[{"status":"public","editor":[{"last_name":"Rohlfing","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina J.","first_name":"Katharina J."},{"first_name":"Kary","full_name":"Främling, Kary","last_name":"Främling"},{"first_name":"Suzana","last_name":"Alpsancar","full_name":"Alpsancar, Suzana"},{"full_name":"Thommes, Kirsten","last_name":"Thommes","first_name":"Kirsten"},{"first_name":"Brian Y.","full_name":"Lim, Brian Y.","last_name":"Lim"}],"type":"book_chapter","department":[{"_id":"660"},{"_id":"36"}],"user_id":"57578","_id":"61322","project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}],"page":"367-390","citation":{"apa":"Lazarov, S. T., Tchappi, I., &#38; Grimminger, A. (2026). Characteristics of nonverbal behavior. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, &#38; B. Y. Lim (Eds.), <i>Social Explainable AI</i> (pp. 367–390). Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19</a>","ama":"Lazarov ST, Tchappi I, Grimminger A. Characteristics of nonverbal behavior. In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, Lim BY, eds. <i>Social Explainable AI</i>. Springer; 2026:367-390. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19\">10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19</a>","short":"S.T. Lazarov, I. Tchappi, A. Grimminger, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 367–390.","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. “Characteristics of Nonverbal Behavior.” <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer, 2026, pp. 367–90, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19\">10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19</a>.","bibtex":"@inbook{Lazarov_Tchappi_Grimminger_2026, title={Characteristics of nonverbal behavior}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19\">10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19</a>}, booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Tchappi, Igor and Grimminger, Angela}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten and Lim, Brian Y.}, year={2026}, pages={367–390} }","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, I. Tchappi, and A. Grimminger, “Characteristics of nonverbal behavior,” in <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 367–390.","chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Igor Tchappi, and Angela Grimminger. “Characteristics of Nonverbal Behavior.” In <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Suzana Alpsancar, Kirsten Thommes, and Brian Y. Lim, 367–90. Springer, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19</a>."},"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19","relation":"original"}]},"publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["978-981-96-5290-7"]},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"author":[{"orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"},{"full_name":"Tchappi, Igor","last_name":"Tchappi","first_name":"Igor"},{"id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","first_name":"Angela"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2026-03-19T13:58:43Z","publication":"Social Explainable AI","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2026","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Characteristics of nonverbal behavior","date_created":"2025-09-17T10:15:42Z","publisher":"Springer"},{"year":"2026","page":"29","citation":{"chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Michael Schaffer, Viviane Gladow, Hendrik Buschmeier, Heike M. Buhl, and Angela Grimminger. “Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations,” n.d.","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H. M. Buhl, and A. Grimminger, “Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.” .","ama":"Lazarov ST, Schaffer M, Gladow V, Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Grimminger A. Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.","apa":"Lazarov, S. T., Schaffer, M., Gladow, V., Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., &#38; Grimminger, A. (n.d.). <i>Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations</i>.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, A. Grimminger, (n.d.).","bibtex":"@article{Lazarov_Schaffer_Gladow_Buschmeier_Buhl_Grimminger, title={Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Schaffer, Michael and Gladow, Viviane and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Grimminger, Angela} }","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. <i>Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations</i>."},"publication_status":"submitted","title":"Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/u24kz_v2"}],"date_updated":"2026-03-27T16:18:03Z","author":[{"first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483"},{"full_name":"Schaffer, Michael","id":"92807","last_name":"Schaffer","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Gladow, Viviane","last_name":"Gladow","first_name":"Viviane"},{"first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"},{"first_name":"Heike M.","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","id":"27152","last_name":"Buhl"},{"last_name":"Grimminger","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578","first_name":"Angela"}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:11:37Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In this paper, we discuss the application of retrospective video recall for the assessment of cognitive processes in explanatory interactions, such as understanding and mental models. Our purpose is to reflect on the benefits and limitations of video recall compared to another self-report method, ‘thinking-aloud’. To do so, we reveal empirical results from the application of video recall in three interdisciplinary research projects that applied the method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of cognitive and behavioral phenomena in everyday explanations. In all three projects, video recall was applied as a post-hoc procedure following the recording of dyadic face-to-face explanations of board games. The design of the video recall procedure differed between individual projects because they pursued different research objectives – that is the investigation of (1) an interlocutor's multimodal signals of understanding, (2) the change in assumptions about an interlocutor's dispositional and situational knowledge, and (3) the differentiated assessment of an interlocutor's developing understanding of domain knowledge aspects by distinguishing between mechanistic and functional explanatory stances. By discussing the benefits and the limitations of each procedure, this article provides critical reflections on video recall as a versatile research method applied for the analysis of human multimodal behavior in interaction and cognitive processing."}],"status":"public","type":"preprint","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"61151","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären","_id":"111"},{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"}],"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"user_id":"76456"},{"quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","page":"36","citation":{"ama":"Türk O, Lazarov ST, Buschmeier H, Wagner P, Grimminger A. Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations. In: <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>. ; 2025:36.","ieee":"O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, and A. Grimminger, “Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations,” in <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, Cologne, Germany, 2025, p. 36.","chicago":"Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Hendrik Buschmeier, Petra Wagner, and Angela Grimminger. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding in Explanations.” In <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, 36, 2025.","short":"O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, A. Grimminger, in: LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, 2025, p. 36.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Buschmeier_Wagner_Grimminger_2025, title={Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations}, booktitle={LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts}, author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Wagner, Petra and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2025}, pages={36} }","mla":"Türk, Olcay, et al. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding in Explanations.” <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, 2025, p. 36.","apa":"Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Buschmeier, H., Wagner, P., &#38; Grimminger, A. (2025). Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations. <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, 36."},"year":"2025","author":[{"last_name":"Türk","full_name":"Türk, Olcay","first_name":"Olcay"},{"first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483"},{"first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"},{"first_name":"Petra","last_name":"Wagner","id":"74505","full_name":"Wagner, Petra"},{"last_name":"Grimminger","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578","first_name":"Angela"}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:21:30Z","oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-09-11T06:58:18Z","conference":{"end_date":"2025-05-23","location":"Cologne, Germany","name":"LingCologne 2025 International Conference on Feedback in Interaction","start_date":"2025-05-21"},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/3003514/3003515/Turk-etal-2025-lingcologne.pdf","open_access":"1"}],"title":"Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations","publication":"LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts","type":"conference_abstract","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"user_id":"76456","_id":"61154","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"type":"research_data","status":"public","user_id":"57578","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}],"_id":"61429","citation":{"mla":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>.","short":"H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, S.T. Lazarov, O. Türk, Y. Wang, MUNDEX Annotations, LibreCat University, 2025.","bibtex":"@book{Buschmeier_Grimminger_Wagner_Lazarov_Türk_Wang_2025, title={MUNDEX Annotations}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>}, publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Grimminger, Angela and Wagner, Petra and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Türk, Olcay and Wang, Yu}, year={2025} }","apa":"Buschmeier, H., Grimminger, A., Wagner, P., Lazarov, S. T., Türk, O., &#38; Wang, Y. (2025). <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>","ama":"Buschmeier H, Grimminger A, Wagner P, Lazarov ST, Türk O, Wang Y. <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>","chicago":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, Angela Grimminger, Petra Wagner, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Olcay Türk, and Yu Wang. <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>.","ieee":"H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, S. T. Lazarov, O. Türk, and Y. Wang, <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University, 2025."},"year":"2025","date_created":"2025-09-24T09:41:50Z","author":[{"first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"},{"first_name":"Angela","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578","last_name":"Grimminger"},{"last_name":"Wagner","full_name":"Wagner, Petra","first_name":"Petra"},{"full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"},{"first_name":"Olcay","last_name":"Türk","full_name":"Türk, Olcay"},{"first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Yu"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-24T09:46:28Z","publisher":"LibreCat University","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.17129817","title":"MUNDEX Annotations"},{"supervisor":[{"id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","first_name":"Angela"},{"last_name":"Brône","full_name":"Brône, Geert","first_name":"Geert"}],"author":[{"id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"}],"date_created":"2025-12-02T14:15:00Z","publisher":"Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn","date_updated":"2025-12-02T14:21:41Z","doi":"10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446","title":"The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining","publication_status":"published","citation":{"ama":"Lazarov ST. <i>The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining</i>. Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>","chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov. <i>The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining</i>. Paderborn: Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>.","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, <i>The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining</i>. Paderborn: Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn, 2025.","apa":"Lazarov, S. T. (2025). <i>The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining</i>. Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov. <i>The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining</i>. Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining, Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn, Paderborn, 2025.","bibtex":"@book{Lazarov_2025, place={Paderborn}, title={The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>}, publisher={Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov}, year={2025} }"},"page":"167","place":"Paderborn","year":"2025","user_id":"90345","department":[{"_id":"36"}],"project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}],"_id":"62748","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"dissertation","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Erklärungen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in alltäglichen persönlichen Gesprächen, indem sie den Wissensaustausch fördern, Ideen klären und das Verständnis unterstützen. In solchen Gesprächen versuchen die Erklärenden (d. h. die sachkundigere Person), das Verständnis der Explainees (d. h. die Person, die eine Erklärung erhält) durch Interaktionsprozesse wie Monitoring, Scaffolding und gemeinsame Konstruktion zu verbessern (Buschmeier et al., 2023; Rohlfing et al., 2021). Während gemeinsame Konstruktionen aus dem bidirektionalen (non-)verbalen Austausch zwischen den Gesprächspartnern entstehen, bezeichnet Scaffolding den Prozess, durch den die Erklärenden eine Erklärung anpassen, indem sie unterschiedliche Verhaltensweisen als Reaktion auf das Verhalten der Explainees einsetzen, welches deren kognitive Verarbeitung signalisiert (Wood et al., 1976). Monitoring bezeichnet einen kontinuierlichen Prozess, in dem die Gesprächspartner auf Wahrnehmungssignale wie (non-)verbale Verhaltensweisen achten, um Hinweise auf (Miss-)Verständnisse zu erkennen und zu interpretieren (Clark &amp; Krych, 2004).In der vorliegenden Arbeit berichte ich über fünf Studien zu dyadischen Erklärungen zwischen Menschen und diskutiere anhand empirischer Befunde die Interaktionsdynamiken, die bestimmten Formen verbalen und nonverbalen Erklärungsverhaltens zugrunde liegen. Zu diesem Zweck analysierte ich in den vorgestellten Studien Daten aus zwei Videokorpora zu verschiedenen Bereichen alltäglicher Erklärungen, beispielsweise medizinischen Erklärungen und Brettspielerklärungen. Das Korpus zu medizinischen Erklärungen umfasst elf naturalistische Interaktionen zwischen Ärzten und Bezugspersonen über eine bevorstehende chirurgische Operation von Kindern. Das Korpus zu Brettspielerklärungen besteht aus 87 dyadischen Brettspielerklärungen, von denen eine Teilstichprobe von 24 Interaktionen in den vorgestellten Studien spezifisch untersucht wurde.Um das verbale Erklärungsverhalten zu untersuchen, analysierte ich in zwei Studien, die sich mit medizinischen Erklärungen und Brettspielerklärungen befassten, den Zusammenhang zwischen Themenwechseln in Erklärungen und dem multimodalen Verhalten der Explainees, das von den Erklärenden beobachtet wurde. Die Analyse medizinischer Erklärungen legt nahe, dass der Wechsel von Elaborationen zu neuen Themen mit dem multimodalen Verhalten der Explainees einhergeht, welches Blickabwendung, Kopfnicken und verbale Rückkopplung umfasst. Der Wechsel zu Elaborationen hingegen ist mit einer anhaltenden Blickrichtung verbunden, unabhängig davon, ob zusätzliche Signale vorhanden sind oder nicht (Lazarov et al., 2024). Eine nachfolgende Studie zu Brettspielerklärungen (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, in Begutachtung) erweiterte diese Analyse durch die Einbeziehung des Blickverhaltens der Erklärenden. Die Studie untersuchte den Zusammenhang zwischen gegenseitigem Blickkontakt und Blickabwendung mit der Einleitung neuer Themen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten die Ergebnisse aus dem medizinischen Kontext: Blickabwendungen der Explainees gehen Themenwechseln häufiger voraus als gegenseitiger Blickkontakt, was mit früheren Forschungsergebnissen von Rossano (2012, 2013) übereinstimmt. Die Analyse untersuchte zudem den Zusammenhang zwischen dem / der Gesprächspartner:in, der / die Blickabwendungen initiierte, und dem / der Gesprächspartner:in, der / die Themenwechsel initiierte.Um das nonverbale Erklärungsverhalten zu untersuchen, analysierte ich die Verwendung von sprachbegleitenden Gesten von verschiedenen Erklärenden in drei Studien zu Brettspielerklärungen, in denen das zu erklärende Objekt im gemeinsamen Referenzraum physisch nicht vorhanden war. Obwohl diese Abwesenheit ein fortwährendes Bedürfnis nach der Etablierung gemeinsamer imaginärer Räume impliziert (Kang et al., 2015; Kinalzik &amp; Heller, 2021), beispielsweise durch kontinuierliches Zeigen auf unsichtbare Orte, zeigte die Studie von Lazarov &amp; Grimminger (2025), dass Gestenikonizität und zeitliche Hervorhebung auch in Themen zu Objekteigenschaften, Handlungsprozessen und bedingten Regeln variabel auftreten.Motiviert durch die kontinuierliche Verwendung von der gestischen Deixis während der physischen Abwesenheit des Explanandums erforschten die letzten zwei Studien den kognitiven Mechanismus der Anpassung des Gebrauchs deiktischer Gesten in Bezug auf die Beobachtung des Verständnisses der Explainees. Unabhängig davon, ob die Erklärenden das Verständnis der Explainees in einer retrospektiven Video Recall Aufgabe interpretierten (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, 2024a) oder die verbalen Verständnissignale der Explainees wahrnahmen (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, 2024b), zeigten die Analysen, dass die Häufigkeit der gestischen Deixis während der Erklärungsphase, in der das Explanandum nicht im gemeinsamen Raum vorhanden war, stabil blieb. Zu den Ergebnissen der in dieser Dissertation präsentierten Studien diskutiere ich, wie die kontinuierliche Beobachtung des Feedbackverhaltens der Explainees Anpassungen sowohl im verbalen als auch im nonverbalen Erklärungsverhalten erläutern kann. Darüber hinaus verdeutlichen die von mir präsentierten Studien das Ausmaß der individuellen Variation innerhalb und zwischen den Erklärenden, von denen jeder / jede mit drei verschiedenen Explainees interagierte."},{"text":"Explanations play a central role in everyday face-to-face interactions by helping people share knowledge, clarify ideas, and support understanding. In face-to-face explanations, explainers (i.e., the more knowledgeable part) seek to enhance explainees’ understanding of an explanandum through interactional processes such as monitoring, scaffolding, and co-constructions (Buschmeier et al., 2023; Rohlfing et al., 2021). While co-constructions emerge from the bidirectional (non-)verbal exchange between the interlocutors, scaffolding refers to the process by which the explainers tailor an explanation by employing different forms of behavior in response to the explainees' behavior signaling their cognitive processing (Wood et al., 1976). Monitoring denotes a continuous process in which the interlocutors attend to perceptual evidence, such as (non-)verbal behaviors, to identify and interpret cues of (mis)understanding (Clark &amp; Krych, 2004).In the present thesis, I report five studies on dyadic human–human explanations, and based on empirical findings, I discuss the interactional dynamics underpinning some forms of the verbal and nonverbal explaining behavior. To this end, in the reported studies, I analyzed data from two video corpora on different domains of everyday explanations, such as medical and board game explanations. The corpus on medical explanations comprises eleven naturalistic interactions between physicians and caregivers about an upcoming pediatric surgery. The corpus on board game explanations consists of 87 dyadic board game explanations, from which a subsample of 24 interactions was specifically addressed in the reported studies.To explore the verbal explaining behavior, I examined the relation between topical shifts in explanations and the explainees’ multimodal behavior as monitored by the explainers in two studies addressing the domains of medical and board game explanations. The analysis of medical explanations suggests that shifts from elaborations to new topics are associated with the explainees' multimodal behavior that comprises gaze aversions, co-occurring with head nodding, and vocal backchanneling, whereas shifts into elaborations are associated with a sustained gaze direction, whether accompanied by additional cues or not (Lazarov et al., 2024). A subsequent study on board game explanations (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, under review) extended this analysis by incorporating the explainers’ gaze behavior. The study investigated the relation of mutual gaze and gaze withdrawals to the initiation of new topics. The findings corroborated those from the medical context: the explainees' gaze withdrawals precede topical changes more frequently than mutual gaze, which corresponds to prior research by (Rossano, 2012, 2013). The analysis further investigated the relation between the initiator of gaze withdrawals and the initiator of topical changes.To examine the nonverbal explaining behavior, I analyzed the use of co-speech gestures by different explainers in three studies on board game explanations, during which the explanandum was physically absent from the shared space. Although this absence implies a persistent need for establishing joint imagined spaces (Kang et al., 2015; Kinalzik &amp; Heller, 2021), for example, by continuously pointing at invisible locations, the study by Lazarov &amp; Grimminger (2025) revealed that gesture iconicity and temporal highlighting also occur variably across explanation topics about object features, action processes, and conditional rules.Motivated by the continuous use of gesture deixis during the physical absence of the explanandum, the last two studies explored the cognitive mechanism of adapting the use of deictic gestures in relation to the monitoring of the explainees' understanding. Whether the explainers interpreted the explainees' understanding in a retrospective video recall task (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, 2024a), or perceived the explainees' verbal signals of understanding (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, 2024b), the analyses demonstrated that the frequency of gesture deixis remains stable over the course of the explanation phase in which the explanandum was absent from the shared space.Building on the results from the studies presented in this thesis, I discuss how the continuous monitoring of the explainees' feedback behavior accounts for adaptations in both the verbal and the nonverbal modes of explaining behavior. Furthermore, the analyses I present illuminate the extent of individual variation within and across explainers, each of whom interacted with three different explainees.","lang":"eng"}]},{"title":"Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations","date_created":"2025-09-08T14:24:32Z","year":"2025","quality_controlled":"1","ddc":["006"],"keyword":["understanding","explaining","explanations","explainable","AI","interdisciplinarity","comprehension","enabledness","agency"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’ on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology, a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent. Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding in XAI are discussed."}],"file":[{"date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","date_created":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","creator":"hbuschme","file_size":10114981,"access_level":"closed","file_name":"Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf","file_id":"62730","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file"}],"publication":"Cognitive Systems Research","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419","oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-12-05T15:32:25Z","author":[{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","first_name":"Hendrik"},{"last_name":"Buhl","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","id":"27152","first_name":"Heike M."},{"full_name":"Kern, Friederike","last_name":"Kern","first_name":"Friederike"},{"first_name":"Angela","id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","last_name":"Grimminger"},{"id":"50995","full_name":"Beierling, Helen","last_name":"Beierling","first_name":"Helen"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-9997-9241","last_name":"Fisher","id":"56345","full_name":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl","first_name":"Josephine Beryl"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-9593-7220","last_name":"Groß","id":"93405","full_name":"Groß, André","first_name":"André"},{"first_name":"Ilona","last_name":"Horwath","full_name":"Horwath, Ilona","id":"68836"},{"last_name":"Klowait","orcid":"0000-0002-7347-099X","id":"98454","full_name":"Klowait, Nils","first_name":"Nils"},{"full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"},{"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Lenke","full_name":"Lenke, Michael"},{"last_name":"Lohmer","full_name":"Lohmer, Vivien","first_name":"Vivien"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-5676-8233","last_name":"Rohlfing","id":"50352","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina","first_name":"Katharina"},{"first_name":"Ingrid","id":"451","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","last_name":"Scharlau"},{"first_name":"Amit","id":"91018","full_name":"Singh, Amit","orcid":"0000-0002-7789-1521","last_name":"Singh"},{"full_name":"Terfloth, Lutz","id":"37320","last_name":"Terfloth","first_name":"Lutz"},{"last_name":"Vollmer","full_name":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa","id":"86589","first_name":"Anna-Lisa"},{"first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Yu"},{"first_name":"Annedore","full_name":"Wilmes, Annedore","last_name":"Wilmes"},{"last_name":"Wrede","full_name":"Wrede, Britta","first_name":"Britta"}],"volume":94,"citation":{"chicago":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger, Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i> 94 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","ieee":"H. Buschmeier <i>et al.</i>, “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","ama":"Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>. 2025;94. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>","apa":"Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher, J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer, V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang, Y., Wilmes, A., &#38; Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, <i>94</i>, Article 101419. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>","short":"H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher, A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing, I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede, Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025).","bibtex":"@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>}, number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling, Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait, Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }","mla":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>."},"intvolume":"        94","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","article_number":"101419","article_type":"original","file_date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären","_id":"111"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject A3","_id":"113"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog","_id":"115"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B3","_id":"122"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B5","_id":"123"},{"_id":"119","name":"TRR 318 - Project Area Ö"}],"_id":"61156","user_id":"57578","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["explanation","gesture deixis","monitoring","understanding"],"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"user_id":"90345","_id":"57204","project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)","grant_number":"438445824"}],"status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In this study on the use of gesture deixis during explanations, a sample of 24 videorecorded dyadic interactions of a board game explanation was analyzed. The relation between the use of gesture deixis by different explainers and their interpretation of explainees' understanding was investigated. In addition, we describe explainers' intra-individual variations related to their interactions with three different explainees consecutively. While we did not find a relation between interpretations of explainees' complete understanding and a decrease in explainers' use of gesture deixis, we demonstrated that the overall use of gesture deixis is related to the process of interactional monitoring and the attendance of a different explainee."}],"publication":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","type":"conference","conference":{"location":"Rotterdam","end_date":"2024-07-27","start_date":"2024-07-24","name":"Sognitive Science Society"},"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dz8n8tf"}],"title":"Variations in explainers’ gesture deixis in explanations related to the monitoring of explainees’ understanding","volume":46,"author":[{"first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov"},{"first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela"}],"date_created":"2024-11-18T13:40:09Z","date_updated":"2024-11-18T13:40:39Z","oa":"1","intvolume":"        46","citation":{"ieee":"S. T. Lazarov and A. Grimminger, “Variations in explainers’ gesture deixis in explanations related to the monitoring of explainees’ understanding,” in <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i>, Rotterdam, 2024, vol. 46.","chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “Variations in Explainers’ Gesture Deixis in Explanations Related to the Monitoring of Explainees’ Understanding.” In <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i>, Vol. 46, 2024.","ama":"Lazarov ST, Grimminger A. Variations in explainers’ gesture deixis in explanations related to the monitoring of explainees’ understanding. In: <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i>. Vol 46. ; 2024.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Lazarov_Grimminger_2024, title={Variations in explainers’ gesture deixis in explanations related to the monitoring of explainees’ understanding}, volume={46}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2024} }","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “Variations in Explainers’ Gesture Deixis in Explanations Related to the Monitoring of Explainees’ Understanding.” <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i>, vol. 46, 2024.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, A. Grimminger, in: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2024.","apa":"Lazarov, S. T., &#38; Grimminger, A. (2024). Variations in explainers’ gesture deixis in explanations related to the monitoring of explainees’ understanding. <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i>, <i>46</i>."},"year":"2024","publication_status":"published"},{"volume":25,"author":[{"full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"},{"id":"55908","full_name":"Biermeier, Kai","last_name":"Biermeier","orcid":"0000-0002-2879-2359","first_name":"Kai"},{"full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578","last_name":"Grimminger","first_name":"Angela"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-06-27T13:57:36Z","doi":"10.1075/is.23033.laz","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/is.23033.laz#metrics_content","open_access":"1"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1572-0381"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        25","page":"257 - 280","citation":{"apa":"Lazarov, S. T., Biermeier, K., &#38; Grimminger, A. (2024). Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour. <i>Interaction Studies</i>, <i>25</i>(3), 257–280. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>","short":"S.T. Lazarov, K. Biermeier, A. Grimminger, Interaction Studies 25 (2024) 257–280.","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. “Changes in the Topical Structure of Explanations Are Related to Explainees’ Multimodal Behaviour.” <i>Interaction Studies</i>, vol. 25, no. 3, John Benjamins, 2024, pp. 257–80, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Lazarov_Biermeier_Grimminger_2024, title={Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour}, volume={25}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>}, number={3}, journal={Interaction Studies}, publisher={John Benjamins}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Biermeier, Kai and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2024}, pages={257–280} }","chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Kai Biermeier, and Angela Grimminger. “Changes in the Topical Structure of Explanations Are Related to Explainees’ Multimodal Behaviour.” <i>Interaction Studies</i> 25, no. 3 (2024): 257–80. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>.","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, K. Biermeier, and A. Grimminger, “Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour,” <i>Interaction Studies</i>, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 257–280, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>.","ama":"Lazarov ST, Biermeier K, Grimminger A. Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour. <i>Interaction Studies</i>. 2024;25(3):257-280. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>"},"user_id":"90345","_id":"59888","project":[{"grant_number":"438445824","_id":"112","name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)"}],"article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","status":"public","date_created":"2025-05-14T06:25:13Z","publisher":"John Benjamins","title":"Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour","issue":"3","year":"2024","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["explanations","multimodal behaviour","elaborations","conditional probabilities"],"publication":"Interaction Studies","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Everyday explanations are interactive processes with the aim to provide a less knowledgeable person with reasonable information about other people, objects, or events. Because explanations are interactive communicative processes, the topical structure of an explanation may vary dynamically depending on the immediate feedback of the explainee. In this paper, we analyse topical transitions in medical explanations organised by different physicians (explainers) related to different forms of multimodal behaviour of caregivers (explainees) attending an explanation about the procedures of\r\nan upcoming surgery of a child. The analyses reveal that explainees’ multimodal behaviour with gaze shifts (and particularly gaze aversion) can predict a transition from an elaborated topic to a new one, whereas explainees’ forms of multimodal behaviour with static gaze cannot be related to changes of the topical structure."}]},{"date_created":"2024-08-30T07:42:55Z","author":[{"first_name":"Olcay","last_name":"Türk","full_name":"Türk, Olcay"},{"id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"},{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Yu"},{"last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","first_name":"Hendrik"},{"last_name":"Grimminger","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578","first_name":"Angela"},{"full_name":"Wagner, Petra","id":"74505","last_name":"Wagner","first_name":"Petra"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-02T14:46:03Z","conference":{"start_date":"2024-11-04","name":"The 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","location":"San José, Costa Rica","end_date":"2024-11-08"},"doi":"10.1145/3678957.3685741","title":"Predictability of understanding in explanatory interactions based on multimodal cues","quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","page":"449-458","citation":{"chicago":"Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Yu Wang, Hendrik Buschmeier, Angela Grimminger, and Petra Wagner. “Predictability of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Based on Multimodal Cues.” In <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, 449–58. San José, Costa Rica, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741</a>.","ieee":"O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, and P. Wagner, “Predictability of understanding in explanatory interactions based on multimodal cues,” in <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, San José, Costa Rica, 2024, pp. 449–458, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741\">10.1145/3678957.3685741</a>.","ama":"Türk O, Lazarov ST, Wang Y, Buschmeier H, Grimminger A, Wagner P. Predictability of understanding in explanatory interactions based on multimodal cues. In: <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>. ; 2024:449-458. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741\">10.1145/3678957.3685741</a>","apa":"Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Wang, Y., Buschmeier, H., Grimminger, A., &#38; Wagner, P. (2024). Predictability of understanding in explanatory interactions based on multimodal cues. <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, 449–458. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741</a>","mla":"Türk, Olcay, et al. “Predictability of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Based on Multimodal Cues.” <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, 2024, pp. 449–58, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741\">10.1145/3678957.3685741</a>.","short":"O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, in: Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, San José, Costa Rica, 2024, pp. 449–458.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Wang_Buschmeier_Grimminger_Wagner_2024, place={San José, Costa Rica}, title={Predictability of understanding in explanatory interactions based on multimodal cues}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741\">10.1145/3678957.3685741</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction}, author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Wang, Yu and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Grimminger, Angela and Wagner, Petra}, year={2024}, pages={449–458} }"},"year":"2024","place":"San José, Costa Rica","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"user_id":"57578","_id":"55912","project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","type":"conference","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In explanatory interactions, explainees are expected to continuously provide feedback to explainers by signaling whether they understand an ongoing explanation. The study presented in this paper is based on the hypothesis that explainees use a set of multimodal cues, including vocalizations, facial expressions, and movements of the torso, head, and hands, to do so. We test this hypothesis by building a random forest classifier based on a multimodal corpus of dyadic explanations (21 explainers and explainees), in which windows of understanding or non-understanding were identified by participants in a retrospective video recall task. Results show that sequences of understanding can indeed be differentiated from those of non-understanding, and that a diverse set of predictors covering a wide range of modalities contributes to this classification. Due to data sparsity and a high degree of individual variation, the generalizability of our results is currently limited, but they support our hypothesis of the relevance of multimodal display in explanatory interactions."}]},{"year":"2023","citation":{"mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. <i>Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using Video-Recall Data</i>. 2023.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Lazarov_Schaffer_Ronoh_2023, title={Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using Video-Recall Data}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Schaffer, Michael and Ronoh, Erick Kiprop}, year={2023} }","short":"S.T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, E.K. Ronoh, in: 2023.","apa":"Lazarov, S. T., Schaffer, M., &#38; Ronoh, E. K. (2023). <i>Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using Video-Recall Data</i>. 2nd TRR 318 Conference “Measuring Understanding” , Paderborn.","ama":"Lazarov ST, Schaffer M, Ronoh EK. Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using Video-Recall Data. In: ; 2023.","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, and E. K. Ronoh, “Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using Video-Recall Data,” presented at the 2nd TRR 318 Conference “Measuring Understanding” , Paderborn, 2023.","chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Michael Schaffer, and Erick Kiprop Ronoh. “Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using Video-Recall Data,” 2023."},"title":"Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using Video-Recall Data","conference":{"end_date":"2023-11-7","location":"Paderborn","name":"2nd TRR 318 Conference “Measuring Understanding” ","start_date":"2023-11-6"},"date_updated":"2024-11-18T13:40:50Z","author":[{"id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"},{"full_name":"Schaffer, Michael","id":"92807","last_name":"Schaffer","first_name":"Michael"},{"first_name":"Erick Kiprop","last_name":"Ronoh","full_name":"Ronoh, Erick Kiprop","id":"91665"}],"date_created":"2024-11-13T11:58:10Z","status":"public","type":"conference_abstract","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)","_id":"114","grant_number":"438445824"}],"_id":"57058","user_id":"92807","department":[{"_id":"427"}]}]