---
_id: '65180'
author:
- first_name: Lutz
  full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
  id: '37320'
  last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Heike M.
  full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
  id: '27152'
  last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Vivien
  full_name: Lohmer, Vivien
  id: '99097'
  last_name: Lohmer
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Schaffer, Michael
  id: '92807'
  last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Frederike
  full_name: Kern, Frederike
  last_name: Kern
- first_name: Carsten
  full_name: Schulte, Carsten
  id: '60311'
  last_name: Schulte
citation:
  ama: 'Terfloth L, Buhl HM, Lohmer V, Schaffer M, Kern F, Schulte C. <i>Bridging
    the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding of Technical
    Artifacts</i>.; 2026.'
  apa: 'Terfloth, L., Buhl, H. M., Lohmer, V., Schaffer, M., Kern, F., &#38; Schulte,
    C. (2026). <i>Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding
    of Technical Artifacts</i>.'
  bibtex: '@book{Terfloth_Buhl_Lohmer_Schaffer_Kern_Schulte_2026, title={Bridging
    the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding of Technical
    Artifacts}, author={Terfloth, Lutz and Buhl, Heike M. and Lohmer, Vivien and Schaffer,
    Michael and Kern, Frederike and Schulte, Carsten}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: 'Terfloth, Lutz, Heike M. Buhl, Vivien Lohmer, Michael Schaffer, Frederike
    Kern, and Carsten Schulte. <i>Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations
    Enhance Understanding of Technical Artifacts</i>, 2026.'
  ieee: 'L. Terfloth, H. M. Buhl, V. Lohmer, M. Schaffer, F. Kern, and C. Schulte,
    <i>Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding
    of Technical Artifacts</i>. 2026.'
  mla: 'Terfloth, Lutz, et al. <i>Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations
    Enhance Understanding of Technical Artifacts</i>. 2026.'
  short: 'L. Terfloth, H.M. Buhl, V. Lohmer, M. Schaffer, F. Kern, C. Schulte, Bridging
    the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding of Technical
    Artifacts, 2026.'
date_created: 2026-03-27T15:51:01Z
date_updated: 2026-03-27T15:53:19Z
department:
- _id: '427'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.24325
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '114'
  name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
    bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
status: public
title: 'Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding
  of Technical Artifacts'
type: working_paper
user_id: '90826'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61151'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In this paper, we discuss the application of retrospective video recall for
    the assessment of cognitive processes in explanatory interactions, such as understanding
    and mental models. Our purpose is to reflect on the benefits and limitations of
    video recall compared to another self-report method, ‘thinking-aloud’. To do so,
    we reveal empirical results from the application of video recall in three interdisciplinary
    research projects that applied the method for the qualitative and quantitative
    assessment of cognitive and behavioral phenomena in everyday explanations. In
    all three projects, video recall was applied as a post-hoc procedure following
    the recording of dyadic face-to-face explanations of board games. The design of
    the video recall procedure differed between individual projects because they pursued
    different research objectives – that is the investigation of (1) an interlocutor's
    multimodal signals of understanding, (2) the change in assumptions about an interlocutor's
    dispositional and situational knowledge, and (3) the differentiated assessment
    of an interlocutor's developing understanding of domain knowledge aspects by distinguishing
    between mechanistic and functional explanatory stances. By discussing the benefits
    and the limitations of each procedure, this article provides critical reflections
    on video recall as a versatile research method applied for the analysis of human
    multimodal behavior in interaction and cognitive processing.
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
  full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
  id: '90345'
  last_name: Lazarov
  orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Schaffer, Michael
  id: '92807'
  last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Viviane
  full_name: Gladow, Viviane
  last_name: Gladow
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
  id: '76456'
  last_name: Buschmeier
  orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Heike M.
  full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
  id: '27152'
  last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Angela
  full_name: Grimminger, Angela
  id: '57578'
  last_name: Grimminger
citation:
  ama: Lazarov ST, Schaffer M, Gladow V, Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Grimminger A. Retrospective
    video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.
  apa: Lazarov, S. T., Schaffer, M., Gladow, V., Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., &#38;
    Grimminger, A. (n.d.). <i>Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes
    in naturalistic explanations</i>.
  bibtex: '@article{Lazarov_Schaffer_Gladow_Buschmeier_Buhl_Grimminger, title={Retrospective
    video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations},
    author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Schaffer, Michael and Gladow, Viviane and
    Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Grimminger, Angela} }'
  chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Michael Schaffer, Viviane Gladow, Hendrik Buschmeier,
    Heike M. Buhl, and Angela Grimminger. “Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing
    Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations,” n.d.
  ieee: S. T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H. M. Buhl, and A. Grimminger,
    “Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic
    explanations.” .
  mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. <i>Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing
    Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations</i>.
  short: S.T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, A. Grimminger,
    (n.d.).
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:11:37Z
date_updated: 2026-03-27T16:18:03Z
department:
- _id: '660'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/u24kz_v2
page: '29'
project:
- _id: '111'
  name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '112'
  name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '114'
  name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
    bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
publication_status: submitted
status: public
title: Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic
  explanations
type: preprint
user_id: '76456'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '56994'
author:
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Schaffer, Michael
  id: '92807'
  last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Heike M.
  full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
  id: '27152'
  last_name: Buhl
citation:
  ama: 'Schaffer M, Buhl HM. The mental representation of the object of explanation
    in the process of co-constructive explanations. In: Ansorge U, Szaszkó B, Werner
    L, eds. <i>53rd DGPs Congress - Abstracts</i>. ; 2024.'
  apa: Schaffer, M., &#38; Buhl, H. M. (2024). The mental representation of the object
    of explanation in the process of co-constructive explanations. In U. Ansorge,
    B. Szaszkó, &#38; L. Werner (Eds.), <i>53rd DGPs Congress - Abstracts</i>.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Schaffer_Buhl_2024, title={The mental representation of
    the object of explanation in the process of co-constructive explanations}, booktitle={53rd
    DGPs Congress - Abstracts}, author={Schaffer, Michael and Buhl, Heike M.}, editor={Ansorge,
    Ulrich and Szaszkó, Bence and Werner, Lena}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Schaffer, Michael, and Heike M. Buhl. “The Mental Representation of the
    Object of Explanation in the Process of Co-Constructive Explanations.” In <i>53rd
    DGPs Congress - Abstracts</i>, edited by Ulrich Ansorge, Bence Szaszkó, and Lena
    Werner, 2024.
  ieee: M. Schaffer and H. M. Buhl, “The mental representation of the object of explanation
    in the process of co-constructive explanations,” in <i>53rd DGPs Congress - Abstracts</i>,
    Vienna, 2024.
  mla: Schaffer, Michael, and Heike M. Buhl. “The Mental Representation of the Object
    of Explanation in the Process of Co-Constructive Explanations.” <i>53rd DGPs Congress
    - Abstracts</i>, edited by Ulrich Ansorge et al., 2024.
  short: 'M. Schaffer, H.M. Buhl, in: U. Ansorge, B. Szaszkó, L. Werner (Eds.), 53rd
    DGPs Congress - Abstracts, 2024.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-09-19
  location: Vienna
  name: 53rd DGPs Congress
  start_date: 2024-09-16
date_created: 2024-11-12T10:10:31Z
date_updated: 2025-07-16T08:13:28Z
department:
- _id: '427'
editor:
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Ansorge, Ulrich
  last_name: Ansorge
- first_name: Bence
  full_name: Szaszkó, Bence
  last_name: Szaszkó
- first_name: Lena
  full_name: Werner, Lena
  last_name: Werner
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '114'
  grant_number: '438445824'
  name: 'TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
    bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)'
publication: 53rd DGPs Congress - Abstracts
status: public
title: The mental representation of the object of explanation in the process of co-constructive
  explanations
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '27152'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '57058'
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
  full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
  id: '90345'
  last_name: Lazarov
  orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Schaffer, Michael
  id: '92807'
  last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Erick Kiprop
  full_name: Ronoh, Erick Kiprop
  id: '91665'
  last_name: Ronoh
citation:
  ama: 'Lazarov ST, Schaffer M, Ronoh EK. Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using
    Video-Recall Data. In: ; 2023.'
  apa: Lazarov, S. T., Schaffer, M., &#38; Ronoh, E. K. (2023). <i>Approaches of Assessing
    Understanding Using Video-Recall Data</i>. 2nd TRR 318 Conference “Measuring Understanding”
    , Paderborn.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Lazarov_Schaffer_Ronoh_2023, title={Approaches of Assessing
    Understanding Using Video-Recall Data}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Schaffer,
    Michael and Ronoh, Erick Kiprop}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Michael Schaffer, and Erick Kiprop Ronoh. “Approaches
    of Assessing Understanding Using Video-Recall Data,” 2023.
  ieee: S. T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, and E. K. Ronoh, “Approaches of Assessing Understanding
    Using Video-Recall Data,” presented at the 2nd TRR 318 Conference “Measuring Understanding”
    , Paderborn, 2023.
  mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. <i>Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using
    Video-Recall Data</i>. 2023.
  short: 'S.T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, E.K. Ronoh, in: 2023.'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-11-7
  location: Paderborn
  name: '2nd TRR 318 Conference “Measuring Understanding” '
  start_date: 2023-11-6
date_created: 2024-11-13T11:58:10Z
date_updated: 2024-11-18T13:40:50Z
department:
- _id: '427'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '114'
  grant_number: '438445824'
  name: 'TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
    bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)'
status: public
title: Approaches of Assessing Understanding Using Video-Recall Data
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '92807'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '57056'
author:
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Schaffer, Michael
  id: '92807'
  last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Heike M.
  full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
  id: '27152'
  last_name: Buhl
citation:
  ama: 'Schaffer M, Buhl HM. Erklärungsverläufe und -inhalte aus Sicht Erklärender
    - eine qualitative Studie. In: ; 2023.'
  apa: 'Schaffer, M., &#38; Buhl, H. M. (2023). <i>Erklärungsverläufe und -inhalte
    aus Sicht Erklärender - eine qualitative Studie</i>. PAEPS 19. Fachgruppentagung
    Pädagogische Psychologie: Lehren und Lernen in einer Welt im Wandel, Kiel.'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Schaffer_Buhl_2023, title={Erklärungsverläufe und -inhalte
    aus Sicht Erklärender - eine qualitative Studie}, author={Schaffer, Michael and
    Buhl, Heike M.}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Schaffer, Michael, and Heike M. Buhl. “Erklärungsverläufe Und -Inhalte
    Aus Sicht Erklärender - Eine Qualitative Studie,” 2023.
  ieee: 'M. Schaffer and H. M. Buhl, “Erklärungsverläufe und -inhalte aus Sicht Erklärender
    - eine qualitative Studie,” presented at the PAEPS 19. Fachgruppentagung Pädagogische
    Psychologie: Lehren und Lernen in einer Welt im Wandel, Kiel, 2023.'
  mla: Schaffer, Michael, and Heike M. Buhl. <i>Erklärungsverläufe Und -Inhalte Aus
    Sicht Erklärender - Eine Qualitative Studie</i>. 2023.
  short: 'M. Schaffer, H.M. Buhl, in: 2023.'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-09-20
  location: Kiel
  name: 'PAEPS 19. Fachgruppentagung Pädagogische Psychologie: Lehren und Lernen in
    einer Welt im Wandel'
  start_date: 2023-09-18
date_created: 2024-11-13T11:46:07Z
date_updated: 2025-07-16T08:13:10Z
department:
- _id: '427'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '114'
  grant_number: '438445824'
  name: 'TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
    bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)'
status: public
title: Erklärungsverläufe und -inhalte aus Sicht Erklärender - eine qualitative Studie
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '27152'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '56993'
author:
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Schaffer, Michael
  id: '92807'
  last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Budde
  full_name: Lea, Budde
  last_name: Lea
- first_name: Carsten
  full_name: Schulte, Carsten
  id: '60311'
  last_name: Schulte
- first_name: Heike M.
  full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
  id: '27152'
  last_name: Buhl
citation:
  ama: 'Schaffer M, Lea B, Schulte C, Buhl HM. Die Anpassungen von Erklärungen an
    das Verständnis des Erklärgegenstandes der Gesprächspartner. In: Bermeitinger
    C,  Greve W, eds. <i>52nd DGPs Congress  - Abstracts</i>. ; 2022.'
  apa: Schaffer, M., Lea, B., Schulte, C., &#38; Buhl, H. M. (2022). Die Anpassungen
    von Erklärungen an das Verständnis des Erklärgegenstandes der Gesprächspartner.
    In C. Bermeitinger &#38; W.  Greve (Eds.), <i>52nd DGPs Congress  - Abstracts</i>.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Schaffer_Lea_Schulte_Buhl_2022, title={Die Anpassungen von
    Erklärungen an das Verständnis des Erklärgegenstandes der Gesprächspartner}, booktitle={52nd
    DGPs Congress  - Abstracts}, author={Schaffer, Michael and Lea, Budde and Schulte,
    Carsten and Buhl, Heike M.}, editor={Bermeitinger, Christina and  Greve, Werner},
    year={2022} }'
  chicago: Schaffer, Michael, Budde Lea, Carsten Schulte, and Heike M. Buhl. “Die
    Anpassungen von Erklärungen an das Verständnis des Erklärgegenstandes der Gesprächspartner.”
    In <i>52nd DGPs Congress  - Abstracts</i>, edited by Christina Bermeitinger and
    Werner  Greve, 2022.
  ieee: M. Schaffer, B. Lea, C. Schulte, and H. M. Buhl, “Die Anpassungen von Erklärungen
    an das Verständnis des Erklärgegenstandes der Gesprächspartner,” in <i>52nd DGPs
    Congress  - Abstracts</i>, Hildesheim, 2022.
  mla: Schaffer, Michael, et al. “Die Anpassungen von Erklärungen an das Verständnis
    des Erklärgegenstandes der Gesprächspartner.” <i>52nd DGPs Congress  - Abstracts</i>,
    edited by Christina Bermeitinger and Werner  Greve, 2022.
  short: 'M. Schaffer, B. Lea, C. Schulte, H.M. Buhl, in: C. Bermeitinger, W.  Greve
    (Eds.), 52nd DGPs Congress  - Abstracts, 2022.'
conference:
  end_date: 2022-09-15
  location: Hildesheim
  name: 10. – 15.09.2022 52. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie
  start_date: 2022-09-10
date_created: 2024-11-12T10:06:45Z
date_updated: 2025-07-16T08:13:48Z
editor:
- first_name: Christina
  full_name: Bermeitinger, Christina
  last_name: Bermeitinger
- first_name: Werner
  full_name: ' Greve, Werner'
  last_name: ' Greve'
keyword:
- Cognition
- Motivation
- Technical Model
- Mental Model
- Explainer
- Explainee
- Qualitative Content Analysis
language:
- iso: ger
project:
- _id: '114'
  grant_number: '438445824'
  name: 'TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
    bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)'
publication: 52nd DGPs Congress  - Abstracts
status: public
title: Die Anpassungen von Erklärungen an das Verständnis des Erklärgegenstandes der
  Gesprächspartner
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '27152'
year: '2022'
...