  full_name: Kenig, Eugeny
  id: '665'
  last_name: Kenig
citation:
  ama: Grabo M, Weber D, Paul A, et al. Numerical Investigation of the Temperature
    Distribution in PCM-integrated Solar Modules. <i>CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS</i>.
    2019;76:895-900. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150">10.3303/CET1976150</a>
  apa: Grabo, M., Weber, D., Paul, A., Klaus, T., Bermpohl, W., Krauter, S., &#38;
    Kenig, E. (2019). Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-integrated
    Solar Modules. <i>CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS</i>, <i>76</i>, 895–900. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150">https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Grabo_Weber_Paul_Klaus_Bermpohl_Krauter_Kenig_2019, title={Numerical
    Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-integrated Solar Modules},
    volume={76}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150">10.3303/CET1976150</a>},
    journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS}, publisher={AIDIC The Italian Association
    of Chemical Engineering}, author={Grabo, Matti and Weber, Daniel and Paul, Andreas
    and Klaus, Tobias and Bermpohl, Wolfgang and Krauter, Stefan and Kenig, Eugeny},
    year={2019}, pages={895–900} }'
  chicago: 'Grabo, Matti, Daniel Weber, Andreas Paul, Tobias Klaus, Wolfgang Bermpohl,
    Stefan Krauter, and Eugeny Kenig. “Numerical Investigation of the Temperature
    Distribution in PCM-Integrated Solar Modules.” <i>CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS</i>
    76 (2019): 895–900. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150">https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150</a>.'
  ieee: 'M. Grabo <i>et al.</i>, “Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution
    in PCM-integrated Solar Modules,” <i>CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS</i>, vol.
    76, pp. 895–900, 2019, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150">10.3303/CET1976150</a>.'
  mla: Grabo, Matti, et al. “Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution
    in PCM-Integrated Solar Modules.” <i>CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS</i>, vol.
    76, AIDIC The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering, 2019, pp. 895–900,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1976150">10.3303/CET1976150</a>.
  short: M. Grabo, D. Weber, A. Paul, T. Klaus, W. Bermpohl, S. Krauter, E. Kenig,
    CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS 76 (2019) 895–900.
date_created: 2021-03-16T12:25:44Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:09:16Z
department:
- _id: '145'
- _id: '728'
- _id: '52'
- _id: '393'
- _id: '155'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.3303/CET1976150
intvolume: '        76'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 895-900
publication: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-88-95608-73-0
publication_status: published
publisher: AIDIC The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Numerical Investigation of the Temperature Distribution in PCM-integrated Solar
  Modules
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
volume: 76
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '21521'
author:
- first_name: Matti
  full_name: Grabo, Matti
  id: '66520'
  last_name: Grabo
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Weber, Daniel
  id: '24041'
  last_name: Weber
  orcid: 0000-0003-3367-5998
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Klaus, Tobias
  last_name: Klaus
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Bermpohl, Wolfgang
  id: '15290'
  last_name: Bermpohl
- first_name: Eugeny
  full_name: Kenig, Eugeny
  id: '665'
  last_name: Kenig
citation:
  ama: 'Grabo M, Weber D, Paul A, Klaus T, Bermpohl W, Kenig E. Numerische Untersuchung
    der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen. In: ; 2019.'
  apa: Grabo, M., Weber, D., Paul, A., Klaus, T., Bermpohl, W., &#38; Kenig, E. (2019).
    <i>Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen</i>.
    Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppe Energieverfahrenstechnik und des Arbeitsausschusses
    Thermische Energiespeicherung, Frankfurt am Main.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Grabo_Weber_Paul_Klaus_Bermpohl_Kenig_2019, title={Numerische
    Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen}, author={Grabo,
    Matti and Weber, Daniel and Paul, Andreas and Klaus, Tobias and Bermpohl, Wolfgang
    and Kenig, Eugeny}, year={2019} }'
  chicago: Grabo, Matti, Daniel Weber, Andreas Paul, Tobias Klaus, Wolfgang Bermpohl,
    and Eugeny Kenig. “Numerische Untersuchung Der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-Integrierten
    Solarmodulen,” 2019.
  ieee: M. Grabo, D. Weber, A. Paul, T. Klaus, W. Bermpohl, and E. Kenig, “Numerische
    Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen,” presented
    at the Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppe Energieverfahrenstechnik und des
    Arbeitsausschusses Thermische Energiespeicherung, Frankfurt am Main, 2019.
  mla: Grabo, Matti, et al. <i>Numerische Untersuchung Der Temperaturverteilung in
    PCM-Integrierten Solarmodulen</i>. 2019.
  short: 'M. Grabo, D. Weber, A. Paul, T. Klaus, W. Bermpohl, E. Kenig, in: 2019.'
conference:
  end_date: 2019-03-07
  location: Frankfurt am Main
  name: Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppe Energieverfahrenstechnik und des Arbeitsausschusses
    Thermische Energiespeicherung
  start_date: 2019-03-06
date_created: 2021-03-16T12:35:37Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:10:09Z
department:
- _id: '155'
- _id: '145'
- _id: '52'
- _id: '728'
- _id: '393'
- _id: '9'
language:
- iso: eng
status: public
title: Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen
type: conference
user_id: '7828'
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '21520'
author:
- first_name: Matti
  full_name: Grabo, Matti
  id: '66520'
  last_name: Grabo
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Weber, Daniel
  id: '24041'
  last_name: Weber
  orcid: 0000-0003-3367-5998
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Klaus, Tobias
  last_name: Klaus
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Bermpohl, Wolfgang
  id: '15290'
  last_name: Bermpohl
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Krauter, Stefan
  id: '28836'
  last_name: Krauter
  orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: Eugeny
  full_name: Kenig, Eugeny
  id: '665'
  last_name: Kenig
citation:
  ama: 'Grabo M, Weber D, Paul A, et al. Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells
    zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen. In: ; 2019.'
  apa: Grabo, M., Weber, D., Paul, A., Klaus, T., Bermpohl, W., Krauter, S., &#38;
    Kenig, E. (2019). <i>Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung
    der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen</i>. 2. Regenerative Energietechnik Konferenz
    (RET.Con 2019), Nordhausen.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Grabo_Weber_Paul_Klaus_Bermpohl_Krauter_Kenig_2019, title={Entwicklung
    eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung
    in Solarmodulen}, author={Grabo, Matti and Weber, Daniel and Paul, Andreas and
    Klaus, Tobias and Bermpohl, Wolfgang and Krauter, Stefan and Kenig, Eugeny}, year={2019}
    }'
  chicago: Grabo, Matti, Daniel Weber, Andreas Paul, Tobias Klaus, Wolfgang Bermpohl,
    Stefan Krauter, and Eugeny Kenig. “Entwicklung Eines Thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells
    Zur Bestimmung Der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen,” 2019.
  ieee: M. Grabo <i>et al.</i>, “Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells
    zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen,” presented at the 2.
    Regenerative Energietechnik Konferenz (RET.Con 2019), Nordhausen, 2019.
  mla: Grabo, Matti, et al. <i>Entwicklung Eines Thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells
    Zur Bestimmung Der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen</i>. 2019.
  short: 'M. Grabo, D. Weber, A. Paul, T. Klaus, W. Bermpohl, S. Krauter, E. Kenig,
    in: 2019.'
conference:
  end_date: 2019-02-08
  location: Nordhausen
  name: 2. Regenerative Energietechnik Konferenz (RET.Con 2019)
  start_date: 2019-02-07
date_created: 2021-03-16T12:32:39Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:09:56Z
department:
- _id: '155'
- _id: '728'
- _id: '145'
- _id: '52'
- _id: '393'
- _id: '9'
language:
- iso: eng
status: public
title: Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung
  in Solarmodulen
type: conference
user_id: '7828'
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '21518'
abstract:
- lang: ger
  text: "Wie jedes technische System unterliegen auch Haushaltskältegeräte einer alterungsbedingten
    Degeneration, die zu einem Anstieg der Energieaufnahme über die Lebensdauer dieser
    Geräte führt. Ursache hierfür sind verschiedene Effekte, die in dem vom BMWi geförderten
    Projekt ALGE untersucht werden. Aus den so gewonnenen Erkenntnissen sollen dann
    degenerationsbeständigere Haushaltskältegeräte entwickelt werden. Eine wichtige
    Alterungsursache ist der Anstieg der Wärmeleitfähigkeit des PUR-Schaums der Gehäuseisolierung.
    Zur Bestimmung dieses Einflusses auf die Energieaufnahme ist die Entwicklung neuer
    Messmethoden notwendig, die zerstörungsfrei sein und den realen Anwendungsbedingungen
    möglichst nahekommen sollen. Dazu wurde eine Wärmesenke entwickelt, die den Geräteinnenraum
    unabhängig vom Kältekreislauf abkühlt. Die Wärmesenke ist als Eiswasserbehälter
    ausgeführt, sodass die Schmelzenthalpie des Eises die durch die Isolierung in
    den Geräteinnenraum einfallende Wärme aufnimmt. Durch die Bestimmung der Abtauzeit
    einer bestimmten Eismenge kann so der alterungsbeeinflusste \U0001D458∙\U0001D434-Wert
    des Gehäuses von Haushaltskältegeräten bestimmt werden."
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Lukas
  full_name: Moczarski, Lukas
  last_name: Moczarski
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Gieselmann, Mirko
  last_name: Gieselmann
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Reineke, Michael
  id: '24603'
  last_name: Reineke
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Elmar
  full_name: Baumhögger, Elmar
  id: '15164'
  last_name: Baumhögger
- first_name: Gerrit
  full_name: Sonnenrein, Gerrit
  last_name: Sonnenrein
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: 'Paul A, Moczarski L, Gieselmann M, et al. Bestimmung von Wärmeverlusten in
    Haushaltskältegeräten. In: Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV)
    e.V., ed. Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. ; 2019.'
  apa: Paul, A., Moczarski, L., Gieselmann, M., Reineke, M., Elsner, A., Baumhögger,
    E., Sonnenrein, G., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2019). <i>Bestimmung von Wärmeverlusten
    in Haushaltskältegeräten</i> (Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV)
    e.V., Ed.). Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. .
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Paul_Moczarski_Gieselmann_Reineke_Elsner_Baumhögger_Sonnenrein_Vrabec_2019,
    place={Hannover}, title={Bestimmung von Wärmeverlusten in Haushaltskältegeräten},
    publisher={Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. }, author={Paul,
    Andreas and Moczarski, Lukas and Gieselmann, Mirko and Reineke, Michael and Elsner,
    Andreas and Baumhögger, Elmar and Sonnenrein, Gerrit and Vrabec, Jadran}, editor={Deutscher
    Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV) e.V.}, year={2019} }'
  chicago: 'Paul, Andreas, Lukas Moczarski, Mirko Gieselmann, Michael Reineke, Andreas
    Elsner, Elmar Baumhögger, Gerrit Sonnenrein, and Jadran Vrabec. “Bestimmung von
    Wärmeverlusten in Haushaltskältegeräten.” edited by Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer
    Verein (DKV) e.V. Hannover: Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V.
    , 2019.'
  ieee: A. Paul <i>et al.</i>, “Bestimmung von Wärmeverlusten in Haushaltskältegeräten,”
    Ulm, 2019.
  mla: Paul, Andreas, et al. <i>Bestimmung von Wärmeverlusten in Haushaltskältegeräten</i>.
    Edited by Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV) e.V., Deutscher Kälte-
    und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. , 2019.
  short: 'A. Paul, L. Moczarski, M. Gieselmann, M. Reineke, A. Elsner, E. Baumhögger,
    G. Sonnenrein, J. Vrabec, in: Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV)
    e.V. (Ed.), Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. , Hannover, 2019.'
conference:
  end_date: 2019-11-22
  location: Ulm
  name: Deutsche Kälte-Klima Tagung 45
  start_date: 2019-11-20
corporate_editor:
- Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV) e.V.
date_created: 2021-03-16T12:16:34Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:10:53Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '155'
- _id: '9'
- _id: '393'
language:
- iso: ger
place: Hannover
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-3-932715-52-5
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. '
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Bestimmung von Wärmeverlusten in Haushaltskältegeräten
type: conference
user_id: '7828'
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '21516'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "This study presents the results of an experimental investigation of the influence
    of latent\r\nthermal heat storage elements on the power consumption as well as
    the temperature distribution\r\nof commercial household refrigerators.Two evaporator
    types and a standard wireand-\r\ntube condenser are equipped with copolymer-bound
    phase change materials (PCM) and\r\nthe performance is determined under standard
    conditions. The results show that refrigerating\r\nappliances equipped with PCM
    can be optimized through modifications of the control\r\nstrategy to achieve different
    targets: (a) Power consumption can be significantly reduced\r\nby increasing the
    evaporator and decreasing the condenser temperature. (b) Temperature\r\nfluctuations
    in the refrigerator’s fresh-food compartment during the cooling cycle can be\r\nreduced
    from 4 °C to 0.5 °C. (c) The cooling cycle duration can be tripled without compromising\r\nthe
    fresh-food compartment conditions. The latter may help to meet the growing\r\ndemand
    for balancing power consumption to stabilize the power grid, e.g. if the share
    of\r\nhighly fluctuating, sustainable energy supply is large."
author:
- first_name: Gerrit
  full_name: Sonnenrein, Gerrit
  last_name: Sonnenrein
- first_name: Elmar
  full_name: Baumhögger, Elmar
  id: '15164'
  last_name: Baumhögger
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: K.
  full_name: Fieback, K.
  last_name: Fieback
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Morbach, A.
  last_name: Morbach
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Vrabec, J.
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: 'Sonnenrein G, Baumhögger E, Elsner A, et al. Copolymer-bound phase change
    materials for household refrigerating appliances: experimental investigation of
    power consumption, temperature distribution and demand side management potential.
    <i>International Journal of Refrigeration</i>. 2015;60:166-173. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030</a>'
  apa: 'Sonnenrein, G., Baumhögger, E., Elsner, A., Fieback, K., Morbach, A., Paul,
    A., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2015). Copolymer-bound phase change materials for household
    refrigerating appliances: experimental investigation of power consumption, temperature
    distribution and demand side management potential. <i>International Journal of
    Refrigeration</i>, <i>60</i>, 166–173. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Sonnenrein_Baumhögger_Elsner_Fieback_Morbach_Paul_Vrabec_2015,
    title={Copolymer-bound phase change materials for household refrigerating appliances:
    experimental investigation of power consumption, temperature distribution and
    demand side management potential}, volume={60}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030</a>},
    journal={International Journal of Refrigeration}, author={Sonnenrein, Gerrit and
    Baumhögger, Elmar and Elsner, Andreas and Fieback, K. and Morbach, A. and Paul,
    Andreas and Vrabec, J.}, year={2015}, pages={166–173} }'
  chicago: 'Sonnenrein, Gerrit, Elmar Baumhögger, Andreas Elsner, K. Fieback, A. Morbach,
    Andreas Paul, and J. Vrabec. “Copolymer-Bound Phase Change Materials for Household
    Refrigerating Appliances: Experimental Investigation of Power Consumption, Temperature
    Distribution and Demand Side Management Potential.” <i>International Journal of
    Refrigeration</i> 60 (2015): 166–73. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030</a>.'
  ieee: 'G. Sonnenrein <i>et al.</i>, “Copolymer-bound phase change materials for
    household refrigerating appliances: experimental investigation of power consumption,
    temperature distribution and demand side management potential,” <i>International
    Journal of Refrigeration</i>, vol. 60, pp. 166–173, 2015, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030</a>.'
  mla: 'Sonnenrein, Gerrit, et al. “Copolymer-Bound Phase Change Materials for Household
    Refrigerating Appliances: Experimental Investigation of Power Consumption, Temperature
    Distribution and Demand Side Management Potential.” <i>International Journal of
    Refrigeration</i>, vol. 60, 2015, pp. 166–73, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030</a>.'
  short: G. Sonnenrein, E. Baumhögger, A. Elsner, K. Fieback, A. Morbach, A. Paul,
    J. Vrabec, International Journal of Refrigeration 60 (2015) 166–173.
date_created: 2021-03-16T12:04:06Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:09:30Z
department:
- _id: '155'
- _id: '393'
- _id: '728'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.030
intvolume: '        60'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 166-173
publication: International Journal of Refrigeration
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0140-7007
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Copolymer-bound phase change materials for household refrigerating appliances:
  experimental investigation of power consumption, temperature distribution and demand
  side management potential'
type: journal_article
user_id: '7828'
volume: 60
year: '2015'
...
---
_id: '21517'
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Elsner, Andreas
  id: '16124'
  last_name: Elsner
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Müller, Michael
  last_name: Müller
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Paul, Andreas
  id: '7828'
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: 'Elsner A, Müller M, Paul A, Vrabec J. Zunahme des Stromverbrauchs von Haushaltskältegeräten
    durch Alterung. In: Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV) e.V., ed.
    Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. ; 2013.'
  apa: Elsner, A., Müller, M., Paul, A., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2013). <i>Zunahme des Stromverbrauchs
    von Haushaltskältegeräten durch Alterung</i> (Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer
    Verein (DKV) e.V., Ed.). Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. .
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Elsner_Müller_Paul_Vrabec_2013, place={Hannover}, title={Zunahme
    des Stromverbrauchs von Haushaltskältegeräten durch Alterung}, publisher={Deutscher
    Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. }, author={Elsner, Andreas and Müller,
    Michael and Paul, Andreas and Vrabec, Jadran}, editor={Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer
    Verein (DKV) e.V.}, year={2013} }'
  chicago: 'Elsner, Andreas, Michael Müller, Andreas Paul, and Jadran Vrabec. “Zunahme
    des Stromverbrauchs von Haushaltskältegeräten durch Alterung.” edited by Deutscher
    Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV) e.V. Hannover: Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer
    Verein e.V. , 2013.'
  ieee: A. Elsner, M. Müller, A. Paul, and J. Vrabec, “Zunahme des Stromverbrauchs
    von Haushaltskältegeräten durch Alterung,” Hannover, 2013.
  mla: Elsner, Andreas, et al. <i>Zunahme des Stromverbrauchs von Haushaltskältegeräten
    durch Alterung</i>. Edited by Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV)
    e.V., Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. , 2013.
  short: 'A. Elsner, M. Müller, A. Paul, J. Vrabec, in: Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer
    Verein (DKV) e.V. (Ed.), Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. , Hannover,
    2013.'
conference:
  end_date: 2013-11-22
  location: Hannover
  name: Deutsche Kälte-Klima Tagung 40
  start_date: 2013-11-20
corporate_editor:
- Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV) e.V.
date_created: 2021-03-16T12:12:47Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T11:11:15Z
department:
- _id: '728'
- _id: '155'
- _id: '9'
language:
- iso: ger
place: Hannover
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein e.V. '
status: public
title: Zunahme des Stromverbrauchs von Haushaltskältegeräten durch Alterung
type: conference
user_id: '7828'
year: '2013'
...
