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Springer; 2026:269-295. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14</a>"},"page":"269-295","year":"2026","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"confirmation","url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14"}]},"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14"}],"doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14","title":"Models of the situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner","author":[{"first_name":"Heike M.","id":"27152","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","last_name":"Buhl"},{"full_name":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa","id":"86589","last_name":"Vollmer","first_name":"Anna-Lisa"},{"first_name":"Rachid","last_name":"Alami","full_name":"Alami, Rachid"},{"first_name":"Meisam","last_name":"Booshehri","full_name":"Booshehri, Meisam","id":"93424"},{"first_name":"Kary","last_name":"Främling","full_name":"Främling, Kary"}],"date_created":"2026-03-23T08:06:57Z","publisher":"Springer","oa":"1","date_updated":"2026-03-23T18:24:49Z"},{"type":"book_chapter","publication":"Social Explainable AI","status":"public","editor":[{"first_name":"Katharina J.","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina J.","last_name":"Rohlfing"},{"first_name":"Kary","last_name":"Främling","full_name":"Främling, Kary"},{"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Lim","full_name":"Lim, Brian"},{"last_name":"Alpsancar","full_name":"Alpsancar, Suzana","first_name":"Suzana"},{"last_name":"Thommes","full_name":"Thommes, Kirsten","first_name":"Kirsten"}],"user_id":"90826","department":[{"_id":"427"},{"_id":"660"}],"project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären","_id":"111"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog","_id":"115"},{"_id":"118","name":"TRR 318: Project Area INF"}],"_id":"65083","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13","relation":"confirmation"}]},"publication_identifier":{"unknown":["978-981-96-5290-7"]},"citation":{"ama":"Buhl HM, Wrede B, Fisher JB, Matarese M. Adaptation. In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Lim B, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, eds. <i>Social Explainable AI</i>. Springer; 2026:247-267. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13</a>","ieee":"H. M. Buhl, B. Wrede, J. B. Fisher, and M. Matarese, “Adaptation,” in <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, and K. Thommes, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 247–267.","chicago":"Buhl, Heike M., Britta Wrede, Josephine Beryl Fisher, and Marco Matarese. “Adaptation.” In <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Brian Lim, Suzana Alpsancar, and Kirsten Thommes, 247–67. Springer, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13</a>.","bibtex":"@inbook{Buhl_Wrede_Fisher_Matarese_2026, title={Adaptation}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13</a>}, booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Buhl, Heike M. and Wrede, Britta and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Matarese, Marco}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and Lim, Brian and Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten}, year={2026}, pages={247–267} }","short":"H.M. Buhl, B. Wrede, J.B. Fisher, M. Matarese, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 247–267.","mla":"Buhl, Heike M., et al. “Adaptation.” <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer, 2026, pp. 247–67, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13</a>.","apa":"Buhl, H. M., Wrede, B., Fisher, J. B., &#38; Matarese, M. (2026). Adaptation. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, &#38; K. Thommes (Eds.), <i>Social Explainable AI</i> (pp. 247–267). Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13</a>"},"page":"247-267","year":"2026","author":[{"last_name":"Buhl","id":"27152","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","first_name":"Heike M."},{"first_name":"Britta","last_name":"Wrede","full_name":"Wrede, Britta"},{"first_name":"Josephine Beryl","orcid":"0000-0002-9997-9241","last_name":"Fisher","id":"56345","full_name":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl"},{"first_name":"Marco","full_name":"Matarese, Marco","last_name":"Matarese"}],"date_created":"2026-03-23T07:55:56Z","oa":"1","publisher":"Springer","date_updated":"2026-03-23T18:25:34Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13"}],"doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_13","title":"Adaptation"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"user_id":"76456","_id":"61151","project":[{"_id":"111","name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären"},{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"}],"status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In this paper, we discuss the application of retrospective video recall for the assessment of cognitive processes in explanatory interactions, such as understanding and mental models. Our purpose is to reflect on the benefits and limitations of video recall compared to another self-report method, ‘thinking-aloud’. To do so, we reveal empirical results from the application of video recall in three interdisciplinary research projects that applied the method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of cognitive and behavioral phenomena in everyday explanations. In all three projects, video recall was applied as a post-hoc procedure following the recording of dyadic face-to-face explanations of board games. The design of the video recall procedure differed between individual projects because they pursued different research objectives – that is the investigation of (1) an interlocutor's multimodal signals of understanding, (2) the change in assumptions about an interlocutor's dispositional and situational knowledge, and (3) the differentiated assessment of an interlocutor's developing understanding of domain knowledge aspects by distinguishing between mechanistic and functional explanatory stances. By discussing the benefits and the limitations of each procedure, this article provides critical reflections on video recall as a versatile research method applied for the analysis of human multimodal behavior in interaction and cognitive processing."}],"type":"preprint","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/u24kz_v2"}],"title":"Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations","author":[{"id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"},{"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Schaffer","full_name":"Schaffer, Michael","id":"92807"},{"last_name":"Gladow","full_name":"Gladow, Viviane","first_name":"Viviane"},{"first_name":"Hendrik","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713"},{"id":"27152","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","last_name":"Buhl","first_name":"Heike M."},{"last_name":"Grimminger","id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","first_name":"Angela"}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:11:37Z","date_updated":"2026-03-27T16:18:03Z","page":"29","citation":{"chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Michael Schaffer, Viviane Gladow, Hendrik Buschmeier, Heike M. Buhl, and Angela Grimminger. “Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations,” n.d.","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H. M. Buhl, and A. Grimminger, “Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.” .","ama":"Lazarov ST, Schaffer M, Gladow V, Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Grimminger A. Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.","apa":"Lazarov, S. T., Schaffer, M., Gladow, V., Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., &#38; Grimminger, A. (n.d.). <i>Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations</i>.","bibtex":"@article{Lazarov_Schaffer_Gladow_Buschmeier_Buhl_Grimminger, title={Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Schaffer, Michael and Gladow, Viviane and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Grimminger, Angela} }","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. <i>Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations</i>.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, A. Grimminger, (n.d.)."},"year":"2026","publication_status":"submitted"},{"type":"book_editor","status":"public","editor":[{"first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Ilinykh","full_name":"Ilinykh, Nikolai"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-5622-8248","last_name":"Robrecht","full_name":"Robrecht, Amelie","id":"91982","first_name":"Amelie"},{"last_name":"Kopp","full_name":"Kopp, Stefan","first_name":"Stefan"},{"full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik"}],"series_title":"Proceedings (SemDial)","user_id":"76456","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"},{"_id":"111","name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären"}],"_id":"61178","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"extern":"1","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2308-2275"]},"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Ilinykh, Nikolai, Amelie Robrecht, Stefan Kopp, and Hendrik Buschmeier, eds. <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. Proceedings (SemDial). Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","ieee":"N. Ilinykh, A. Robrecht, S. Kopp, and H. Buschmeier, Eds., <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","ama":"Ilinykh N, Robrecht A, Kopp S, Buschmeier H, eds. <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>.; 2025.","bibtex":"@book{Ilinykh_Robrecht_Kopp_Buschmeier_2025, place={Bielefeld, Germany}, series={Proceedings (SemDial)}, title={SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue}, year={2025}, collection={Proceedings (SemDial)} }","short":"N. Ilinykh, A. Robrecht, S. Kopp, H. Buschmeier, eds., SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","mla":"Ilinykh, Nikolai, et al., editors. <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. 2025.","apa":"Ilinykh, N., Robrecht, A., Kopp, S., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (Eds.). (2025). <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>."},"page":"271+viii","place":"Bielefeld, Germany","year":"2025","date_created":"2025-09-11T07:16:10Z","date_updated":"2025-09-12T16:56:35Z","oa":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://purl.org/semdial/2025/proceedings"}],"conference":{"start_date":"2025-09-03","name":"29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue","location":"Bielefeld, Germany","end_date":"2025-09-05"},"title":"SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. 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OSF, 2025."},"year":"2025"},{"year":"2025","date_created":"2024-12-02T08:32:00Z","publisher":"Springer","title":"Explanation needs and ethical demands: unpacking the instrumental value of XAI","publication":"AI and Ethics","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"confirmation","url":"https://links.springernature.com/f/a/xjbXcT06ufIgbHT1duGaHQ~~/AABE5gA~/RgRpMhXcP0SiaHR0cHM6Ly9saW5rLnNwcmluZ2VyLmNvbS8xMC4xMDA3L3M0MzY4MS0wMjQtMDA2MjItMz91dG1fc291cmNlPXJjdF9jb25ncmF0ZW1haWx0JnV0bV9tZWRpdW09ZW1haWwmdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPW9hXzIwMjQxMjAzJnV0bV9jb250ZW50PTEwLjEwMDcvczQzNjgxLTAyNC0wMDYyMi0zVwNzcGNCCmdG3JBPZxsDc2FSIXN1emFuYS5hbHBzYW5jYXJAdW5pLXBhZGVyYm9ybi5kZVgEAAAHLA~~"}]},"publication_status":"published","page":"3015–3033","intvolume":"         5","citation":{"apa":"Alpsancar, S., Buhl, H. M., Matzner, T., &#38; Scharlau, I. (2025). Explanation needs and ethical demands: unpacking the instrumental value of XAI. <i>AI and Ethics</i>, <i>5</i>, 3015–3033. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3</a>","mla":"Alpsancar, Suzana, et al. “Explanation Needs and Ethical Demands: Unpacking the Instrumental Value of XAI.” <i>AI and Ethics</i>, vol. 5, Springer, 2025, pp. 3015–3033, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Alpsancar_Buhl_Matzner_Scharlau_2025, title={Explanation needs and ethical demands: unpacking the instrumental value of XAI}, volume={5}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3</a>}, journal={AI and Ethics}, publisher={Springer}, author={Alpsancar, Suzana and Buhl, Heike M. and Matzner, Tobias and Scharlau, Ingrid}, year={2025}, pages={3015–3033} }","short":"S. Alpsancar, H.M. Buhl, T. Matzner, I. Scharlau, AI and Ethics 5 (2025) 3015–3033.","ieee":"S. Alpsancar, H. M. Buhl, T. Matzner, and I. Scharlau, “Explanation needs and ethical demands: unpacking the instrumental value of XAI,” <i>AI and Ethics</i>, vol. 5, pp. 3015–3033, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3</a>.","chicago":"Alpsancar, Suzana, Heike M. Buhl, Tobias Matzner, and Ingrid Scharlau. “Explanation Needs and Ethical Demands: Unpacking the Instrumental Value of XAI.” <i>AI and Ethics</i> 5 (2025): 3015–3033. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3</a>.","ama":"Alpsancar S, Buhl HM, Matzner T, Scharlau I. Explanation needs and ethical demands: unpacking the instrumental value of XAI. <i>AI and Ethics</i>. 2025;5:3015–3033. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3</a>"},"volume":5,"author":[{"last_name":"Alpsancar","id":"93637","full_name":"Alpsancar, Suzana","first_name":"Suzana"},{"first_name":"Heike M.","id":"27152","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","last_name":"Buhl"},{"full_name":"Matzner, Tobias","id":"65695","last_name":"Matzner","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Ingrid","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","last_name":"Scharlau","id":"451","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid"}],"date_updated":"2025-11-25T21:27:44Z","oa":"1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00622-3","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"type":"journal_article","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"756"},{"_id":"26"}],"user_id":"93637","_id":"57531","project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - B06: TRR 318 - Teilprojekt B6 - Ethik und Normativität der erklärbaren KI","_id":"370"},{"name":"TRR 318 - A01: TRR 318 - Adaptives Erklären (Teilprojekt A01)","_id":"111"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)"}]},{"type":"journal_article","status":"public","user_id":"57578","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"project":[{"_id":"111","name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären"},{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject A3","_id":"113"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog","_id":"115"},{"_id":"122","name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B3"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B5","_id":"123"},{"_id":"119","name":"TRR 318 - Project Area Ö"}],"_id":"61156","file_date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","article_number":"101419","article_type":"original","publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>}, number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling, Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait, Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }","mla":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","short":"H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher, A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing, I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede, Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025).","apa":"Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher, J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer, V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang, Y., Wilmes, A., &#38; Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, <i>94</i>, Article 101419. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>","ieee":"H. Buschmeier <i>et al.</i>, “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","chicago":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger, Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i> 94 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","ama":"Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>. 2025;94. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>"},"intvolume":"        94","author":[{"last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456","first_name":"Hendrik"},{"last_name":"Buhl","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","id":"27152","first_name":"Heike M."},{"full_name":"Kern, Friederike","last_name":"Kern","first_name":"Friederike"},{"first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela"},{"last_name":"Beierling","id":"50995","full_name":"Beierling, Helen","first_name":"Helen"},{"first_name":"Josephine Beryl","full_name":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl","id":"56345","last_name":"Fisher","orcid":"0000-0002-9997-9241"},{"first_name":"André","full_name":"Groß, André","id":"93405","last_name":"Groß","orcid":"0000-0002-9593-7220"},{"first_name":"Ilona","full_name":"Horwath, Ilona","id":"68836","last_name":"Horwath"},{"first_name":"Nils","orcid":"0000-0002-7347-099X","last_name":"Klowait","id":"98454","full_name":"Klowait, Nils"},{"last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"},{"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Lenke","full_name":"Lenke, Michael"},{"first_name":"Vivien","last_name":"Lohmer","full_name":"Lohmer, Vivien"},{"first_name":"Katharina","id":"50352","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina","last_name":"Rohlfing","orcid":"0000-0002-5676-8233"},{"last_name":"Scharlau","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","id":"451","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid","first_name":"Ingrid"},{"first_name":"Amit","orcid":"0000-0002-7789-1521","last_name":"Singh","full_name":"Singh, Amit","id":"91018"},{"last_name":"Terfloth","full_name":"Terfloth, Lutz","id":"37320","first_name":"Lutz"},{"last_name":"Vollmer","id":"86589","full_name":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa","first_name":"Anna-Lisa"},{"last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Yu","first_name":"Yu"},{"first_name":"Annedore","last_name":"Wilmes","full_name":"Wilmes, Annedore"},{"last_name":"Wrede","full_name":"Wrede, Britta","first_name":"Britta"}],"volume":94,"date_updated":"2025-12-05T15:32:25Z","oa":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419","publication":"Cognitive Systems Research","file":[{"date_created":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","creator":"hbuschme","date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","access_level":"closed","file_name":"Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf","file_id":"62730","file_size":10114981,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1}],"abstract":[{"text":"Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’ on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology, a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent. Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding in XAI are discussed.","lang":"eng"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ddc":["006"],"keyword":["understanding","explaining","explanations","explainable","AI","interdisciplinarity","comprehension","enabledness","agency"],"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2025","date_created":"2025-09-08T14:24:32Z","title":"Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations"},{"external_id":{"arxiv":["2406.12544"]},"_id":"55154","project":[{"grant_number":"438445824","name":"TRR 318 - A01: TRR 318 - Adaptives Erklären (Teilprojekt A01)","_id":"111"}],"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"user_id":"91982","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"arXiv:2406.12544","type":"preprint","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In human interaction, gestures serve various functions such as marking speech\r\nrhythm, highlighting key elements, and supplementing information. These\r\ngestures are also observed in explanatory contexts. However, the impact of\r\ngestures on explanations provided by virtual agents remains underexplored. A\r\nuser study was carried out to investigate how different types of gestures\r\ninfluence perceived interaction quality and listener understanding. This study\r\naddresses the effect of gestures in explanation by developing an embodied\r\nvirtual explainer integrating both beat gestures and iconic gestures to enhance\r\nits automatically generated verbal explanations. Our model combines beat\r\ngestures generated by a learned speech-driven synthesis module with manually\r\ncaptured iconic gestures, supporting the agent's verbal expressions about the\r\nboard game Quarto! as an explanation scenario. Findings indicate that neither\r\nthe use of iconic gestures alone nor their combination with beat gestures\r\noutperforms the baseline or beat-only conditions in terms of understanding.\r\nNonetheless, compared to prior research, the embodied agent significantly\r\nenhances understanding."}],"status":"public","date_updated":"2024-07-16T09:38:34Z","author":[{"id":"91982","full_name":"Robrecht, Amelie","orcid":"0000-0001-5622-8248","last_name":"Robrecht","first_name":"Amelie"},{"full_name":"Voss, Hendric","last_name":"Voss","first_name":"Hendric"},{"full_name":"Gottschalk, Lisa","last_name":"Gottschalk","first_name":"Lisa"},{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Kopp, Stefan","last_name":"Kopp"}],"date_created":"2024-07-10T11:03:59Z","title":"Integrating Representational Gestures into Automatically Generated  Embodied Explanations and its Effects on Understanding and Interaction  Quality","year":"2024","citation":{"ama":"Robrecht A, Voss H, Gottschalk L, Kopp S. Integrating Representational Gestures into Automatically Generated  Embodied Explanations and its Effects on Understanding and Interaction  Quality. <i>arXiv:240612544</i>. Published online 2024.","chicago":"Robrecht, Amelie, Hendric Voss, Lisa Gottschalk, and Stefan Kopp. “Integrating Representational Gestures into Automatically Generated  Embodied Explanations and Its Effects on Understanding and Interaction  Quality.” <i>ArXiv:2406.12544</i>, 2024.","ieee":"A. Robrecht, H. Voss, L. Gottschalk, and S. Kopp, “Integrating Representational Gestures into Automatically Generated  Embodied Explanations and its Effects on Understanding and Interaction  Quality,” <i>arXiv:2406.12544</i>. 2024.","mla":"Robrecht, Amelie, et al. “Integrating Representational Gestures into Automatically Generated  Embodied Explanations and Its Effects on Understanding and Interaction  Quality.” <i>ArXiv:2406.12544</i>, 2024.","short":"A. Robrecht, H. Voss, L. Gottschalk, S. Kopp, ArXiv:2406.12544 (2024).","bibtex":"@article{Robrecht_Voss_Gottschalk_Kopp_2024, title={Integrating Representational Gestures into Automatically Generated  Embodied Explanations and its Effects on Understanding and Interaction  Quality}, journal={arXiv:2406.12544}, author={Robrecht, Amelie and Voss, Hendric and Gottschalk, Lisa and Kopp, Stefan}, year={2024} }","apa":"Robrecht, A., Voss, H., Gottschalk, L., &#38; Kopp, S. (2024). Integrating Representational Gestures into Automatically Generated  Embodied Explanations and its Effects on Understanding and Interaction  Quality. In <i>arXiv:2406.12544</i>."}},{"publication_status":"published","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"original","url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5bb7p5pt"}]},"year":"2024","citation":{"ieee":"H. M. Buhl, J. B. Fisher, and K. Rohlfing, “Changes in partner models – Effects of adaptivity in the course of explanations,” <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i>, vol. 46, 2024.","chicago":"Buhl, Heike M., Josephine Beryl Fisher, and Katharina Rohlfing. “Changes in Partner Models – Effects of Adaptivity in the Course of Explanations.” <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i> 46 (2024).","ama":"Buhl HM, Fisher JB, Rohlfing K. Changes in partner models – Effects of adaptivity in the course of explanations. <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i>. 2024;46.","apa":"Buhl, H. M., Fisher, J. B., &#38; Rohlfing, K. (2024). Changes in partner models – Effects of adaptivity in the course of explanations. <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i>, <i>46</i>.","bibtex":"@article{Buhl_Fisher_Rohlfing_2024, title={Changes in partner models – Effects of adaptivity in the course of explanations}, volume={46}, journal={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society}, author={Buhl, Heike M. and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Rohlfing, Katharina}, year={2024} }","mla":"Buhl, Heike M., et al. “Changes in Partner Models – Effects of Adaptivity in the Course of Explanations.” <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society</i>, vol. 46, 2024.","short":"H.M. Buhl, J.B. Fisher, K. Rohlfing, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 46 (2024)."},"intvolume":"        46","oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-01-15T13:32:44Z","date_created":"2024-09-26T18:14:20Z","author":[{"first_name":"Heike M.","last_name":"Buhl","id":"27152","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M."},{"id":"56345","full_name":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl","last_name":"Fisher","first_name":"Josephine Beryl"},{"first_name":"Katharina","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina","id":"50352","last_name":"Rohlfing","orcid":"0000-0002-5676-8233"}],"volume":46,"title":"Changes in partner models – Effects of adaptivity in the course of explanations","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5bb7p5pt","open_access":"1"}],"type":"journal_article","publication":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","status":"public","project":[{"grant_number":"438445824","_id":"111","name":"TRR 318 - A01: TRR 318 - Adaptives Erklären (Teilprojekt A01)"}],"_id":"56264","user_id":"55908","department":[{"_id":"427"},{"_id":"749"},{"_id":"660"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"article_type":"original","department":[{"_id":"749"}],"user_id":"57578","_id":"58708","project":[{"_id":"111","name":"TRR 318 - A01: TRR 318 - Adaptives Erklären (Teilprojekt A01)"},{"name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)","_id":"112"},{"_id":"109","name":"TRR 318: TRR 318 - Erklärbarkeit konstruieren"}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article","doi":"doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/is.23019.fis"}],"volume":25,"author":[{"first_name":"Josephine Beryl","orcid":"0000-0002-9997-9241","last_name":"Fisher","full_name":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl","id":"56345"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-5676-8233","last_name":"Rohlfing","id":"50352","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina J.","first_name":"Katharina J."},{"first_name":"Ed","last_name":"Donnellan","full_name":"Donnellan, Ed"},{"first_name":"Angela","id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","last_name":"Grimminger"},{"last_name":"Gu","full_name":"Gu, Yan","first_name":"Yan"},{"first_name":"Gabriella","last_name":"Vigliocco","full_name":"Vigliocco, Gabriella"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-02T14:17:44Z","page":"244-255","intvolume":"        25","citation":{"apa":"Fisher, J. B., Rohlfing, K. J., Donnellan, E., Grimminger, A., Gu, Y., &#38; Vigliocco, G. (2024).  Explain with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape their own learning. <i>Interaction Studies</i>, <i>25</i>(2), 244–255. <a href=\"https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis\">https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis</a>","short":"J.B. Fisher, K.J. Rohlfing, E. Donnellan, A. Grimminger, Y. Gu, G. Vigliocco, Interaction Studies 25 (2024) 244–255.","bibtex":"@article{Fisher_Rohlfing_Donnellan_Grimminger_Gu_Vigliocco_2024, title={ Explain with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape their own learning}, volume={25}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis\">doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis</a>}, number={2}, journal={Interaction Studies}, publisher={John Benjamins}, author={Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Donnellan, Ed and Grimminger, Angela and Gu, Yan and Vigliocco, Gabriella}, year={2024}, pages={244–255} }","mla":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl, et al. “ Explain with, Rather than Explain to: How Explainees Shape Their Own Learning.” <i>Interaction Studies</i>, vol. 25, no. 2, John Benjamins, 2024, pp. 244–55, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis\">doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis</a>.","ieee":"J. B. Fisher, K. J. Rohlfing, E. Donnellan, A. Grimminger, Y. Gu, and G. Vigliocco, “ Explain with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape their own learning,” <i>Interaction Studies</i>, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 244–255, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis\">doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis</a>.","chicago":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl, Katharina J. Rohlfing, Ed Donnellan, Angela Grimminger, Yan Gu, and Gabriella Vigliocco. “ Explain with, Rather than Explain to: How Explainees Shape Their Own Learning.” <i>Interaction Studies</i> 25, no. 2 (2024): 244–55. <a href=\"https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis\">https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis</a>.","ama":"Fisher JB, Rohlfing KJ, Donnellan E, Grimminger A, Gu Y, Vigliocco G.  Explain with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape their own learning. <i>Interaction Studies</i>. 2024;25(2):244-255. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis\">doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"unknown":[" 1572-0373"]},"publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Research about explanation processes is gaining relevance because of the increased popularity of artificial systems required to explain their function or outcome. Following an interactive approach, not only explainers, but also explainees contribute to successful interactions. However, little is known about how explainees actively guide explanation processes and how their involvement relates to learning. We explored the occurrence and type of explainees’ questions in 20 adult — adult explanation dialogues about unknown present and absent objects. Crucially, we related the question types to the explainees’ subsequent recall of the unknown object labels. We found that explainees asked different types of questions, especially about the object’s label and facts. Questions about the object’s function were asked more when objects were present. In addition, requests for labelling were linked to better recall. The results contribute to designing explainable AI that aims to provide relevant and adaptive explanations and to further experimental approaches to study explanations.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Interaction Studies","title":" Explain with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape their own learning","date_created":"2025-02-19T09:09:03Z","publisher":"John Benjamins","year":"2024","issue":"2"},{"status":"public","publication":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence","type":"conference","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"55155","project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - A01: TRR 318 - Adaptives Erklären (Teilprojekt A01)","_id":"111","grant_number":"438445824"}],"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"user_id":"91982","year":"2023","citation":{"mla":"Robrecht, Amelie, and Stefan Kopp. “SNAPE: A Sequential Non-Stationary Decision Process Model for Adaptive Explanation Generation.” <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence</i>, SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5220/0011671300003393\">10.5220/0011671300003393</a>.","short":"A. Robrecht, S. Kopp, in: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence, SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2023.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Robrecht_Kopp_2023, title={SNAPE: A Sequential Non-Stationary Decision Process Model for Adaptive Explanation Generation}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5220/0011671300003393\">10.5220/0011671300003393</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence}, publisher={SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications}, author={Robrecht, Amelie and Kopp, Stefan}, year={2023} }","apa":"Robrecht, A., &#38; Kopp, S. (2023). 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