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Vollmer, H.M. Buhl, R. Alami, K. Främling, A. Grimminger, M. Booshehri, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 39–53.","chicago":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa, Heike M. Buhl, Rachid Alami, Kary Främling, Angela Grimminger, Meisam Booshehri, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Components of an Explanation for Co-Constructive SXAI.” In <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Brian Lim, Suzana Alpsancar, and Kirsten Thommes, 39–53. Springer, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3</a>.","apa":"Vollmer, A.-L., Buhl, H. M., Alami, R., Främling, K., Grimminger, A., Booshehri, M., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2026). Components of an explanation for co-constructive sXAI. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, &#38; K. Thommes (Eds.), <i>Social Explainable AI</i> (pp. 39–53). 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Springer; 2026:39-53. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3\">10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3</a>","bibtex":"@inbook{Vollmer_Buhl_Alami_Främling_Grimminger_Booshehri_Ngonga Ngomo_2026, title={Components of an explanation for co-constructive sXAI}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3\">10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3</a>}, booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Buhl, Heike M. and Alami, Rachid and Främling, Kary and Grimminger, Angela and Booshehri, Meisam and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and Lim, Brian and Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten}, year={2026}, pages={39–53} }","mla":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa, et al. “Components of an Explanation for Co-Constructive SXAI.” <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer, 2026, pp. 39–53, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3\">10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3</a>."},"project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären","_id":"111"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"},{"_id":"123","name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B5"},{"name":"TRR 318: Project Area INF","_id":"118"}],"quality_controlled":"1","oa":"1","author":[{"last_name":"Vollmer","first_name":"Anna-Lisa","full_name":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa"},{"last_name":"Buhl","first_name":"Heike M.","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","id":"27152"},{"full_name":"Alami, Rachid","first_name":"Rachid","last_name":"Alami"},{"first_name":"Kary","last_name":"Främling","full_name":"Främling, Kary"},{"first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578"},{"full_name":"Booshehri, Meisam","first_name":"Meisam","last_name":"Booshehri"},{"id":"65716","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo","first_name":"Axel-Cyrille","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille"}],"publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["978-981-96-5290-7"]},"year":"2026","title":"Components of an explanation for co-constructive sXAI","publication_status":"epub_ahead","date_updated":"2026-03-23T18:28:01Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3","open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3","publication":"Social Explainable AI","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3","relation":"original"}]},"date_created":"2025-09-17T10:16:52Z","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"book_chapter"},{"date_updated":"2026-03-27T16:18:03Z","publication_status":"submitted","author":[{"id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483"},{"id":"92807","first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Schaffer","full_name":"Schaffer, Michael"},{"full_name":"Gladow, Viviane","first_name":"Viviane","last_name":"Gladow"},{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713"},{"id":"27152","last_name":"Buhl","first_name":"Heike M.","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M."},{"first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578"}],"title":"Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations","year":"2026","status":"public","user_id":"76456","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"61151","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/u24kz_v2"}],"page":"29","project":[{"_id":"111","name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären"},{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"}],"abstract":[{"text":"In this paper, we discuss the application of retrospective video recall for the assessment of cognitive processes in explanatory interactions, such as understanding and mental models. Our purpose is to reflect on the benefits and limitations of video recall compared to another self-report method, ‘thinking-aloud’. To do so, we reveal empirical results from the application of video recall in three interdisciplinary research projects that applied the method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of cognitive and behavioral phenomena in everyday explanations. In all three projects, video recall was applied as a post-hoc procedure following the recording of dyadic face-to-face explanations of board games. The design of the video recall procedure differed between individual projects because they pursued different research objectives – that is the investigation of (1) an interlocutor's multimodal signals of understanding, (2) the change in assumptions about an interlocutor's dispositional and situational knowledge, and (3) the differentiated assessment of an interlocutor's developing understanding of domain knowledge aspects by distinguishing between mechanistic and functional explanatory stances. By discussing the benefits and the limitations of each procedure, this article provides critical reflections on video recall as a versatile research method applied for the analysis of human multimodal behavior in interaction and cognitive processing.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Lazarov_Schaffer_Gladow_Buschmeier_Buhl_Grimminger, title={Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Schaffer, Michael and Gladow, Viviane and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Grimminger, Angela} }","ama":"Lazarov ST, Schaffer M, Gladow V, Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Grimminger A. Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. <i>Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations</i>.","chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Michael Schaffer, Viviane Gladow, Hendrik Buschmeier, Heike M. Buhl, and Angela Grimminger. “Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations,” n.d.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, A. Grimminger, (n.d.).","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H. M. Buhl, and A. Grimminger, “Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.” .","apa":"Lazarov, S. T., Schaffer, M., Gladow, V., Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., &#38; Grimminger, A. (n.d.). <i>Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations</i>."},"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"preprint","date_created":"2025-09-08T14:11:37Z"},{"doi":"10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-05-07T08:08:53Z","title":"Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues","year":"2026","author":[{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Yu"},{"full_name":"Türk, Olcay","first_name":"Olcay","last_name":"Türk"},{"id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger"},{"last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"}],"type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"date_created":"2026-03-13T17:59:22Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We investigate how verbal and nonverbal linguistic features, exhibited by speakers and listeners in dialogue, can contribute to predicting the listener's state of understanding in explanatory interactions on a moment-by-moment basis. Specifically, we examine three linguistic cues related to cognitive load and hypothesised to correlate with listener understanding: the information value (operationalised with surprisal) and syntactic complexity of the speaker's utterances, and the variation in the listener's interactive gaze behaviour. Based on statistical analyses of the MUNDEX corpus of face-to-face dialogic board game explanations, we find that individual cues vary with the listener's level of understanding. Listener states (‘Understanding’, ‘Partial Understanding’, ‘Non-Understanding’ and ‘Misunderstanding’) were self-annotated by the listeners using a retrospective video-recall method. The results of a subsequent classification experiment, involving two off-the-shelf classifiers and a fine-tuned German BERT-based multimodal classifier, demonstrate that prediction of these four states of understanding is generally possible and improves when the three linguistic cues are considered alongside textual features."}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","user_id":"76456","page":"11368-11378","_id":"64914","publisher":"ELRA","status":"public","conference":{"location":"Palma, Mallorca, Spain","start_date":"2026-05-11","name":"15th Biennial Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","end_date":"2026-05-16"},"oa":"1","place":"Palma, Mallorca, Spain","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Wang_Türk_Grimminger_Buschmeier_2026, place={Palma, Mallorca, Spain}, title={Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference}, publisher={ELRA}, author={Wang, Yu and Türk, Olcay and Grimminger, Angela and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2026}, pages={11368–11378} }","chicago":"Wang, Yu, Olcay Türk, Angela Grimminger, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Predicting States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Using Cognitive Load-Related Linguistic Cues.” In <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>, 11368–78. Palma, Mallorca, Spain: ELRA, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>.","short":"Y. Wang, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, in: Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, ELRA, Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 2026, pp. 11368–11378.","ama":"Wang Y, Türk O, Grimminger A, Buschmeier H. Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues. In: <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>. ELRA; 2026:11368-11378. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>","ieee":"Y. Wang, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, and H. Buschmeier, “Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues,” in <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>, Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 2026, pp. 11368–11378, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>.","apa":"Wang, Y., Türk, O., Grimminger, A., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2026). Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues. <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>, 11368–11378. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>","mla":"Wang, Yu, et al. “Predicting States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Using Cognitive Load-Related Linguistic Cues.” <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>, ELRA, 2026, pp. 11368–78, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>."}},{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","_id":"65565","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"57578","doi":"10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8","status":"public","title":"How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions?","year":"2026","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0191-5886","1573-3653"]},"author":[{"id":"90345","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov"},{"id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-06-04T18:48:45Z","date_created":"2026-05-05T14:19:47Z","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"publication":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Lazarov_Grimminger_2026, title={How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions?}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8\">10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8</a>}, journal={Journal of Nonverbal Behavior}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2026} }","ama":"Lazarov ST, Grimminger A. How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions? <i>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</i>. Published online 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8\">10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8</a>","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “How Are Gaze Aversions and Mutual Gaze Related to the Topical Development of Dyadic Explanatory Interactions?” <i>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</i>, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8\">10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8</a>.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, A. Grimminger, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (2026).","chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “How Are Gaze Aversions and Mutual Gaze Related to the Topical Development of Dyadic Explanatory Interactions?” <i>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</i>, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8</a>.","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov and A. Grimminger, “How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions?,” <i>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</i>, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8\">10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8</a>.","apa":"Lazarov, S. T., &#38; Grimminger, A. (2026). How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions? <i>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8</a>"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n                  <jats:p>Gaze behavior, being continuously accessible to interlocutors in face-to-face interactions, serves as a cue for managing turn-taking, regulating the duration of topical sequences, and supporting cognitive processing in various everyday conversational contexts. The present study seeks to enhance the understanding of the relation between two forms of interactive gaze behavior – gaze aversions and mutual gaze – and the topical development in the explanatory discourse. To do so, we analyzed 24 dyadic board game explanations in which one explainer subsequently explained a board game to three different explainees while the board game was physically absent from the shared space. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the relation of gaze aversions and mutual gaze to the topical development of explanations. For this, based on previous research (Lazarov et al., 2024; Rossano, 2012) we hypothesized that (1) gaze aversions are more likely to be associated with topic changes than topic continuations, and that (2) mutual gaze is more likely to be associated with topic continuations than topic changes. In addition, we explored how the two forms of gaze behavior are related to the interlocutor who initiates a topic change or continuation. Our proportional analysis using a Generalized linear mixed effects model revealed that gaze aversions are related to topic changes initiated by both interlocutors. In contrast, the analysis did not reveal a significant relation between mutual gaze and topic continuations, which could be explained by the feedback elicitation function of mutual gaze at the end of speakers’ utterances (Bavelas et al., 2002; Brône et al., 2017; Kendon, 1967) while monitoring the addressees’ understanding (Clark &amp; Krych, 2004) and the complexity of the analyzed fixed and random effects.</jats:p>"}],"project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}]},{"user_id":"76456","page":"5319-5348","publisher":"Association for Computational Linguistics","_id":"61444","status":"public","conference":{"name":"64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","start_date":"2026-07-02","location":"San Diego, CA, USA","end_date":"2026-07-07"},"oa":"1","place":"San Diego, CA, USA","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Wang, Yu, Leyi Lao, Langchu Huang, Gabriel Skantze, Yang Xu, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Investigating the Representation of Backchannels and Fillers in Fine-Tuned Language Models.” In <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, 5319–48. San Diego, CA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>.","short":"Y. Wang, L. Lao, L. Huang, G. Skantze, Y. Xu, H. Buschmeier, in: Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, San Diego, CA, USA, 2026, pp. 5319–5348.","apa":"Wang, Y., Lao, L., Huang, L., Skantze, G., Xu, Y., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2026). Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models. <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, 5319–5348. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>","ieee":"Y. Wang, L. Lao, L. Huang, G. Skantze, Y. Xu, and H. Buschmeier, “Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models,” in <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, San Diego, CA, USA, 2026, pp. 5319–5348, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>.","ama":"Wang Y, Lao L, Huang L, Skantze G, Xu Y, Buschmeier H. Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models. In: <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>. Association for Computational Linguistics; 2026:5319-5348. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Wang_Lao_Huang_Skantze_Xu_Buschmeier_2026, place={San Diego, CA, USA}, title={Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics}, author={Wang, Yu and Lao, Leyi and Huang, Langchu and Skantze, Gabriel and Xu, Yang and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2026}, pages={5319–5348} }","mla":"Wang, Yu, et al. “Investigating the Representation of Backchannels and Fillers in Fine-Tuned Language Models.” <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2026, pp. 5319–48, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>."},"doi":"10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.20237","open_access":"1"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-07-01T19:43:27Z","title":"Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models","year":"2026","author":[{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Yu"},{"last_name":"Lao","first_name":"Leyi","full_name":"Lao, Leyi"},{"full_name":"Huang, Langchu","first_name":"Langchu","last_name":"Huang"},{"full_name":"Skantze, Gabriel","last_name":"Skantze","first_name":"Gabriel"},{"first_name":"Yang","last_name":"Xu","full_name":"Xu, Yang"},{"full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","id":"76456"}],"type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"date_created":"2025-09-25T19:00:23Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Backchannels and fillers are important linguistic expressions in dialogue, but often treated as \"noise\" to be bypassed in modern transformer-based language models. Our work studies the representation of them in language models using three fine-tuning strategies. The models are trained on three dialogue corpora in English and Japanese, where backchannels and fillers are preserved and annotated, to investigate how fine-tuning can help LMs learn their representations. We first apply clustering analysis to the learnt representation of backchannels and fillers, and have found increased silhouette scores in representations from fine-tuned models, which suggests that fine-tuning enables LMs to distinguish the nuanced semantic variation in different backchannel and filler use. We also use natural language generation (NLG) metrics and qualitative analysis to confirm that the utterances generated by fine-tuned language models resemble human-produced utterances more closely. Our findings suggest the potentials of transforming general LMs into conversational LMs that are more capable of producing human-like languages adequately."}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"date_created":"2026-07-01T19:44:35Z","place":"Sydney, Australia","abstract":[{"text":"Multimodal backchannels are fundamental to conversational grounding and understanding. However, backchannels do not always transparently reflect the interlocutor's actual cognitive state. “Incongruent backchannels”, where the observable feedback implies understanding although there is no genuine understanding, are a potential source of ambiguity in any interaction. Using acoustic, head movement, and discourse-related data from 45 naturalistic dyadic interactions, we investigate whether incongruent and congruent backchannels show systematically different properties using a classification task. Results show that these backchannels are indeed separable based on multimodal features. Incongruent backchannels are typically characterised by more neutral head movement configurations and lower acoustic dynamism, while discursive cues strongly influence the classification. Overall, the findings suggest a relatively reduced effort in the signalling of incongruent backchannels.","lang":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - Projekt A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"publication":"Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026","citation":{"mla":"Türk, Olcay, et al. “When ‘Yeah’ Means ‘Not Quite’: Multimodal Detection of Backchannels Expressing Incomplete Understanding.” <i>Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026</i>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Wang_Grimminger_Buschmeier_Wagner, place={Sydney, Australia}, title={When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding}, booktitle={Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026}, author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Wang, Yu and Grimminger, Angela and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Wagner, Petra} }","ama":"Türk O, Lazarov ST, Wang Y, Grimminger A, Buschmeier H, Wagner P. When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding. In: <i>Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026</i>.","ieee":"O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, and P. Wagner, “When ‘yeah’ means ‘not quite’: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding,” presented at the INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia.","apa":"Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Wang, Y., Grimminger, A., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Wagner, P. (n.d.). When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding. <i>Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026</i>. INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia.","chicago":"Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Yu Wang, Angela Grimminger, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Petra Wagner. “When ‘Yeah’ Means ‘Not Quite’: Multimodal Detection of Backchannels Expressing Incomplete Understanding.” In <i>Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026</i>. Sydney, Australia, n.d.","short":"O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, in: Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia, n.d."},"user_id":"76456","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"66106","publication_status":"accepted","date_updated":"2026-07-01T19:48:21Z","title":"When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding","status":"public","year":"2026","author":[{"full_name":"Türk, Olcay","first_name":"Olcay","last_name":"Türk"},{"id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov"},{"first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Yu"},{"last_name":"Grimminger","first_name":"Angela","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578"},{"full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","id":"76456"},{"id":"74505","full_name":"Wagner, Petra","last_name":"Wagner","first_name":"Petra"}],"conference":{"name":"INTERSPEECH 2026","start_date":"2026-09-27","location":"Sydney, Australia","end_date":"2026-10-01"}},{"extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Since the emergence of the field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), a growing number of researchers have argued that XAI should consider insights from the social sciences in order to adapt explanations to the expectations and needs of human users. This has led to the emergence of a field called Social XAI, which is concerned with understanding how explanations are actively shaped in the interaction between a human user and an AI system. Recognizing this turn in XAI toward making XAI systems more “social” by providing explanations that focus on human information needs and incorporating insights from human–human explanatory interactions, in this paper we provide a formal foundation for Social XAI. We do so by proposing novel ontological accounts of the key terms used in Social XAI based on Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). Specifically, we provide novel ontological accounts for explanandum, explanans, understanding, explanation, explainer, explainee, and context. In doing so, we discuss multifaceted entities in Social XAI (having both continuant and occurrent facets; e.g., explanation) and the relationship between understanding and explanation. Additionally, we propose solutions to seemingly paradoxical views on some terms (e.g., social constructivist vs. individual constructivist perspective on explanandum)."}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems","type":"book_chapter","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:00:45Z","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-09-11T10:16:28Z","year":"2025","title":"A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI","author":[{"id":"93424","first_name":"Meisam","last_name":"Booshehri","full_name":"Booshehri, Meisam"},{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik"},{"first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Cimiano","full_name":"Cimiano, Philipp"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9781643686172"],"issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"]},"doi":"10.3233/faia250498","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA250498","open_access":"1"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"_id":"118","name":"TRR 318: Project Area INF"},{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}],"citation":{"ama":"Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI. In: <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>. IOS Press; 2025:255–268. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">10.3233/faia250498</a>","bibtex":"@inbook{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2025, title={A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">10.3233/faia250498</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems}, publisher={IOS Press}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2025}, pages={255–268} }","mla":"Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “A BFO-Based Ontological Analysis of Entities in Social XAI.” <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">10.3233/faia250498</a>.","short":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268.","chicago":"Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “A BFO-Based Ontological Analysis of Entities in Social XAI.” In <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>, 255–268. IOS Press, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498</a>.","apa":"Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2025). A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI. In <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i> (pp. 255–268). IOS Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498</a>","ieee":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI,” in <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268."},"oa":"1","status":"public","conference":{"end_date":"2025-09-12","location":"Catania, Italy","start_date":"2025-09-08","name":"15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems"},"user_id":"76456","page":"255–268","_id":"61150","publisher":"IOS Press"},{"publication":"Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2025, title={A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI}, booktitle={Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2025} }","ama":"Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI. In: <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>. ; 2025.","mla":"Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “A BFO-Based Ontology of Context for Social XAI.” <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>, 2025.","chicago":"Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “A BFO-Based Ontology of Context for Social XAI.” In <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>, 2025.","short":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, 2025.","ieee":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI,” presented at the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","apa":"Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2025). A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI. <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>. 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, Bielefeld, Germany."},"quality_controlled":"1","extern":"1","project":[{"_id":"118","name":"TRR 318: Project Area INF"},{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:15:42Z","type":"conference_abstract","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"status":"public","year":"2025","title":"A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI","conference":{"end_date":"2025-06-18","location":"Bielefeld, Germany","start_date":"2025-06-17","name":"3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations"},"author":[{"last_name":"Booshehri","first_name":"Meisam","full_name":"Booshehri, Meisam","id":"93424"},{"full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","last_name":"Buschmeier","id":"76456"},{"full_name":"Cimiano, Philipp","first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Cimiano"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-12T06:29:37Z","_id":"61153","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"76456"},{"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://purl.org/semdial/2025/proceedings"}],"series_title":"Proceedings (SemDial)","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-12T16:56:35Z","publication_status":"published","title":"SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue","year":"2025","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2308-2275"]},"type":"book_editor","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"date_created":"2025-09-11T07:16:10Z","extern":"1","user_id":"76456","editor":[{"full_name":"Ilinykh, Nikolai","first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Ilinykh"},{"id":"91982","orcid":"0000-0001-5622-8248","first_name":"Amelie","last_name":"Robrecht","full_name":"Robrecht, Amelie"},{"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Kopp","full_name":"Kopp, Stefan"},{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier"}],"page":"271+viii","_id":"61178","status":"public","conference":{"end_date":"2025-09-05","name":"29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue","start_date":"2025-09-03","location":"Bielefeld, Germany"},"oa":"1","place":"Bielefeld, Germany","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"},{"_id":"111","name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären"}],"citation":{"short":"N. Ilinykh, A. Robrecht, S. Kopp, H. Buschmeier, eds., SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","chicago":"Ilinykh, Nikolai, Amelie Robrecht, Stefan Kopp, and Hendrik Buschmeier, eds. <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. Proceedings (SemDial). Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","ieee":"N. Ilinykh, A. Robrecht, S. Kopp, and H. Buschmeier, Eds., <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","apa":"Ilinykh, N., Robrecht, A., Kopp, S., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (Eds.). (2025). <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>.","bibtex":"@book{Ilinykh_Robrecht_Kopp_Buschmeier_2025, place={Bielefeld, Germany}, series={Proceedings (SemDial)}, title={SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue}, year={2025}, collection={Proceedings (SemDial)} }","ama":"Ilinykh N, Robrecht A, Kopp S, Buschmeier H, eds. <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>.; 2025.","mla":"Ilinykh, Nikolai, et al., editors. <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. 2025."}},{"doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.17129817","user_id":"57578","publisher":"LibreCat University","_id":"61429","date_updated":"2025-09-24T09:46:28Z","title":"MUNDEX Annotations","status":"public","year":"2025","author":[{"first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"},{"id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger"},{"full_name":"Wagner, Petra","last_name":"Wagner","first_name":"Petra"},{"id":"90345","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov"},{"first_name":"Olcay","last_name":"Türk","full_name":"Türk, Olcay"},{"first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Yu"}],"type":"research_data","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"date_created":"2025-09-24T09:41:50Z","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"citation":{"mla":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>.","bibtex":"@book{Buschmeier_Grimminger_Wagner_Lazarov_Türk_Wang_2025, title={MUNDEX Annotations}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>}, publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Grimminger, Angela and Wagner, Petra and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Türk, Olcay and Wang, Yu}, year={2025} }","ama":"Buschmeier H, Grimminger A, Wagner P, Lazarov ST, Türk O, Wang Y. <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>","ieee":"H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, S. T. Lazarov, O. Türk, and Y. Wang, <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University, 2025.","apa":"Buschmeier, H., Grimminger, A., Wagner, P., Lazarov, S. T., Türk, O., &#38; Wang, Y. (2025). <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>","chicago":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, Angela Grimminger, Petra Wagner, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Olcay Türk, and Yu Wang. <i>MUNDEX Annotations</i>. LibreCat University, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817</a>.","short":"H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, S.T. Lazarov, O. Türk, Y. Wang, MUNDEX Annotations, LibreCat University, 2025."}},{"doi":"10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446","user_id":"90345","_id":"62748","publisher":"Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"167","date_updated":"2025-12-02T14:21:41Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"id":"90345","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov"}],"title":"The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining","year":"2025","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"36"}],"type":"dissertation","place":"Paderborn","date_created":"2025-12-02T14:15:00Z","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Erklärungen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in alltäglichen persönlichen Gesprächen, indem sie den Wissensaustausch fördern, Ideen klären und das Verständnis unterstützen. In solchen Gesprächen versuchen die Erklärenden (d. h. die sachkundigere Person), das Verständnis der Explainees (d. h. die Person, die eine Erklärung erhält) durch Interaktionsprozesse wie Monitoring, Scaffolding und gemeinsame Konstruktion zu verbessern (Buschmeier et al., 2023; Rohlfing et al., 2021). Während gemeinsame Konstruktionen aus dem bidirektionalen (non-)verbalen Austausch zwischen den Gesprächspartnern entstehen, bezeichnet Scaffolding den Prozess, durch den die Erklärenden eine Erklärung anpassen, indem sie unterschiedliche Verhaltensweisen als Reaktion auf das Verhalten der Explainees einsetzen, welches deren kognitive Verarbeitung signalisiert (Wood et al., 1976). Monitoring bezeichnet einen kontinuierlichen Prozess, in dem die Gesprächspartner auf Wahrnehmungssignale wie (non-)verbale Verhaltensweisen achten, um Hinweise auf (Miss-)Verständnisse zu erkennen und zu interpretieren (Clark &amp; Krych, 2004).In der vorliegenden Arbeit berichte ich über fünf Studien zu dyadischen Erklärungen zwischen Menschen und diskutiere anhand empirischer Befunde die Interaktionsdynamiken, die bestimmten Formen verbalen und nonverbalen Erklärungsverhaltens zugrunde liegen. Zu diesem Zweck analysierte ich in den vorgestellten Studien Daten aus zwei Videokorpora zu verschiedenen Bereichen alltäglicher Erklärungen, beispielsweise medizinischen Erklärungen und Brettspielerklärungen. Das Korpus zu medizinischen Erklärungen umfasst elf naturalistische Interaktionen zwischen Ärzten und Bezugspersonen über eine bevorstehende chirurgische Operation von Kindern. Das Korpus zu Brettspielerklärungen besteht aus 87 dyadischen Brettspielerklärungen, von denen eine Teilstichprobe von 24 Interaktionen in den vorgestellten Studien spezifisch untersucht wurde.Um das verbale Erklärungsverhalten zu untersuchen, analysierte ich in zwei Studien, die sich mit medizinischen Erklärungen und Brettspielerklärungen befassten, den Zusammenhang zwischen Themenwechseln in Erklärungen und dem multimodalen Verhalten der Explainees, das von den Erklärenden beobachtet wurde. Die Analyse medizinischer Erklärungen legt nahe, dass der Wechsel von Elaborationen zu neuen Themen mit dem multimodalen Verhalten der Explainees einhergeht, welches Blickabwendung, Kopfnicken und verbale Rückkopplung umfasst. Der Wechsel zu Elaborationen hingegen ist mit einer anhaltenden Blickrichtung verbunden, unabhängig davon, ob zusätzliche Signale vorhanden sind oder nicht (Lazarov et al., 2024). Eine nachfolgende Studie zu Brettspielerklärungen (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, in Begutachtung) erweiterte diese Analyse durch die Einbeziehung des Blickverhaltens der Erklärenden. Die Studie untersuchte den Zusammenhang zwischen gegenseitigem Blickkontakt und Blickabwendung mit der Einleitung neuer Themen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten die Ergebnisse aus dem medizinischen Kontext: Blickabwendungen der Explainees gehen Themenwechseln häufiger voraus als gegenseitiger Blickkontakt, was mit früheren Forschungsergebnissen von Rossano (2012, 2013) übereinstimmt. Die Analyse untersuchte zudem den Zusammenhang zwischen dem / der Gesprächspartner:in, der / die Blickabwendungen initiierte, und dem / der Gesprächspartner:in, der / die Themenwechsel initiierte.Um das nonverbale Erklärungsverhalten zu untersuchen, analysierte ich die Verwendung von sprachbegleitenden Gesten von verschiedenen Erklärenden in drei Studien zu Brettspielerklärungen, in denen das zu erklärende Objekt im gemeinsamen Referenzraum physisch nicht vorhanden war. Obwohl diese Abwesenheit ein fortwährendes Bedürfnis nach der Etablierung gemeinsamer imaginärer Räume impliziert (Kang et al., 2015; Kinalzik &amp; Heller, 2021), beispielsweise durch kontinuierliches Zeigen auf unsichtbare Orte, zeigte die Studie von Lazarov &amp; Grimminger (2025), dass Gestenikonizität und zeitliche Hervorhebung auch in Themen zu Objekteigenschaften, Handlungsprozessen und bedingten Regeln variabel auftreten.Motiviert durch die kontinuierliche Verwendung von der gestischen Deixis während der physischen Abwesenheit des Explanandums erforschten die letzten zwei Studien den kognitiven Mechanismus der Anpassung des Gebrauchs deiktischer Gesten in Bezug auf die Beobachtung des Verständnisses der Explainees. Unabhängig davon, ob die Erklärenden das Verständnis der Explainees in einer retrospektiven Video Recall Aufgabe interpretierten (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, 2024a) oder die verbalen Verständnissignale der Explainees wahrnahmen (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, 2024b), zeigten die Analysen, dass die Häufigkeit der gestischen Deixis während der Erklärungsphase, in der das Explanandum nicht im gemeinsamen Raum vorhanden war, stabil blieb. Zu den Ergebnissen der in dieser Dissertation präsentierten Studien diskutiere ich, wie die kontinuierliche Beobachtung des Feedbackverhaltens der Explainees Anpassungen sowohl im verbalen als auch im nonverbalen Erklärungsverhalten erläutern kann. Darüber hinaus verdeutlichen die von mir präsentierten Studien das Ausmaß der individuellen Variation innerhalb und zwischen den Erklärenden, von denen jeder / jede mit drei verschiedenen Explainees interagierte.","lang":"eng"},{"lang":"eng","text":"Explanations play a central role in everyday face-to-face interactions by helping people share knowledge, clarify ideas, and support understanding. In face-to-face explanations, explainers (i.e., the more knowledgeable part) seek to enhance explainees’ understanding of an explanandum through interactional processes such as monitoring, scaffolding, and co-constructions (Buschmeier et al., 2023; Rohlfing et al., 2021). While co-constructions emerge from the bidirectional (non-)verbal exchange between the interlocutors, scaffolding refers to the process by which the explainers tailor an explanation by employing different forms of behavior in response to the explainees' behavior signaling their cognitive processing (Wood et al., 1976). Monitoring denotes a continuous process in which the interlocutors attend to perceptual evidence, such as (non-)verbal behaviors, to identify and interpret cues of (mis)understanding (Clark &amp; Krych, 2004).In the present thesis, I report five studies on dyadic human–human explanations, and based on empirical findings, I discuss the interactional dynamics underpinning some forms of the verbal and nonverbal explaining behavior. To this end, in the reported studies, I analyzed data from two video corpora on different domains of everyday explanations, such as medical and board game explanations. The corpus on medical explanations comprises eleven naturalistic interactions between physicians and caregivers about an upcoming pediatric surgery. The corpus on board game explanations consists of 87 dyadic board game explanations, from which a subsample of 24 interactions was specifically addressed in the reported studies.To explore the verbal explaining behavior, I examined the relation between topical shifts in explanations and the explainees’ multimodal behavior as monitored by the explainers in two studies addressing the domains of medical and board game explanations. The analysis of medical explanations suggests that shifts from elaborations to new topics are associated with the explainees' multimodal behavior that comprises gaze aversions, co-occurring with head nodding, and vocal backchanneling, whereas shifts into elaborations are associated with a sustained gaze direction, whether accompanied by additional cues or not (Lazarov et al., 2024). A subsequent study on board game explanations (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, under review) extended this analysis by incorporating the explainers’ gaze behavior. The study investigated the relation of mutual gaze and gaze withdrawals to the initiation of new topics. The findings corroborated those from the medical context: the explainees' gaze withdrawals precede topical changes more frequently than mutual gaze, which corresponds to prior research by (Rossano, 2012, 2013). The analysis further investigated the relation between the initiator of gaze withdrawals and the initiator of topical changes.To examine the nonverbal explaining behavior, I analyzed the use of co-speech gestures by different explainers in three studies on board game explanations, during which the explanandum was physically absent from the shared space. Although this absence implies a persistent need for establishing joint imagined spaces (Kang et al., 2015; Kinalzik &amp; Heller, 2021), for example, by continuously pointing at invisible locations, the study by Lazarov &amp; Grimminger (2025) revealed that gesture iconicity and temporal highlighting also occur variably across explanation topics about object features, action processes, and conditional rules.Motivated by the continuous use of gesture deixis during the physical absence of the explanandum, the last two studies explored the cognitive mechanism of adapting the use of deictic gestures in relation to the monitoring of the explainees' understanding. Whether the explainers interpreted the explainees' understanding in a retrospective video recall task (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, 2024a), or perceived the explainees' verbal signals of understanding (Lazarov &amp; Grimminger, 2024b), the analyses demonstrated that the frequency of gesture deixis remains stable over the course of the explanation phase in which the explanandum was absent from the shared space.Building on the results from the studies presented in this thesis, I discuss how the continuous monitoring of the explainees' feedback behavior accounts for adaptations in both the verbal and the nonverbal modes of explaining behavior. Furthermore, the analyses I present illuminate the extent of individual variation within and across explainers, each of whom interacted with three different explainees."}],"supervisor":[{"full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","id":"57578"},{"first_name":"Geert","last_name":"Brône","full_name":"Brône, Geert"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov. <i>The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining</i>. Paderborn: Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining, Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn, Paderborn, 2025.","apa":"Lazarov, S. T. (2025). <i>The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining</i>. Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, <i>The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining</i>. Paderborn: Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn, 2025.","ama":"Lazarov ST. <i>The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining</i>. Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>","bibtex":"@book{Lazarov_2025, place={Paderborn}, title={The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>}, publisher={Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov}, year={2025} }","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov. <i>The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining</i>. Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446</a>."}},{"has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","ddc":["006"],"user_id":"57578","volume":94,"_id":"61156","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären","_id":"111"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject A3","_id":"113"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten","_id":"114"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog","_id":"115"},{"_id":"122","name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B3"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B5","_id":"123"},{"_id":"119","name":"TRR 318 - Project Area Ö"}],"file_date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","citation":{"ieee":"H. Buschmeier <i>et al.</i>, “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","apa":"Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher, J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer, V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang, Y., Wilmes, A., &#38; Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, <i>94</i>, Article 101419. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>","chicago":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger, Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i> 94 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","short":"H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher, A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing, I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede, Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025).","mla":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>}, number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling, Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait, Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }","ama":"Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>. 2025;94. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>"},"oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-12-05T15:32:25Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        94","article_type":"original","year":"2025","title":"Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations","author":[{"first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"},{"full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","last_name":"Buhl","first_name":"Heike M.","id":"27152"},{"last_name":"Kern","first_name":"Friederike","full_name":"Kern, Friederike"},{"full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","first_name":"Angela","id":"57578"},{"id":"50995","full_name":"Beierling, Helen","first_name":"Helen","last_name":"Beierling"},{"id":"56345","full_name":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl","first_name":"Josephine Beryl","orcid":"0000-0002-9997-9241","last_name":"Fisher"},{"id":"93405","first_name":"André","orcid":"0000-0002-9593-7220","last_name":"Groß","full_name":"Groß, André"},{"id":"68836","last_name":"Horwath","first_name":"Ilona","full_name":"Horwath, Ilona"},{"first_name":"Nils","last_name":"Klowait","orcid":"0000-0002-7347-099X","full_name":"Klowait, Nils","id":"98454"},{"id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483"},{"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Lenke","full_name":"Lenke, Michael"},{"first_name":"Vivien","last_name":"Lohmer","full_name":"Lohmer, Vivien"},{"first_name":"Katharina","last_name":"Rohlfing","orcid":"0000-0002-5676-8233","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina","id":"50352"},{"id":"451","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid","first_name":"Ingrid","last_name":"Scharlau","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489"},{"id":"91018","full_name":"Singh, Amit","first_name":"Amit","last_name":"Singh","orcid":"0000-0002-7789-1521"},{"full_name":"Terfloth, Lutz","last_name":"Terfloth","first_name":"Lutz","id":"37320"},{"id":"86589","last_name":"Vollmer","first_name":"Anna-Lisa","full_name":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa"},{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang"},{"last_name":"Wilmes","first_name":"Annedore","full_name":"Wilmes, Annedore"},{"full_name":"Wrede, Britta","first_name":"Britta","last_name":"Wrede"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub"}],"article_number":"101419","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’ on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology, a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent. Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding in XAI are discussed."}],"publication":"Cognitive Systems Research","type":"journal_article","keyword":["understanding","explaining","explanations","explainable","AI","interdisciplinarity","comprehension","enabledness","agency"],"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"file":[{"success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"62730","access_level":"closed","file_size":10114981,"file_name":"Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf","date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","creator":"hbuschme"}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:24:32Z"},{"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/3003514/3003515/Turk-etal-2025-lingcologne.pdf"}],"page":"36","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"61154","user_id":"76456","year":"2025","title":"Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations","status":"public","conference":{"location":"Cologne, Germany","name":"LingCologne 2025 International Conference on Feedback in Interaction","start_date":"2025-05-21","end_date":"2025-05-23"},"author":[{"full_name":"Türk, Olcay","last_name":"Türk","first_name":"Olcay"},{"id":"90345","last_name":"Lazarov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov"},{"last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"},{"full_name":"Wagner, Petra","last_name":"Wagner","first_name":"Petra","id":"74505"},{"first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-11T06:58:18Z","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2025-09-08T14:21:30Z","type":"conference_abstract","oa":"1","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"publication":"LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts","citation":{"chicago":"Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Hendrik Buschmeier, Petra Wagner, and Angela Grimminger. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding in Explanations.” In <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, 36, 2025.","short":"O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, A. Grimminger, in: LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, 2025, p. 36.","ieee":"O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, and A. Grimminger, “Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations,” in <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, Cologne, Germany, 2025, p. 36.","apa":"Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Buschmeier, H., Wagner, P., &#38; Grimminger, A. (2025). Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations. <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, 36.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Buschmeier_Wagner_Grimminger_2025, title={Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations}, booktitle={LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts}, author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Wagner, Petra and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2025}, pages={36} }","ama":"Türk O, Lazarov ST, Buschmeier H, Wagner P, Grimminger A. Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations. In: <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>. ; 2025:36.","mla":"Türk, Olcay, et al. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding in Explanations.” <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, 2025, p. 36."},"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}]},{"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-05-05T14:18:35Z","author":[{"full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","id":"90345"},{"first_name":"Olcay","last_name":"Türk","full_name":"Türk, Olcay"},{"id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger"},{"full_name":"Wagner, Petra ","last_name":"Wagner","first_name":"Petra "},{"first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"}],"year":"2025","status":"public","title":"Annotation Schemes Project A02 \"Monitoring the understanding of explanations\"","user_id":"90345","doi":"10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA","_id":"65564","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"LibreCat University","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"citation":{"mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. <i>Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding of Explanations.”</i> LibreCat University, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA\">10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA</a>.","ama":"Lazarov ST, Türk O, Grimminger A, Wagner P, Buschmeier H. <i>Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding of Explanations.”</i> LibreCat University; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA\">10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA</a>","bibtex":"@book{Lazarov_Türk_Grimminger_Wagner_Buschmeier_2025, title={Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the understanding of explanations”}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA\">10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA</a>}, publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Türk, Olcay and Grimminger, Angela and Wagner, Petra  and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2025} }","apa":"Lazarov, S. T., Türk, O., Grimminger, A., Wagner, P., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2025). <i>Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the understanding of explanations.”</i> LibreCat University. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA\">https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA</a>","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, and H. Buschmeier, <i>Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the understanding of explanations.”</i> LibreCat University, 2025.","chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Olcay Türk, Angela Grimminger, Petra  Wagner, and Hendrik Buschmeier. <i>Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding of Explanations.”</i> LibreCat University, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA\">https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA</a>.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, H. Buschmeier, Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding of Explanations,” LibreCat University, 2025."},"type":"misc","date_created":"2026-05-05T14:09:18Z"},{"status":"public","conference":{"end_date":"2024-10-19","start_date":"2024-10-19","name":"4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)","location":"Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},"has_accepted_license":"1","publisher":"International Association for Ontology and its Applications","_id":"55917","user_id":"76456","ddc":["006"],"file_date_updated":"2024-11-18T16:01:17Z","citation":{"apa":"Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2024). Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions. <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)</i>. 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.","ieee":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions,” presented at the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI), Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 2024.","short":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI), International Association for Ontology and its Applications, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 2024.","chicago":"Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “Towards a BFO-Based Ontology of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions.” In <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)</i>. Santiago de Compostela, Spain: International Association for Ontology and its Applications, 2024.","mla":"Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “Towards a BFO-Based Ontology of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions.” <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)</i>, International Association for Ontology and its Applications, 2024.","ama":"Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions. In: <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)</i>. International Association for Ontology and its Applications; 2024.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2024, place={Santiago de Compostela, Spain}, title={Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)}, publisher={International Association for Ontology and its Applications}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2024} }"},"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - INF: TRR 318 - Project Area INF","_id":"118"},{"name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)","_id":"112"}],"place":"Santiago de Compostela, Spain","oa":"1","year":"2024","title":"Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1613-0073"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Booshehri, Meisam","last_name":"Booshehri","first_name":"Meisam"},{"id":"76456","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"},{"full_name":"Cimiano, Philipp","first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Cimiano"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-09-11T10:16:42Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3833/paper3.pdf"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)","extern":"1","abstract":[{"text":"This work takes steps towards situating the concepts relevant to explanation and understanding in explanatory interactions within the scope of Basic Formal Ontology. We introduce novel ontological accounts of understanding and explanation in BFO-terms, which foster a shared conceptualization of explanations and explainee's understanding during explainer-explainee interactions. This approach also enables the tracking of different aspects of understanding and explanation through cognitive profiling of various measurable aspects under the heading of process profile in BFO. Additionally, we differentiate between the private mental process of understanding and understanding displays. Finally, we characterize the relationship between understanding displays and explanations.","lang":"eng"}],"file":[{"date_created":"2024-11-18T16:01:17Z","creator":"hbuschme","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_id":"57206","file_size":436217,"access_level":"closed","file_name":"Booshehri-etal-2024.pdf","date_updated":"2024-11-18T16:01:17Z","relation":"main_file"}],"date_created":"2024-08-30T07:57:06Z","type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"660"}]}]