[{"intvolume":"        16","article_type":"original","date_updated":"2026-01-14T14:29:03Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"id":"92810","last_name":"Peters","first_name":"Tobias Martin","orcid":"0009-0008-5193-6243","full_name":"Peters, Tobias Martin"},{"id":"55908","orcid":"0000-0002-2879-2359","first_name":"Kai","last_name":"Biermeier","full_name":"Biermeier, Kai"},{"full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid","last_name":"Scharlau","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","first_name":"Ingrid","id":"451"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1664-1078"]},"title":"Assessing healthy distrust in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention","year":"2026","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"1694367","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"When humans interact with artificial intelligence (AI), one desideratum is appropriate trust. Typically, appropriate trust encompasses that humans trust AI except for instances in which they either explicitly notice AI errors or are suspicious that errors could be present. So far, appropriate trust or related notions have mainly been investigated by assessing trust and reliance. In this contribution, we argue that these assessments are insufficient to measure the complex aim of appropriate trust and the related notion of healthy distrust. We introduce and test the perspective of covert visual attention as an additional indicator for appropriate trust and draw conceptual connections to the notion of healthy distrust. To test the validity of our conceptualization, we formalize visual attention using the Theory of Visual Attention and measure its properties that are potentially relevant to appropriate trust and healthy distrust in an image classification task. Based on temporal-order judgment performance, we estimate participants' attentional capacity and attentional weight toward correct and incorrect mock-up AI classifications. We observe that misclassifications reduce attentional capacity compared to correct classifications. However, our results do not indicate that this reduction is beneficial for a subsequent judgment of the classifications. The attentional weighting is not affected by the classifications' correctness but by the difficulty of categorizing the stimuli themselves. We discuss these results, their implications, and the limited potential for using visual attention as an indicator of appropriate trust and healthy distrust."}],"publication":"Frontiers in Psychology","department":[{"_id":"424"},{"_id":"660"}],"keyword":["appropriate trust","healthy distrust","visual attention","Theory of Visual Attention","human-AI interaction","Bayesian cognitive model","image classification"],"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2026-01-14T14:21:59Z","status":"public","volume":16,"user_id":"92810","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","_id":"63611","project":[{"_id":"124","name":"TRR 318 ; TP C01: Gesundes Misstrauen in Erklärungen"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Peters, Tobias Martin, Kai Biermeier, and Ingrid Scharlau. “Assessing Healthy Distrust in Human-AI Interaction: Interpreting Changes in Visual Attention.” <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i> 16 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>.","short":"T.M. Peters, K. Biermeier, I. Scharlau, Frontiers in Psychology 16 (2026).","apa":"Peters, T. M., Biermeier, K., &#38; Scharlau, I. (2026). Assessing healthy distrust in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, <i>16</i>, Article 1694367. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>","ieee":"T. M. Peters, K. Biermeier, and I. Scharlau, “Assessing healthy distrust in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention,” <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, vol. 16, Art. no. 1694367, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367\">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>.","ama":"Peters TM, Biermeier K, Scharlau I. Assessing healthy distrust in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. 2026;16. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367\">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>","bibtex":"@article{Peters_Biermeier_Scharlau_2026, title={Assessing healthy distrust in human-AI interaction: interpreting changes in visual attention}, volume={16}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367\">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>}, number={1694367}, journal={Frontiers in Psychology}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Peters, Tobias Martin and Biermeier, Kai and Scharlau, Ingrid}, year={2026} }","mla":"Peters, Tobias Martin, et al. “Assessing Healthy Distrust in Human-AI Interaction: Interpreting Changes in Visual Attention.” <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, vol. 16, 1694367, Frontiers Media SA, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367\">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694367</a>."}},{"publication":"psyarxiv","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Knauff_Butz_Kaup_Kunde_Scharlau_2026, title={When prediction replaces explanation:  A threat to psychological science }, journal={psyarxiv}, publisher={OSF}, author={Knauff, Markus and Butz, Martin V. and Kaup, Barbara and Kunde, Wilfried and Scharlau, Ingrid}, year={2026} }","ama":"Knauff M, Butz MV, Kaup B, Kunde W, Scharlau I. When prediction replaces explanation:  A threat to psychological science . <i>psyarxiv</i>. Published online 2026.","mla":"Knauff, Markus, et al. “When Prediction Replaces Explanation:  A Threat to Psychological Science .” <i>Psyarxiv</i>, OSF, 2026.","chicago":"Knauff, Markus, Martin V. Butz, Barbara Kaup, Wilfried Kunde, and Ingrid Scharlau. “When Prediction Replaces Explanation:  A Threat to Psychological Science .” <i>Psyarxiv</i>. OSF, 2026.","short":"M. Knauff, M.V. Butz, B. Kaup, W. Kunde, I. Scharlau, Psyarxiv (2026).","ieee":"M. Knauff, M. V. Butz, B. Kaup, W. Kunde, and I. Scharlau, “When prediction replaces explanation:  A threat to psychological science ,” <i>psyarxiv</i>. OSF, 2026.","apa":"Knauff, M., Butz, M. V., Kaup, B., Kunde, W., &#38; Scharlau, I. (2026). When prediction replaces explanation:  A threat to psychological science . In <i>psyarxiv</i>. OSF."},"project":[{"name":"TRR 318 ; TP C01: Gesundes Misstrauen in Erklärungen","_id":"124"},{"_id":"109","name":"TRR 318: Erklärbarkeit konstruieren"},{"_id":"127","name":"TRR 318; TP C04: Metaphern als Werkzeug des Erklärens"}],"date_created":"2026-05-01T08:10:05Z","keyword":["explainability","explanation","prediction"],"type":"preprint","oa":"1","department":[{"_id":"424"}],"year":"2026","title":"When prediction replaces explanation:  A threat to psychological science ","status":"public","author":[{"last_name":"Knauff","first_name":"Markus","full_name":"Knauff, Markus"},{"full_name":"Butz, Martin V.","last_name":"Butz","first_name":"Martin V."},{"full_name":"Kaup, Barbara","first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Kaup"},{"full_name":"Kunde, Wilfried","first_name":"Wilfried","last_name":"Kunde"},{"id":"451","first_name":"Ingrid","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","last_name":"Scharlau","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid"}],"date_updated":"2026-05-01T08:10:11Z","page":"18","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/v2pht_v1"}],"publisher":"OSF","_id":"65544","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"451"},{"department":[{"_id":"424"},{"_id":"660"}],"type":"journal_article","keyword":["XAI","Appropriate trust","Distrust","Reliance","Human-centric evaluation","Trustworthy AI"],"date_created":"2025-05-02T09:26:15Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A current concern in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to ensure the trustworthiness of AI systems. The development of explainability methods is one prominent way to address this, which has often resulted in the assumption that the use of explainability will lead to an increase in the trust of users and wider society. However, the dynamics between explainability and trust are not well established and empirical investigations of their relation remain mixed or inconclusive.\r\nIn this paper we provide a detailed description of the concepts of user trust and distrust in AI and their relation to appropriate reliance. For that we draw from the fields of machine learning, human–computer interaction, and the social sciences. Based on these insights, we have created a focused study of empirical literature of existing empirical studies that investigate the effects of AI systems and XAI methods on user (dis)trust, in order to substantiate our conceptualization of trust, distrust, and reliance. With respect to our conceptual understanding we identify gaps in existing empirical work. With clarifying the concepts and summarizing the empirical studies, we aim to provide researchers, who examine user trust in AI, with an improved starting point for developing user studies to measure and evaluate the user’s attitude towards and reliance on AI systems."}],"publication":"Cognitive Systems Research","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"101357","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-05-15T11:16:27Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1389-0417"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Visser","first_name":"Roel","full_name":"Visser, Roel"},{"full_name":"Peters, Tobias Martin","last_name":"Peters","first_name":"Tobias Martin","orcid":"0009-0008-5193-6243","id":"92810"},{"first_name":"Ingrid","last_name":"Scharlau","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid","id":"451"},{"full_name":"Hammer, Barbara","last_name":"Hammer","first_name":"Barbara"}],"year":"2025","title":"Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation","project":[{"_id":"124","name":"TRR 318 - C1: TRR 318 - Subproject C1 - Gesundes Misstrauen in Erklärungen"}],"citation":{"mla":"Visser, Roel, et al. “Trust, Distrust, and Appropriate Reliance in (X)AI: A Conceptual Clarification of User Trust and Survey of Its Empirical Evaluation.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, 101357, Elsevier BV, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>.","ama":"Visser R, Peters TM, Scharlau I, Hammer B. Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>. Published online 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>","bibtex":"@article{Visser_Peters_Scharlau_Hammer_2025, title={Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>}, number={101357}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Visser, Roel and Peters, Tobias Martin and Scharlau, Ingrid and Hammer, Barbara}, year={2025} }","apa":"Visser, R., Peters, T. M., Scharlau, I., &#38; Hammer, B. (2025). Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, Article 101357. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>","ieee":"R. Visser, T. M. Peters, I. Scharlau, and B. Hammer, “Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation,” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, Art. no. 101357, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>.","short":"R. Visser, T.M. Peters, I. Scharlau, B. Hammer, Cognitive Systems Research (2025).","chicago":"Visser, Roel, Tobias Martin Peters, Ingrid Scharlau, and Barbara Hammer. “Trust, Distrust, and Appropriate Reliance in (X)AI: A Conceptual Clarification of User Trust and Survey of Its Empirical Evaluation.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357</a>."},"user_id":"92810","_id":"59756","publisher":"Elsevier BV","status":"public"},{"status":"public","volume":16,"user_id":"92810","_id":"59755","project":[{"_id":"124","name":"TRR 318 - C1: TRR 318 - Subproject C1 - Gesundes Misstrauen in Erklärungen"}],"citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Peters_Scharlau_2025, title={Interacting with fallible AI: Is distrust helpful when receiving AI misclassifications?}, volume={16}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809\">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>}, journal={Frontiers in Psychology}, author={Peters, Tobias Martin and Scharlau, Ingrid}, year={2025} }","ama":"Peters TM, Scharlau I. Interacting with fallible AI: Is distrust helpful when receiving AI misclassifications? <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. 2025;16. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809\">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>","mla":"Peters, Tobias Martin, and Ingrid Scharlau. “Interacting with Fallible AI: Is Distrust Helpful When Receiving AI Misclassifications?” <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, vol. 16, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809\">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>.","chicago":"Peters, Tobias Martin, and Ingrid Scharlau. “Interacting with Fallible AI: Is Distrust Helpful When Receiving AI Misclassifications?” <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i> 16 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>.","short":"T.M. Peters, I. Scharlau, Frontiers in Psychology 16 (2025).","ieee":"T. M. Peters and I. Scharlau, “Interacting with fallible AI: Is distrust helpful when receiving AI misclassifications?,” <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, vol. 16, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809\">10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>.","apa":"Peters, T. M., &#38; Scharlau, I. (2025). Interacting with fallible AI: Is distrust helpful when receiving AI misclassifications? <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, <i>16</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809</a>"},"article_type":"original","intvolume":"        16","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-05-27T09:10:09Z","author":[{"last_name":"Peters","orcid":"0009-0008-5193-6243","first_name":"Tobias Martin","full_name":"Peters, Tobias Martin","id":"92810"},{"id":"451","last_name":"Scharlau","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","first_name":"Ingrid","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid"}],"title":"Interacting with fallible AI: Is distrust helpful when receiving AI misclassifications?","year":"2025","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574809","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Due to the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in high-risk domains like law or medicine,\r\ntrustworthy AI and trust in AI are of increasing scientific and public relevance. A typical conception,\r\nfor example in the context of medical diagnosis, is that a knowledgeable user receives AIgenerated\r\nclassification as advice. Research to improve such interactions often aims to foster the\r\nuser’s trust, which in turn should improve the combined human-AI performance. Given that AI\r\nmodels can err, we argue that the possibility to critically review, thus to distrust, an AI decision is\r\nan equally interesting target of research.\r\nWe created two image classification scenarios in which the participants received mock-up\r\nAI advice. The quality of the advice decreases for a phase of the experiment. We studied the\r\ntask performance, trust and distrust of the participants, and tested whether an instruction to\r\nremain skeptical and review each piece of advice led to a better performance compared to a\r\nneutral condition. Our results indicate that this instruction does not improve but rather worsens\r\nthe participants’ performance. Repeated single-item self-report of trust and distrust shows an\r\nincrease in trust and a decrease in distrust after the drop in the AI’s classification quality, with no\r\ndifference between the two instructions. Furthermore, via a Bayesian Signal Detection Theory\r\nanalysis, we provide a procedure to assess appropriate reliance in detail, by quantifying whether\r\nthe problems of under- and over-reliance have been mitigated. We discuss implications of our\r\nresults for the usage of disclaimers before interacting with AI, as prominently used in current\r\nLLM-based chatbots, and for trust and distrust research.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Frontiers in Psychology","department":[{"_id":"424"},{"_id":"660"}],"type":"journal_article","keyword":["trust in AI","trust","distrust","human-AI interaction","Signal Detection Theory","Bayesian parameter estimation","image classification"],"date_created":"2025-05-02T09:22:39Z"},{"title":"Explaining Outliers using Isolation Forest and Shapley Interactions","year":"2025","status":"public","author":[{"full_name":"Visser, Roel","first_name":"Roel","last_name":"Visser"},{"full_name":"Fumagalli, Fabian","last_name":"Fumagalli","first_name":"Fabian"},{"full_name":"Hüllermeier, Eyke","last_name":"Hüllermeier","first_name":"Eyke"},{"last_name":"Hammer","first_name":"Barbara","full_name":"Hammer, Barbara"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-11T15:56:22Z","_id":"61232","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"93420","publication":"Proceedings of the European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN)","citation":{"mla":"Visser, Roel, et al. “Explaining Outliers Using Isolation Forest and Shapley Interactions.” <i>Proceedings of the European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN)</i>, 2025.","ama":"Visser R, Fumagalli F, Hüllermeier E, Hammer B. Explaining Outliers using Isolation Forest and Shapley Interactions. In: <i>Proceedings of the European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN)</i>. ; 2025.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Visser_Fumagalli_Hüllermeier_Hammer_2025, title={Explaining Outliers using Isolation Forest and Shapley Interactions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN)}, author={Visser, Roel and Fumagalli, Fabian and Hüllermeier, Eyke and Hammer, Barbara}, year={2025} }","apa":"Visser, R., Fumagalli, F., Hüllermeier, E., &#38; Hammer, B. (2025). Explaining Outliers using Isolation Forest and Shapley Interactions. <i>Proceedings of the European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN)</i>.","ieee":"R. Visser, F. Fumagalli, E. Hüllermeier, and B. Hammer, “Explaining Outliers using Isolation Forest and Shapley Interactions,” 2025.","chicago":"Visser, Roel, Fabian Fumagalli, Eyke Hüllermeier, and Barbara Hammer. “Explaining Outliers Using Isolation Forest and Shapley Interactions.” In <i>Proceedings of the European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN)</i>, 2025.","short":"R. Visser, F. Fumagalli, E. Hüllermeier, B. Hammer, in: Proceedings of the European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN), 2025."},"project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - Project Area C","_id":"117"},{"_id":"126","name":"TRR 318 - Subproject C3"},{"name":"TRR 318: Erklärbarkeit konstruieren","_id":"109"},{"name":"TRR 318 ; TP C01: Gesundes Misstrauen in Erklärungen","_id":"124"}],"date_created":"2025-09-11T15:53:02Z","keyword":["FF"],"type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"660"}]},{"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.09747","open_access":"1"}],"_id":"59917","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"93637","title":"Healthy Distrust in AI systems","year":"2025","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Paaßen","full_name":"Paaßen, Benjamin"},{"last_name":"Alpsancar","first_name":"Suzana","full_name":"Alpsancar, Suzana","id":"93637"},{"last_name":"Matzner","first_name":"Tobias","full_name":"Matzner, Tobias","id":"65695"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","first_name":"Ingrid","last_name":"Scharlau","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid","id":"451"}],"date_updated":"2025-11-18T09:38:01Z","date_created":"2025-05-16T09:39:13Z","type":"preprint","department":[{"_id":"424"},{"_id":"26"},{"_id":"756"}],"oa":"1","publication":"arXiv","citation":{"ama":"Paaßen B, Alpsancar S, Matzner T, Scharlau I. Healthy Distrust in AI systems. <i>arXiv</i>. Published online 2025.","bibtex":"@article{Paaßen_Alpsancar_Matzner_Scharlau_2025, title={Healthy Distrust in AI systems}, journal={arXiv}, author={Paaßen, Benjamin and Alpsancar, Suzana and Matzner, Tobias and Scharlau, Ingrid}, year={2025} }","mla":"Paaßen, Benjamin, et al. “Healthy Distrust in AI Systems.” <i>ArXiv</i>, 2025.","short":"B. Paaßen, S. Alpsancar, T. Matzner, I. Scharlau, ArXiv (2025).","chicago":"Paaßen, Benjamin, Suzana Alpsancar, Tobias Matzner, and Ingrid Scharlau. “Healthy Distrust in AI Systems.” <i>ArXiv</i>, 2025.","apa":"Paaßen, B., Alpsancar, S., Matzner, T., &#38; Scharlau, I. (2025). Healthy Distrust in AI systems. In <i>arXiv</i>.","ieee":"B. Paaßen, S. Alpsancar, T. Matzner, and I. Scharlau, “Healthy Distrust in AI systems,” <i>arXiv</i>. 2025."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"nder the slogan of trustworthy AI, much of contemporary AI research is focused on designing AI systems and usage practices that inspire human trust and, thus, enhance adoption of AI systems. However, a person affected by an AI system may not be convinced by AI system design alone---neither should they, if the AI system is embedded in a social context that gives good reason to believe that it is used in tension with a person’s interest. In such cases,  distrust in the system may be justified and necessary to build meaningful trust in the first place. We propose the term \\emph{healthy distrust} to describe such a justified, careful stance towards certain AI usage practices. We investigate prior notions of trust and distrust in computer science, sociology, history, psychology, and philosophy, outline a remaining gap that healthy distrust might fill and conceptualize healthy distrust as a crucial part for AI usage that respects human autonomy."}],"project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - B3: TRR 318 - Subproject B3","_id":"122"},{"name":"TRR 318 - C1: TRR 318 - Subproject C1 - Gesundes Misstrauen in Erklärungen","_id":"124"},{"_id":"370","name":"TRR 318 - B06: TRR 318 - Teilprojekt B6 - Ethik und Normativität der erklärbaren KI"}]},{"type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"424"},{"_id":"660"}],"place":"Cham","date_created":"2023-11-02T10:04:19Z","project":[{"_id":"124","name":"TRR 318 - C1: TRR 318 - Subproject C1"}],"publication":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","citation":{"short":"T.M. Peters, R.W. Visser, in: Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 2023.","chicago":"Peters, Tobias Martin, and Roel W. Visser. “The Importance of Distrust in AI.” In <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i>. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15</a>.","apa":"Peters, T. M., &#38; Visser, R. W. (2023). The Importance of Distrust in AI. <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15</a>","ieee":"T. M. Peters and R. W. Visser, “The Importance of Distrust in AI,” 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15\">10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15</a>.","ama":"Peters TM, Visser RW. The Importance of Distrust in AI. In: <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i>. Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15\">10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Peters_Visser_2023, place={Cham}, title={The Importance of Distrust in AI}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15\">10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15</a>}, booktitle={Communications in Computer and Information Science}, publisher={Springer Nature Switzerland}, author={Peters, Tobias Martin and Visser, Roel W.}, year={2023} }","mla":"Peters, Tobias Martin, and Roel W. Visser. “The Importance of Distrust in AI.” <i>Communications in Computer and Information Science</i>, Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15\">10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15</a>."},"doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_15","user_id":"92810","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"48595","publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","date_updated":"2023-11-24T11:59:49Z","publication_status":"published","title":"The Importance of Distrust in AI","year":"2023","status":"public","author":[{"orcid":"0009-0008-5193-6243","last_name":"Peters","first_name":"Tobias Martin","full_name":"Peters, Tobias Martin","id":"92810"},{"full_name":"Visser, Roel W.","first_name":"Roel W.","last_name":"Visser"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"isbn":["9783031440694","9783031440700"]}},{"date_created":"2025-09-16T09:48:54Z","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"publication":"Neurocomputing","article_number":"126722","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.neucom.2023.126722","title":"“I do not know! but why?” — Local model-agnostic example-based explanations of reject","year":"2023","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0925-2312"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Artelt, André","last_name":"Artelt","first_name":"André"},{"first_name":"Roelof","last_name":"Visser","full_name":"Visser, Roelof","id":"93919"},{"last_name":"Hammer","first_name":"Barbara","full_name":"Hammer, Barbara"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-17T11:49:31Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       558","citation":{"short":"A. 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