---
_id: '61323'
author:
- first_name: Britta
full_name: Wrede, Britta
last_name: Wrede
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
last_name: Buschmeier
- first_name: Katharina Justine
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina Justine
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233
- first_name: Meisam
full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: 'Wrede B, Buschmeier H, Rohlfing KJ, Booshehri M, Grimminger A. Incremental
communication. In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, Lim BY, eds.
Social Explainable AI. Springer; 2026:227-245. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12'
apa: Wrede, B., Buschmeier, H., Rohlfing, K. J., Booshehri, M., & Grimminger,
A. (2026). Incremental communication. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar,
K. Thommes, & B. Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI (pp. 227–245).
Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12
bibtex: '@inbook{Wrede_Buschmeier_Rohlfing_Booshehri_Grimminger_2026, title={Incremental
communication}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Wrede, Britta
and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Rohlfing, Katharina Justine and Booshehri, Meisam
and Grimminger, Angela}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and
Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten and Lim, Brian Y.}, year={2026}, pages={227–245}
}'
chicago: Wrede, Britta, Hendrik Buschmeier, Katharina Justine Rohlfing, Meisam Booshehri,
and Angela Grimminger. “Incremental Communication.” In Social Explainable AI,
edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Suzana Alpsancar, Kirsten Thommes,
and Brian Y. Lim, 227–45. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12.
ieee: B. Wrede, H. Buschmeier, K. J. Rohlfing, M. Booshehri, and A. Grimminger,
“Incremental communication,” in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing,
K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp.
227–245.
mla: Wrede, Britta, et al. “Incremental Communication.” Social Explainable AI,
edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer, 2026, pp. 227–45, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12.
short: 'B. Wrede, H. Buschmeier, K.J. Rohlfing, M. Booshehri, A. Grimminger, in:
K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social
Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 227–245.'
date_created: 2025-09-17T10:16:36Z
date_updated: 2026-03-19T12:38:37Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 227-245
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '115'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog'
- _id: '113'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject A3
- _id: '118'
name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF'
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: epub_ahead
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12
status: public
title: Incremental communication
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61321'
author:
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
last_name: Buschmeier
citation:
ama: 'Grimminger A, Buschmeier H. Theoretical aspects of multimodal processing.
In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, Lim BY, eds. Social Explainable
AI. Springer; 2026:351-365. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18'
apa: Grimminger, A., & Buschmeier, H. (2026). Theoretical aspects of multimodal
processing. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, & B.
Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI (pp. 351–365). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18
bibtex: '@inbook{Grimminger_Buschmeier_2026, title={Theoretical aspects of multimodal
processing}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Grimminger, Angela
and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and
Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten and Lim, Brian Y.}, year={2026}, pages={351–365}
}'
chicago: Grimminger, Angela, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Theoretical Aspects of Multimodal
Processing.” In Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing,
Kary Främling, Suzana Alpsancar, Kirsten Thommes, and Brian Y. Lim, 351–65. Springer,
2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18.
ieee: A. Grimminger and H. Buschmeier, “Theoretical aspects of multimodal processing,”
in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K.
Thommes, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 351–365.
mla: Grimminger, Angela, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Theoretical Aspects of Multimodal
Processing.” Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et
al., Springer, 2026, pp. 351–65, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18.
short: 'A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar,
K. Thommes, B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 351–365.'
date_created: 2025-09-17T10:13:52Z
date_updated: 2026-03-19T12:48:40Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 351-365
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18
status: public
title: Theoretical aspects of multimodal processing
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61322'
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Igor
full_name: Tchappi, Igor
last_name: Tchappi
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: 'Lazarov ST, Tchappi I, Grimminger A. Characteristics of nonverbal behavior.
In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, Lim BY, eds. Social Explainable
AI. Springer; 2026:367-390. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19'
apa: Lazarov, S. T., Tchappi, I., & Grimminger, A. (2026). Characteristics of
nonverbal behavior. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes,
& B. Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI (pp. 367–390). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19
bibtex: '@inbook{Lazarov_Tchappi_Grimminger_2026, title={Characteristics of nonverbal
behavior}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Lazarov, Stefan
Teodorov and Tchappi, Igor and Grimminger, Angela}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina
J. and Främling, Kary and Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten and Lim, Brian
Y.}, year={2026}, pages={367–390} }'
chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Igor Tchappi, and Angela Grimminger. “Characteristics
of Nonverbal Behavior.” In Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J.
Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Suzana Alpsancar, Kirsten Thommes, and Brian Y. Lim,
367–90. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19.
ieee: S. T. Lazarov, I. Tchappi, and A. Grimminger, “Characteristics of nonverbal
behavior,” in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar,
K. Thommes, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 367–390.
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. “Characteristics of Nonverbal Behavior.” Social
Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer, 2026, pp.
367–90, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19.
short: 'S.T. Lazarov, I. Tchappi, A. Grimminger, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling,
S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026,
pp. 367–390.'
date_created: 2025-09-17T10:15:42Z
date_updated: 2026-03-19T13:58:43Z
department:
- _id: '660'
- _id: '36'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 367-390
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19
status: public
title: Characteristics of nonverbal behavior
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61324'
author:
- first_name: Petra
full_name: Wagner, Petra
last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Kopp, Stefan
last_name: Kopp
citation:
ama: 'Wagner P, Kopp S. Timing and synchronization of multimodal signals in explanations.
In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, Lim BY, eds. Social Explainable
AI. Springer; 2026:433-446. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_22'
apa: Wagner, P., & Kopp, S. (2026). Timing and synchronization of multimodal
signals in explanations. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes,
& B. Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI (pp. 433–446). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_22
bibtex: '@inbook{Wagner_Kopp_2026, title={Timing and synchronization of multimodal
signals in explanations}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_22},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Wagner, Petra
and Kopp, Stefan}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and Alpsancar,
Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten and Lim, Brian Y.}, year={2026}, pages={433–446} }'
chicago: Wagner, Petra, and Stefan Kopp. “Timing and Synchronization of Multimodal
Signals in Explanations.” In Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina
J. Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Suzana Alpsancar, Kirsten Thommes, and Brian Y. Lim,
433–46. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_22.
ieee: P. Wagner and S. Kopp, “Timing and synchronization of multimodal signals in
explanations,” in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S.
Alpsancar, K. Thommes, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 433–446.
mla: Wagner, Petra, and Stefan Kopp. “Timing and Synchronization of Multimodal Signals
in Explanations.” Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing
et al., Springer, 2026, pp. 433–46, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_22.
short: 'P. Wagner, S. Kopp, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes,
B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 433–446.'
date_created: 2025-09-17T10:16:49Z
date_updated: 2026-03-19T13:58:53Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_22
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 433-446
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_22
status: public
title: Timing and synchronization of multimodal signals in explanations
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61112'
author:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: 'Rohlfing KJ, Vollmer A-L, Grimminger A. Practices: How to establish an explaining
practice. In: Rohlfing K, Främling K, Thommes K, Alpsancar S, Lim BY, eds. Social
Explainable AI. Springer; 2026. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5'
apa: 'Rohlfing, K. J., Vollmer, A.-L., & Grimminger, A. (2026). Practices: How
to establish an explaining practice. In K. Rohlfing, K. Främling, K. Thommes,
S. Alpsancar, & B. Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5'
bibtex: '@inbook{Rohlfing_Vollmer_Grimminger_2026, title={Practices: How to establish
an explaining practice}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Rohlfing, Katharina
J. and Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Grimminger, Angela}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina
and Främling, Kary and Thommes, Kirsten and Alpsancar, Suzana and Lim, Brian Y.},
year={2026} }'
chicago: 'Rohlfing, Katharina J., Anna-Lisa Vollmer, and Angela Grimminger. “Practices:
How to Establish an Explaining Practice.” In Social Explainable AI, edited
by Katharina Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Kirsten Thommes, Suzana Alpsancar, and Brian
Y. Lim. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5.'
ieee: 'K. J. Rohlfing, A.-L. Vollmer, and A. Grimminger, “Practices: How to establish
an explaining practice,” in Social Explainable AI, K. Rohlfing, K. Främling,
K. Thommes, S. Alpsancar, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026.'
mla: 'Rohlfing, Katharina J., et al. “Practices: How to Establish an Explaining
Practice.” Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina Rohlfing et al.,
Springer, 2026, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5.'
short: 'K.J. Rohlfing, A.-L. Vollmer, A. Grimminger, in: K. Rohlfing, K. Främling,
K. Thommes, S. Alpsancar, B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026.'
date_created: 2025-09-02T14:33:16Z
date_updated: 2026-03-20T09:11:58Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5
editor:
- first_name: Katharina
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '115'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog'
- _id: '123'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B5
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: epub_ahead
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5
status: public
title: 'Practices: How to establish an explaining practice'
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61325'
author:
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Rachid
full_name: Alami, Rachid
last_name: Alami
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Meisam
full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Axel-Cyrille
full_name: Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille
id: '65716'
last_name: Ngonga Ngomo
citation:
ama: 'Vollmer A-L, Buhl HM, Alami R, et al. Components of an explanation for co-constructive
sXAI. In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Lim B, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, eds. Social
Explainable AI. Springer; 2026:39-53. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3'
apa: Vollmer, A.-L., Buhl, H. M., Alami, R., Främling, K., Grimminger, A., Booshehri,
M., & Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2026). Components of an explanation for co-constructive
sXAI. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, & K. Thommes (Eds.),
Social Explainable AI (pp. 39–53). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3
bibtex: '@inbook{Vollmer_Buhl_Alami_Främling_Grimminger_Booshehri_Ngonga Ngomo_2026,
title={Components of an explanation for co-constructive sXAI}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
and Buhl, Heike M. and Alami, Rachid and Främling, Kary and Grimminger, Angela
and Booshehri, Meisam and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina
J. and Främling, Kary and Lim, Brian and Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten},
year={2026}, pages={39–53} }'
chicago: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa, Heike M. Buhl, Rachid Alami, Kary Främling, Angela
Grimminger, Meisam Booshehri, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Components of an
Explanation for Co-Constructive SXAI.” In Social Explainable AI, edited
by Katharina J. Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Brian Lim, Suzana Alpsancar, and Kirsten
Thommes, 39–53. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3.
ieee: A.-L. Vollmer et al., “Components of an explanation for co-constructive
sXAI,” in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S.
Alpsancar, and K. Thommes, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 39–53.
mla: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa, et al. “Components of an Explanation for Co-Constructive
SXAI.” Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer,
2026, pp. 39–53, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3.
short: 'A.-L. Vollmer, H.M. Buhl, R. Alami, K. Främling, A. Grimminger, M. Booshehri,
A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes
(Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 39–53.'
date_created: 2025-09-17T10:16:52Z
date_updated: 2026-03-23T18:28:01Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Brian
full_name: Lim, Brian
last_name: Lim
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3
oa: '1'
page: 39-53
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
- _id: '123'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B5
- _id: '118'
name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF'
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: epub_ahead
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3
status: public
title: Components of an explanation for co-constructive sXAI
type: book_chapter
user_id: '90826'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61151'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In this paper, we discuss the application of retrospective video recall for
the assessment of cognitive processes in explanatory interactions, such as understanding
and mental models. Our purpose is to reflect on the benefits and limitations of
video recall compared to another self-report method, ‘thinking-aloud’. To do so,
we reveal empirical results from the application of video recall in three interdisciplinary
research projects that applied the method for the qualitative and quantitative
assessment of cognitive and behavioral phenomena in everyday explanations. In
all three projects, video recall was applied as a post-hoc procedure following
the recording of dyadic face-to-face explanations of board games. The design of
the video recall procedure differed between individual projects because they pursued
different research objectives – that is the investigation of (1) an interlocutor's
multimodal signals of understanding, (2) the change in assumptions about an interlocutor's
dispositional and situational knowledge, and (3) the differentiated assessment
of an interlocutor's developing understanding of domain knowledge aspects by distinguishing
between mechanistic and functional explanatory stances. By discussing the benefits
and the limitations of each procedure, this article provides critical reflections
on video recall as a versatile research method applied for the analysis of human
multimodal behavior in interaction and cognitive processing.
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Schaffer, Michael
id: '92807'
last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Viviane
full_name: Gladow, Viviane
last_name: Gladow
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: Lazarov ST, Schaffer M, Gladow V, Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Grimminger A. Retrospective
video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.
apa: Lazarov, S. T., Schaffer, M., Gladow, V., Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., &
Grimminger, A. (n.d.). Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes
in naturalistic explanations.
bibtex: '@article{Lazarov_Schaffer_Gladow_Buschmeier_Buhl_Grimminger, title={Retrospective
video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations},
author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Schaffer, Michael and Gladow, Viviane and
Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Grimminger, Angela} }'
chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Michael Schaffer, Viviane Gladow, Hendrik Buschmeier,
Heike M. Buhl, and Angela Grimminger. “Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing
Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations,” n.d.
ieee: S. T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H. M. Buhl, and A. Grimminger,
“Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic
explanations.” .
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing
Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations.
short: S.T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, A. Grimminger,
(n.d.).
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:11:37Z
date_updated: 2026-03-27T16:18:03Z
department:
- _id: '660'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/u24kz_v2
page: '29'
project:
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
publication_status: submitted
status: public
title: Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic
explanations
type: preprint
user_id: '76456'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '64914'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'We investigate how verbal and nonverbal linguistic features, exhibited by
speakers and listeners in dialogue, can contribute to predicting the listener''s
state of understanding in explanatory interactions on a moment-by-moment basis.
Specifically, we examine three linguistic cues related to cognitive load and hypothesised
to correlate with listener understanding: the information value (operationalised
with surprisal) and syntactic complexity of the speaker''s utterances, and the
variation in the listener''s interactive gaze behaviour. Based on statistical
analyses of the MUNDEX corpus of face-to-face dialogic board game explanations,
we find that individual cues vary with the listener''s level of understanding.
Listener states (‘Understanding’, ‘Partial Understanding’, ‘Non-Understanding’
and ‘Misunderstanding’) were self-annotated by the listeners using a retrospective
video-recall method. The results of a subsequent classification experiment, involving
two off-the-shelf classifiers and a fine-tuned German BERT-based multimodal classifier,
demonstrate that prediction of these four states of understanding is generally
possible and improves when the three linguistic cues are considered alongside
textual features.'
author:
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
citation:
ama: 'Wang Y, Türk O, Grimminger A, Buschmeier H. Predicting states of understanding
in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues. In:
Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. ELRA;
2026:11368-11378. doi:10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad'
apa: Wang, Y., Türk, O., Grimminger, A., & Buschmeier, H. (2026). Predicting
states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related
linguistic cues. Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation
Conference, 11368–11378. https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Wang_Türk_Grimminger_Buschmeier_2026, place={Palma, Mallorca,
Spain}, title={Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions
using cognitive load-related linguistic cues}, DOI={10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
publisher={ELRA}, author={Wang, Yu and Türk, Olcay and Grimminger, Angela and
Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2026}, pages={11368–11378} }'
chicago: 'Wang, Yu, Olcay Türk, Angela Grimminger, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Predicting
States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Using Cognitive Load-Related
Linguistic Cues.” In Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation
Conference, 11368–78. Palma, Mallorca, Spain: ELRA, 2026. https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad.'
ieee: 'Y. Wang, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, and H. Buschmeier, “Predicting states of
understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic
cues,” in Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference,
Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 2026, pp. 11368–11378, doi: 10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad.'
mla: Wang, Yu, et al. “Predicting States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions
Using Cognitive Load-Related Linguistic Cues.” Proceedings of the 15th Language
Resources and Evaluation Conference, ELRA, 2026, pp. 11368–78, doi:10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad.
short: 'Y. Wang, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, in: Proceedings of the 15th
Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, ELRA, Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 2026,
pp. 11368–11378.'
conference:
end_date: 2026-05-16
location: Palma, Mallorca, Spain
name: 15th Biennial Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
start_date: 2026-05-11
date_created: 2026-03-13T17:59:22Z
date_updated: 2026-05-07T08:08:53Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad
oa: '1'
page: 11368-11378
place: Palma, Mallorca, Spain
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
publication_status: published
publisher: ELRA
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive
load-related linguistic cues
type: conference
user_id: '76456'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '65565'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Abstract\r\n Gaze behavior,
being continuously accessible to interlocutors in face-to-face interactions, serves
as a cue for managing turn-taking, regulating the duration of topical sequences,
and supporting cognitive processing in various everyday conversational contexts.
The present study seeks to enhance the understanding of the relation between two
forms of interactive gaze behavior – gaze aversions and mutual gaze – and the
topical development in the explanatory discourse. To do so, we analyzed 24 dyadic
board game explanations in which one explainer subsequently explained a board
game to three different explainees while the board game was physically absent
from the shared space. The main objective of the present study was to investigate
the relation of gaze aversions and mutual gaze to the topical development of explanations.
For this, based on previous research (Lazarov et al., 2024; Rossano, 2012) we
hypothesized that (1) gaze aversions are more likely to be associated with topic
changes than topic continuations, and that (2) mutual gaze is more likely to be
associated with topic continuations than topic changes. In addition, we explored
how the two forms of gaze behavior are related to the interlocutor who initiates
a topic change or continuation. Our proportional analysis using a Generalized
linear mixed effects model revealed that gaze aversions are related to topic changes
initiated by both interlocutors. In contrast, the analysis did not reveal a significant
relation between mutual gaze and topic continuations, which could be explained
by the feedback elicitation function of mutual gaze at the end of speakers’ utterances
(Bavelas et al., 2002; Brône et al., 2017; Kendon, 1967) while monitoring the
addressees’ understanding (Clark & Krych, 2004) and the complexity of the
analyzed fixed and random effects."
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: Lazarov ST, Grimminger A. How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze related to
the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions? Journal of Nonverbal
Behavior. Published online 2026. doi:10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8
apa: Lazarov, S. T., & Grimminger, A. (2026). How are gaze aversions and mutual
gaze related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions? Journal
of Nonverbal Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8
bibtex: '@article{Lazarov_Grimminger_2026, title={How are gaze aversions and mutual
gaze related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions?},
DOI={10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8},
journal={Journal of Nonverbal Behavior}, publisher={Springer Science and Business
Media LLC}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2026}
}'
chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “How Are Gaze Aversions
and Mutual Gaze Related to the Topical Development of Dyadic Explanatory Interactions?”
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8.
ieee: 'S. T. Lazarov and A. Grimminger, “How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze
related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions?,” Journal
of Nonverbal Behavior, 2026, doi: 10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8.'
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “How Are Gaze Aversions and
Mutual Gaze Related to the Topical Development of Dyadic Explanatory Interactions?”
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, Springer Science and Business Media LLC,
2026, doi:10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8.
short: S.T. Lazarov, A. Grimminger, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (2026).
date_created: 2026-05-05T14:19:47Z
date_updated: 2026-06-04T18:48:45Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0191-5886
- 1573-3653
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze related to the topical development of
dyadic explanatory interactions?
type: journal_article
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61444'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Backchannels and fillers are important linguistic expressions in dialogue,
but often treated as "noise" to be bypassed in modern transformer-based language
models. Our work studies the representation of them in language models using three
fine-tuning strategies. The models are trained on three dialogue corpora in English
and Japanese, where backchannels and fillers are preserved and annotated, to investigate
how fine-tuning can help LMs learn their representations. We first apply clustering
analysis to the learnt representation of backchannels and fillers, and have found
increased silhouette scores in representations from fine-tuned models, which suggests
that fine-tuning enables LMs to distinguish the nuanced semantic variation in
different backchannel and filler use. We also use natural language generation
(NLG) metrics and qualitative analysis to confirm that the utterances generated
by fine-tuned language models resemble human-produced utterances more closely.
Our findings suggest the potentials of transforming general LMs into conversational
LMs that are more capable of producing human-like languages adequately.
author:
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Leyi
full_name: Lao, Leyi
last_name: Lao
- first_name: Langchu
full_name: Huang, Langchu
last_name: Huang
- first_name: Gabriel
full_name: Skantze, Gabriel
last_name: Skantze
- first_name: Yang
full_name: Xu, Yang
last_name: Xu
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
citation:
ama: 'Wang Y, Lao L, Huang L, Skantze G, Xu Y, Buschmeier H. Investigating the representation
of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models. In: Proceedings
of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.
Association for Computational Linguistics; 2026:5319-5348. doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241'
apa: Wang, Y., Lao, L., Huang, L., Skantze, G., Xu, Y., & Buschmeier, H. (2026).
Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language
models. Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics, 5319–5348. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Wang_Lao_Huang_Skantze_Xu_Buschmeier_2026, place={San Diego,
CA, USA}, title={Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers
in fine-tuned language models}, DOI={10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics}, publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics}, author={Wang,
Yu and Lao, Leyi and Huang, Langchu and Skantze, Gabriel and Xu, Yang and Buschmeier,
Hendrik}, year={2026}, pages={5319–5348} }'
chicago: 'Wang, Yu, Leyi Lao, Langchu Huang, Gabriel Skantze, Yang Xu, and Hendrik
Buschmeier. “Investigating the Representation of Backchannels and Fillers in Fine-Tuned
Language Models.” In Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association
for Computational Linguistics, 5319–48. San Diego, CA, USA: Association for
Computational Linguistics, 2026. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241.'
ieee: 'Y. Wang, L. Lao, L. Huang, G. Skantze, Y. Xu, and H. Buschmeier, “Investigating
the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models,”
in Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics, San Diego, CA, USA, 2026, pp. 5319–5348, doi: 10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241.'
mla: Wang, Yu, et al. “Investigating the Representation of Backchannels and Fillers
in Fine-Tuned Language Models.” Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics,
2026, pp. 5319–48, doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241.
short: 'Y. Wang, L. Lao, L. Huang, G. Skantze, Y. Xu, H. Buschmeier, in: Proceedings
of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Association
for Computational Linguistics, San Diego, CA, USA, 2026, pp. 5319–5348.'
conference:
end_date: 2026-07-07
location: San Diego, CA, USA
name: 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
start_date: 2026-07-02
date_created: 2025-09-25T19:00:23Z
date_updated: 2026-07-01T19:43:27Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.20237
oa: '1'
page: 5319-5348
place: San Diego, CA, USA
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
Linguistics
publication_status: published
publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned
language models
type: conference
user_id: '76456'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '66106'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Multimodal backchannels are fundamental to conversational grounding and understanding.
However, backchannels do not always transparently reflect the interlocutor's actual
cognitive state. “Incongruent backchannels”, where the observable feedback implies
understanding although there is no genuine understanding, are a potential source
of ambiguity in any interaction. Using acoustic, head movement, and discourse-related
data from 45 naturalistic dyadic interactions, we investigate whether incongruent
and congruent backchannels show systematically different properties using a classification
task. Results show that these backchannels are indeed separable based on multimodal
features. Incongruent backchannels are typically characterised by more neutral
head movement configurations and lower acoustic dynamism, while discursive cues
strongly influence the classification. Overall, the findings suggest a relatively
reduced effort in the signalling of incongruent backchannels.
author:
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Petra
full_name: Wagner, Petra
id: '74505'
last_name: Wagner
citation:
ama: 'Türk O, Lazarov ST, Wang Y, Grimminger A, Buschmeier H, Wagner P. When “yeah”
means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete
understanding. In: Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026.'
apa: 'Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Wang, Y., Grimminger, A., Buschmeier, H., &
Wagner, P. (n.d.). When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels
expressing incomplete understanding. Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026. INTERSPEECH
2026, Sydney, Australia.'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Wang_Grimminger_Buschmeier_Wagner, place={Sydney,
Australia}, title={When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels
expressing incomplete understanding}, booktitle={Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026},
author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Wang, Yu and Grimminger,
Angela and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Wagner, Petra} }'
chicago: 'Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Yu Wang, Angela Grimminger, Hendrik
Buschmeier, and Petra Wagner. “When ‘Yeah’ Means ‘Not Quite’: Multimodal Detection
of Backchannels Expressing Incomplete Understanding.” In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH
2026. Sydney, Australia, n.d.'
ieee: 'O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, and P. Wagner,
“When ‘yeah’ means ‘not quite’: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing
incomplete understanding,” presented at the INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia.'
mla: 'Türk, Olcay, et al. “When ‘Yeah’ Means ‘Not Quite’: Multimodal Detection of
Backchannels Expressing Incomplete Understanding.” Proceedings of INTERSPEECH
2026.'
short: 'O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner,
in: Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia, n.d.'
conference:
end_date: 2026-10-01
location: Sydney, Australia
name: INTERSPEECH 2026
start_date: 2026-09-27
date_created: 2026-07-01T19:44:35Z
date_updated: 2026-07-01T19:48:21Z
department:
- _id: '660'
language:
- iso: eng
place: Sydney, Australia
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318 - Projekt A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026
publication_status: accepted
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing
incomplete understanding'
type: conference
user_id: '76456'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61150'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Since the emergence of the field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI),
a growing number of researchers have argued that XAI should consider insights
from the social sciences in order to adapt explanations to the expectations and
needs of human users. This has led to the emergence of a field called Social XAI,
which is concerned with understanding how explanations are actively shaped in
the interaction between a human user and an AI system. Recognizing this turn in
XAI toward making XAI systems more “social” by providing explanations that focus
on human information needs and incorporating insights from human–human explanatory
interactions, in this paper we provide a formal foundation for Social XAI. We
do so by proposing novel ontological accounts of the key terms used in Social
XAI based on Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). Specifically, we provide novel ontological
accounts for explanandum, explanans, understanding, explanation, explainer, explainee,
and context. In doing so, we discuss multifaceted entities in Social XAI (having
both continuant and occurrent facets; e.g., explanation) and the relationship
between understanding and explanation. Additionally, we propose solutions to seemingly
paradoxical views on some terms (e.g., social constructivist vs. individual constructivist
perspective on explanandum).
author:
- first_name: Meisam
full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
id: '93424'
last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Philipp
full_name: Cimiano, Philipp
last_name: Cimiano
citation:
ama: 'Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. A BFO-based ontological analysis of
entities in Social XAI. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference
on Formal Ontology in Information Systems. IOS Press; 2025:255–268. doi:10.3233/faia250498'
apa: Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., & Cimiano, P. (2025). A BFO-based ontological
analysis of entities in Social XAI. In Proceedings of the 15th International
Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (pp. 255–268). IOS Press.
https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498
bibtex: '@inbook{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2025, title={A BFO-based ontological
analysis of entities in Social XAI}, DOI={10.3233/faia250498},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology
in Information Systems}, publisher={IOS Press}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and
Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2025}, pages={255–268} }'
chicago: Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “A BFO-Based
Ontological Analysis of Entities in Social XAI.” In Proceedings of the 15th
International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, 255–268.
IOS Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498.
ieee: M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “A BFO-based ontological analysis
of entities in Social XAI,” in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference
on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268.
mla: Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “A BFO-Based Ontological Analysis of Entities in
Social XAI.” Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology
in Information Systems, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268, doi:10.3233/faia250498.
short: 'M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Proceedings of the 15th International
Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268.'
conference:
end_date: 2025-09-12
location: Catania, Italy
name: 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems
start_date: 2025-09-08
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:00:45Z
date_updated: 2025-09-11T10:16:28Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.3233/faia250498
extern: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA250498
oa: '1'
page: 255–268
project:
- _id: '118'
name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF'
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in
Information Systems
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- '9781643686172'
issn:
- 0922-6389
- 1879-8314
publication_status: published
publisher: IOS Press
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI
type: book_chapter
user_id: '76456'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61153'
author:
- first_name: Meisam
full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
id: '93424'
last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Philipp
full_name: Cimiano, Philipp
last_name: Cimiano
citation:
ama: 'Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. A BFO-based ontology of context for
Social XAI. In: Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations.
; 2025.'
apa: 'Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., & Cimiano, P. (2025). A BFO-based ontology
of context for Social XAI. Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing
Explanations. 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, Bielefeld,
Germany.'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2025, title={A BFO-based ontology
of context for Social XAI}, booktitle={Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference:
Contextualizing Explanations}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier, Hendrik
and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2025} }'
chicago: 'Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “A BFO-Based
Ontology of Context for Social XAI.” In Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference:
Contextualizing Explanations, 2025.'
ieee: 'M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “A BFO-based ontology of context
for Social XAI,” presented at the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations,
Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.'
mla: 'Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “A BFO-Based Ontology of Context for Social XAI.”
Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations,
2025.'
short: 'M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318
Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, 2025.'
conference:
end_date: 2025-06-18
location: Bielefeld, Germany
name: '3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations'
start_date: 2025-06-17
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:15:42Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T06:29:37Z
department:
- _id: '660'
extern: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '118'
name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF'
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: 'Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations'
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '76456'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61178'
citation:
ama: Ilinykh N, Robrecht A, Kopp S, Buschmeier H, eds. SemDial 2025 – Bialogue.
Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue.;
2025.
apa: Ilinykh, N., Robrecht, A., Kopp, S., & Buschmeier, H. (Eds.). (2025). SemDial
2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics
of Dialogue.
bibtex: '@book{Ilinykh_Robrecht_Kopp_Buschmeier_2025, place={Bielefeld, Germany},
series={Proceedings (SemDial)}, title={SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of
the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue}, year={2025}, collection={Proceedings
(SemDial)} }'
chicago: Ilinykh, Nikolai, Amelie Robrecht, Stefan Kopp, and Hendrik Buschmeier,
eds. SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics
and Pragmatics of Dialogue. Proceedings (SemDial). Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.
ieee: N. Ilinykh, A. Robrecht, S. Kopp, and H. Buschmeier, Eds., SemDial 2025
– Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of
Dialogue. Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.
mla: Ilinykh, Nikolai, et al., editors. SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings
of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue. 2025.
short: N. Ilinykh, A. Robrecht, S. Kopp, H. Buschmeier, eds., SemDial 2025 – Bialogue.
Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue,
Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.
conference:
end_date: 2025-09-05
location: Bielefeld, Germany
name: 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue
start_date: 2025-09-03
date_created: 2025-09-11T07:16:10Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T16:56:35Z
department:
- _id: '660'
editor:
- first_name: Nikolai
full_name: Ilinykh, Nikolai
last_name: Ilinykh
- first_name: Amelie
full_name: Robrecht, Amelie
id: '91982'
last_name: Robrecht
orcid: 0000-0001-5622-8248
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Kopp, Stefan
last_name: Kopp
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
extern: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://purl.org/semdial/2025/proceedings
oa: '1'
page: 271+viii
place: Bielefeld, Germany
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2308-2275
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
series_title: Proceedings (SemDial)
status: public
title: SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics
and Pragmatics of Dialogue
type: book_editor
user_id: '76456'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61429'
author:
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
last_name: Buschmeier
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Petra
full_name: Wagner, Petra
last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
citation:
ama: Buschmeier H, Grimminger A, Wagner P, Lazarov ST, Türk O, Wang Y. MUNDEX
Annotations. LibreCat University; 2025. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.17129817
apa: Buschmeier, H., Grimminger, A., Wagner, P., Lazarov, S. T., Türk, O., &
Wang, Y. (2025). MUNDEX Annotations. LibreCat University. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817
bibtex: '@book{Buschmeier_Grimminger_Wagner_Lazarov_Türk_Wang_2025, title={MUNDEX
Annotations}, DOI={10.5281/ZENODO.17129817},
publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Grimminger, Angela
and Wagner, Petra and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Türk, Olcay and Wang, Yu},
year={2025} }'
chicago: Buschmeier, Hendrik, Angela Grimminger, Petra Wagner, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov,
Olcay Türk, and Yu Wang. MUNDEX Annotations. LibreCat University, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817.
ieee: H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, S. T. Lazarov, O. Türk, and Y. Wang,
MUNDEX Annotations. LibreCat University, 2025.
mla: Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. MUNDEX Annotations. LibreCat University,
2025, doi:10.5281/ZENODO.17129817.
short: H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, S.T. Lazarov, O. Türk, Y. Wang,
MUNDEX Annotations, LibreCat University, 2025.
date_created: 2025-09-24T09:41:50Z
date_updated: 2025-09-24T09:46:28Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.17129817
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: MUNDEX Annotations
type: research_data
user_id: '57578'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '62748'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Erklärungen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in alltäglichen persönlichen Gesprächen,
indem sie den Wissensaustausch fördern, Ideen klären und das Verständnis unterstützen.
In solchen Gesprächen versuchen die Erklärenden (d. h. die sachkundigere Person),
das Verständnis der Explainees (d. h. die Person, die eine Erklärung erhält) durch
Interaktionsprozesse wie Monitoring, Scaffolding und gemeinsame Konstruktion zu
verbessern (Buschmeier et al., 2023; Rohlfing et al., 2021). Während gemeinsame
Konstruktionen aus dem bidirektionalen (non-)verbalen Austausch zwischen den Gesprächspartnern
entstehen, bezeichnet Scaffolding den Prozess, durch den die Erklärenden eine
Erklärung anpassen, indem sie unterschiedliche Verhaltensweisen als Reaktion auf
das Verhalten der Explainees einsetzen, welches deren kognitive Verarbeitung signalisiert
(Wood et al., 1976). Monitoring bezeichnet einen kontinuierlichen Prozess, in
dem die Gesprächspartner auf Wahrnehmungssignale wie (non-)verbale Verhaltensweisen
achten, um Hinweise auf (Miss-)Verständnisse zu erkennen und zu interpretieren
(Clark & Krych, 2004).In der vorliegenden Arbeit berichte ich über fünf Studien
zu dyadischen Erklärungen zwischen Menschen und diskutiere anhand empirischer
Befunde die Interaktionsdynamiken, die bestimmten Formen verbalen und nonverbalen
Erklärungsverhaltens zugrunde liegen. Zu diesem Zweck analysierte ich in den vorgestellten
Studien Daten aus zwei Videokorpora zu verschiedenen Bereichen alltäglicher Erklärungen,
beispielsweise medizinischen Erklärungen und Brettspielerklärungen. Das Korpus
zu medizinischen Erklärungen umfasst elf naturalistische Interaktionen zwischen
Ärzten und Bezugspersonen über eine bevorstehende chirurgische Operation von Kindern.
Das Korpus zu Brettspielerklärungen besteht aus 87 dyadischen Brettspielerklärungen,
von denen eine Teilstichprobe von 24 Interaktionen in den vorgestellten Studien
spezifisch untersucht wurde.Um das verbale Erklärungsverhalten zu untersuchen,
analysierte ich in zwei Studien, die sich mit medizinischen Erklärungen und Brettspielerklärungen
befassten, den Zusammenhang zwischen Themenwechseln in Erklärungen und dem multimodalen
Verhalten der Explainees, das von den Erklärenden beobachtet wurde. Die Analyse
medizinischer Erklärungen legt nahe, dass der Wechsel von Elaborationen zu neuen
Themen mit dem multimodalen Verhalten der Explainees einhergeht, welches Blickabwendung,
Kopfnicken und verbale Rückkopplung umfasst. Der Wechsel zu Elaborationen hingegen
ist mit einer anhaltenden Blickrichtung verbunden, unabhängig davon, ob zusätzliche
Signale vorhanden sind oder nicht (Lazarov et al., 2024). Eine nachfolgende Studie
zu Brettspielerklärungen (Lazarov & Grimminger, in Begutachtung) erweiterte
diese Analyse durch die Einbeziehung des Blickverhaltens der Erklärenden. Die
Studie untersuchte den Zusammenhang zwischen gegenseitigem Blickkontakt und Blickabwendung
mit der Einleitung neuer Themen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten die Ergebnisse aus
dem medizinischen Kontext: Blickabwendungen der Explainees gehen Themenwechseln
häufiger voraus als gegenseitiger Blickkontakt, was mit früheren Forschungsergebnissen
von Rossano (2012, 2013) übereinstimmt. Die Analyse untersuchte zudem den Zusammenhang
zwischen dem / der Gesprächspartner:in, der / die Blickabwendungen initiierte,
und dem / der Gesprächspartner:in, der / die Themenwechsel initiierte.Um das nonverbale
Erklärungsverhalten zu untersuchen, analysierte ich die Verwendung von sprachbegleitenden
Gesten von verschiedenen Erklärenden in drei Studien zu Brettspielerklärungen,
in denen das zu erklärende Objekt im gemeinsamen Referenzraum physisch nicht vorhanden
war. Obwohl diese Abwesenheit ein fortwährendes Bedürfnis nach der Etablierung
gemeinsamer imaginärer Räume impliziert (Kang et al., 2015; Kinalzik & Heller,
2021), beispielsweise durch kontinuierliches Zeigen auf unsichtbare Orte, zeigte
die Studie von Lazarov & Grimminger (2025), dass Gestenikonizität und zeitliche
Hervorhebung auch in Themen zu Objekteigenschaften, Handlungsprozessen und bedingten
Regeln variabel auftreten.Motiviert durch die kontinuierliche Verwendung von der
gestischen Deixis während der physischen Abwesenheit des Explanandums erforschten
die letzten zwei Studien den kognitiven Mechanismus der Anpassung des Gebrauchs
deiktischer Gesten in Bezug auf die Beobachtung des Verständnisses der Explainees.
Unabhängig davon, ob die Erklärenden das Verständnis der Explainees in einer retrospektiven
Video Recall Aufgabe interpretierten (Lazarov & Grimminger, 2024a) oder die
verbalen Verständnissignale der Explainees wahrnahmen (Lazarov & Grimminger,
2024b), zeigten die Analysen, dass die Häufigkeit der gestischen Deixis während
der Erklärungsphase, in der das Explanandum nicht im gemeinsamen Raum vorhanden
war, stabil blieb. Zu den Ergebnissen der in dieser Dissertation präsentierten
Studien diskutiere ich, wie die kontinuierliche Beobachtung des Feedbackverhaltens
der Explainees Anpassungen sowohl im verbalen als auch im nonverbalen Erklärungsverhalten
erläutern kann. Darüber hinaus verdeutlichen die von mir präsentierten Studien
das Ausmaß der individuellen Variation innerhalb und zwischen den Erklärenden,
von denen jeder / jede mit drei verschiedenen Explainees interagierte.'
- lang: eng
text: 'Explanations play a central role in everyday face-to-face interactions by
helping people share knowledge, clarify ideas, and support understanding. In face-to-face
explanations, explainers (i.e., the more knowledgeable part) seek to enhance explainees’
understanding of an explanandum through interactional processes such as monitoring,
scaffolding, and co-constructions (Buschmeier et al., 2023; Rohlfing et al., 2021).
While co-constructions emerge from the bidirectional (non-)verbal exchange between
the interlocutors, scaffolding refers to the process by which the explainers tailor
an explanation by employing different forms of behavior in response to the explainees''
behavior signaling their cognitive processing (Wood et al., 1976). Monitoring
denotes a continuous process in which the interlocutors attend to perceptual evidence,
such as (non-)verbal behaviors, to identify and interpret cues of (mis)understanding
(Clark & Krych, 2004).In the present thesis, I report five studies on dyadic
human–human explanations, and based on empirical findings, I discuss the interactional
dynamics underpinning some forms of the verbal and nonverbal explaining behavior.
To this end, in the reported studies, I analyzed data from two video corpora on
different domains of everyday explanations, such as medical and board game explanations.
The corpus on medical explanations comprises eleven naturalistic interactions
between physicians and caregivers about an upcoming pediatric surgery. The corpus
on board game explanations consists of 87 dyadic board game explanations, from
which a subsample of 24 interactions was specifically addressed in the reported
studies.To explore the verbal explaining behavior, I examined the relation between
topical shifts in explanations and the explainees’ multimodal behavior as monitored
by the explainers in two studies addressing the domains of medical and board game
explanations. The analysis of medical explanations suggests that shifts from elaborations
to new topics are associated with the explainees'' multimodal behavior that comprises
gaze aversions, co-occurring with head nodding, and vocal backchanneling, whereas
shifts into elaborations are associated with a sustained gaze direction, whether
accompanied by additional cues or not (Lazarov et al., 2024). A subsequent study
on board game explanations (Lazarov & Grimminger, under review) extended this
analysis by incorporating the explainers’ gaze behavior. The study investigated
the relation of mutual gaze and gaze withdrawals to the initiation of new topics.
The findings corroborated those from the medical context: the explainees'' gaze
withdrawals precede topical changes more frequently than mutual gaze, which corresponds
to prior research by (Rossano, 2012, 2013). The analysis further investigated
the relation between the initiator of gaze withdrawals and the initiator of topical
changes.To examine the nonverbal explaining behavior, I analyzed the use of co-speech
gestures by different explainers in three studies on board game explanations,
during which the explanandum was physically absent from the shared space. Although
this absence implies a persistent need for establishing joint imagined spaces
(Kang et al., 2015; Kinalzik & Heller, 2021), for example, by continuously
pointing at invisible locations, the study by Lazarov & Grimminger (2025)
revealed that gesture iconicity and temporal highlighting also occur variably
across explanation topics about object features, action processes, and conditional
rules.Motivated by the continuous use of gesture deixis during the physical absence
of the explanandum, the last two studies explored the cognitive mechanism of adapting
the use of deictic gestures in relation to the monitoring of the explainees''
understanding. Whether the explainers interpreted the explainees'' understanding
in a retrospective video recall task (Lazarov & Grimminger, 2024a), or perceived
the explainees'' verbal signals of understanding (Lazarov & Grimminger, 2024b),
the analyses demonstrated that the frequency of gesture deixis remains stable
over the course of the explanation phase in which the explanandum was absent from
the shared space.Building on the results from the studies presented in this thesis,
I discuss how the continuous monitoring of the explainees'' feedback behavior
accounts for adaptations in both the verbal and the nonverbal modes of explaining
behavior. Furthermore, the analyses I present illuminate the extent of individual
variation within and across explainers, each of whom interacted with three different
explainees.'
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
citation:
ama: Lazarov ST. The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics of
Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining. Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn;
2025. doi:10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446
apa: Lazarov, S. T. (2025). The reflection of interactional monitoring in the
dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining. Universitätsbibliothek
Paderborn. https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446
bibtex: '@book{Lazarov_2025, place={Paderborn}, title={The reflection of interactional
monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining}, DOI={10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446}, publisher={Universitätsbibliothek
Paderborn}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov}, year={2025} }'
chicago: 'Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov. The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring
in the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining. Paderborn: Universitätsbibliothek
Paderborn, 2025. https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446.'
ieee: 'S. T. Lazarov, The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics
of verbal and nonverbal forms of explaining. Paderborn: Universitätsbibliothek
Paderborn, 2025.'
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov. The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in
the Dynamics of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining. Universitätsbibliothek
Paderborn, 2025, doi:10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446.
short: S.T. Lazarov, The Reflection of Interactional Monitoring in the Dynamics
of Verbal and Nonverbal Forms of Explaining, Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn,
Paderborn, 2025.
date_created: 2025-12-02T14:15:00Z
date_updated: 2025-12-02T14:21:41Z
department:
- _id: '36'
doi: 10.17619/UNIPB/1-2446
language:
- iso: eng
page: '167'
place: Paderborn
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication_status: published
publisher: Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Geert
full_name: Brône, Geert
last_name: Brône
title: The reflection of interactional monitoring in the dynamics of verbal and nonverbal
forms of explaining
type: dissertation
user_id: '90345'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61156'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial
intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence
(XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’
on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still
not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific
investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding
for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing
together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology,
a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the
process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding
are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing
how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different
degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding
in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the
explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In
this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent.
Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding
in XAI are discussed.
article_number: '101419'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Friederike
full_name: Kern, Friederike
last_name: Kern
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Helen
full_name: Beierling, Helen
id: '50995'
last_name: Beierling
- first_name: Josephine Beryl
full_name: Fisher, Josephine Beryl
id: '56345'
last_name: Fisher
orcid: 0000-0002-9997-9241
- first_name: André
full_name: Groß, André
id: '93405'
last_name: Groß
orcid: 0000-0002-9593-7220
- first_name: Ilona
full_name: Horwath, Ilona
id: '68836'
last_name: Horwath
- first_name: Nils
full_name: Klowait, Nils
id: '98454'
last_name: Klowait
orcid: 0000-0002-7347-099X
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Lenke, Michael
last_name: Lenke
- first_name: Vivien
full_name: Lohmer, Vivien
last_name: Lohmer
- first_name: Katharina
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233
- first_name: Ingrid
full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
id: '451'
last_name: Scharlau
orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
- first_name: Amit
full_name: Singh, Amit
id: '91018'
last_name: Singh
orcid: 0000-0002-7789-1521
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
id: '86589'
last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Annedore
full_name: Wilmes, Annedore
last_name: Wilmes
- first_name: Britta
full_name: Wrede, Britta
last_name: Wrede
citation:
ama: Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.
Cognitive Systems Research. 2025;94. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419
apa: Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher,
J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer,
V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang,
Y., Wilmes, A., & Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.
Cognitive Systems Research, 94, Article 101419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419
bibtex: '@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et
al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419},
number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik
and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling,
Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait,
Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger,
Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding
for XAI-Explanations.” Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.
ieee: 'H. Buschmeier et al., “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,”
Cognitive Systems Research, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.'
mla: Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.”
Cognitive Systems Research, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.
short: H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher,
A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing,
I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede,
Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025).
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:24:32Z
date_updated: 2025-12-05T15:32:25Z
ddc:
- '006'
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: hbuschme
date_created: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z
date_updated: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z
file_id: '62730'
file_name: Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf
file_size: 10114981
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 94'
keyword:
- understanding
- explaining
- explanations
- explainable
- AI
- interdisciplinarity
- comprehension
- enabledness
- agency
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '113'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject A3
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
- _id: '115'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog'
- _id: '122'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B3
- _id: '123'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B5
- _id: '119'
name: TRR 318 - Project Area Ö
publication: Cognitive Systems Research
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations
type: journal_article
user_id: '57578'
volume: 94
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61154'
author:
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Petra
full_name: Wagner, Petra
id: '74505'
last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: 'Türk O, Lazarov ST, Buschmeier H, Wagner P, Grimminger A. Acoustic detection
of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations. In: LingCologne
2025 – Book of Abstracts. ; 2025:36.'
apa: Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Buschmeier, H., Wagner, P., & Grimminger, A.
(2025). Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in
explanations. LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, 36.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Buschmeier_Wagner_Grimminger_2025, title={Acoustic
detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations}, booktitle={LingCologne
2025 – Book of Abstracts}, author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and
Buschmeier, Hendrik and Wagner, Petra and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2025}, pages={36}
}'
chicago: Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Hendrik Buschmeier, Petra Wagner,
and Angela Grimminger. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding
in Explanations.” In LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, 36, 2025.
ieee: O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, and A. Grimminger, “Acoustic
detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations,” in
LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, Cologne, Germany, 2025, p. 36.
mla: Türk, Olcay, et al. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding
in Explanations.” LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, 2025, p. 36.
short: 'O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, A. Grimminger, in: LingCologne
2025 – Book of Abstracts, 2025, p. 36.'
conference:
end_date: 2025-05-23
location: Cologne, Germany
name: LingCologne 2025 International Conference on Feedback in Interaction
start_date: 2025-05-21
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:21:30Z
date_updated: 2025-09-11T06:58:18Z
department:
- _id: '660'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/3003514/3003515/Turk-etal-2025-lingcologne.pdf
oa: '1'
page: '36'
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '76456'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '65564'
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: 'Petra '
full_name: 'Wagner, Petra '
last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
last_name: Buschmeier
citation:
ama: Lazarov ST, Türk O, Grimminger A, Wagner P, Buschmeier H. Annotation Schemes
Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding of Explanations.” LibreCat University;
2025. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA
apa: Lazarov, S. T., Türk, O., Grimminger, A., Wagner, P., & Buschmeier, H.
(2025). Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the understanding of explanations.”
LibreCat University. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA
bibtex: '@book{Lazarov_Türk_Grimminger_Wagner_Buschmeier_2025, title={Annotation
Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the understanding of explanations”}, DOI={10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA},
publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Türk, Olcay
and Grimminger, Angela and Wagner, Petra and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2025}
}'
chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Olcay Türk, Angela Grimminger, Petra Wagner,
and Hendrik Buschmeier. Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding
of Explanations.” LibreCat University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA.
ieee: S. T. Lazarov, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, and H. Buschmeier, Annotation
Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the understanding of explanations.” LibreCat
University, 2025.
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring
the Understanding of Explanations.” LibreCat University, 2025, doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA.
short: S.T. Lazarov, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, H. Buschmeier, Annotation
Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding of Explanations,” LibreCat University,
2025.
date_created: 2026-05-05T14:09:18Z
date_updated: 2026-05-05T14:18:35Z
doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication_status: published
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: Annotation Schemes Project A02 "Monitoring the understanding of explanations"
type: misc
user_id: '90345'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '55917'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: This work takes steps towards situating the concepts relevant to explanation
and understanding in explanatory interactions within the scope of Basic Formal
Ontology. We introduce novel ontological accounts of understanding and explanation
in BFO-terms, which foster a shared conceptualization of explanations and explainee's
understanding during explainer-explainee interactions. This approach also enables
the tracking of different aspects of understanding and explanation through cognitive
profiling of various measurable aspects under the heading of process profile in
BFO. Additionally, we differentiate between the private mental process of understanding
and understanding displays. Finally, we characterize the relationship between
understanding displays and explanations.
author:
- first_name: Meisam
full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Philipp
full_name: Cimiano, Philipp
last_name: Cimiano
citation:
ama: 'Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding
in explanatory interactions. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop
on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI). International
Association for Ontology and its Applications; 2024.'
apa: Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., & Cimiano, P. (2024). Towards a BFO-based
ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions. Proceedings of the 4th
International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI).
4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI
(DAO-XAI), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2024, place={Santiago de Compostela,
Spain}, title={Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied
Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)}, publisher={International Association
for Ontology and its Applications}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier,
Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2024} }'
chicago: 'Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “Towards a
BFO-Based Ontology of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions.” In Proceedings
of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable
AI (DAO-XAI). Santiago de Compostela, Spain: International Association for
Ontology and its Applications, 2024.'
ieee: M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “Towards a BFO-based ontology
of understanding in explanatory interactions,” presented at the 4th International
Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI), Santiago
de Compostela, Spain, 2024.
mla: Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “Towards a BFO-Based Ontology of Understanding in
Explanatory Interactions.” Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on
Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI), International Association
for Ontology and its Applications, 2024.
short: 'M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Proceedings of the 4th International
Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI), International
Association for Ontology and its Applications, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,
2024.'
conference:
end_date: 2024-10-19
location: Santiago de Compostela, Spain
name: 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable
AI (DAO-XAI)
start_date: 2024-10-19
date_created: 2024-08-30T07:57:06Z
date_updated: 2025-09-11T10:16:42Z
ddc:
- '006'
department:
- _id: '660'
extern: '1'
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: hbuschme
date_created: 2024-11-18T16:01:17Z
date_updated: 2024-11-18T16:01:17Z
file_id: '57206'
file_name: Booshehri-etal-2024.pdf
file_size: 436217
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2024-11-18T16:01:17Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3833/paper3.pdf
oa: '1'
place: Santiago de Compostela, Spain
project:
- _id: '118'
name: 'TRR 318 - INF: TRR 318 - Project Area INF'
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und
auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)'
publication: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies
in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1613-0073
publication_status: published
publisher: International Association for Ontology and its Applications
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions
type: conference
user_id: '76456'
year: '2024'
...