---
_id: '34415'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Challenges in the development of resource-efficient lightweight designs, such
    as emission and cost targets in production, lead to an increasing demand for environmentally
    friendly and fast joining processes. Therefore, cold-forming mechanical joining
    techniques provide an energy-efficient alternative in comparison to established
    processes, such as spot welding. However, to ensure a sufficient reliability of
    the product design, not only the selection of an appropriate manufacturing and
    joining method, but also the suitable dimensioning and validation of the entire
    joining process is a crucial step. In this context, thermal processes offer a
    large number of design principles while mechanical joining methods mainly require
    extensive experimental tests and the inclusion of expert knowledge. Although few
    contributions already investigated the data-based analysis of mechanical joints,
    a system for the requirement- and manufacturing-oriented dimensioning of joining
    components, such as different profiles and blanks, in combination with the estimation
    of joint properties is not available yet. Motivated by this lack, this contribution
    introduces an engineering workbench for the support of design engineers in the
    early development phases of the knowledge and data-based design of mechanical
    joining connections using clinching as an example. In this regard, the approach
    is demonstrated involving a similar material and sheet thickness combination with
    static loads.
author:
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Zirngibl, Christoph
  last_name: Zirngibl
- first_name: Christopher
  full_name: Sauer, Christopher
  last_name: Sauer
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Schleich, Benjamin
  last_name: Schleich
- first_name: Sandro
  full_name: Wartzack, Sandro
  last_name: Wartzack
citation:
  ama: 'Zirngibl C, Sauer C, Schleich B, Wartzack S. Knowledge and Data-Based Design
    and Dimensioning of Mechanical Joining Connections. In: <i>Volume 2: 42nd Computers
    and Information in Engineering Conference (CIE)</i>. American Society of Mechanical
    Engineers; 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89172">10.1115/detc2022-89172</a>'
  apa: 'Zirngibl, C., Sauer, C., Schleich, B., &#38; Wartzack, S. (2022). Knowledge
    and Data-Based Design and Dimensioning of Mechanical Joining Connections. <i>Volume
    2: 42nd Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (CIE)</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89172">https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89172</a>'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Zirngibl_Sauer_Schleich_Wartzack_2022, title={Knowledge
    and Data-Based Design and Dimensioning of Mechanical Joining Connections}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89172">10.1115/detc2022-89172</a>}, booktitle={Volume
    2: 42nd Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (CIE)}, publisher={American
    Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Zirngibl, Christoph and Sauer, Christopher
    and Schleich, Benjamin and Wartzack, Sandro}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: 'Zirngibl, Christoph, Christopher Sauer, Benjamin Schleich, and Sandro
    Wartzack. “Knowledge and Data-Based Design and Dimensioning of Mechanical Joining
    Connections.” In <i>Volume 2: 42nd Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
    (CIE)</i>. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89172">https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89172</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Zirngibl, C. Sauer, B. Schleich, and S. Wartzack, “Knowledge and Data-Based
    Design and Dimensioning of Mechanical Joining Connections,” 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89172">10.1115/detc2022-89172</a>.'
  mla: 'Zirngibl, Christoph, et al. “Knowledge and Data-Based Design and Dimensioning
    of Mechanical Joining Connections.” <i>Volume 2: 42nd Computers and Information
    in Engineering Conference (CIE)</i>, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
    2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89172">10.1115/detc2022-89172</a>.'
  short: 'C. Zirngibl, C. Sauer, B. Schleich, S. Wartzack, in: Volume 2: 42nd Computers
    and Information in Engineering Conference (CIE), American Society of Mechanical
    Engineers, 2022.'
date_created: 2022-12-14T12:27:27Z
date_updated: 2022-12-14T12:29:33Z
doi: 10.1115/detc2022-89172
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '132'
  name: 'TRR 285 - B: TRR 285 - Project Area B'
- _id: '144'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B05: TRR 285 - Subproject B05'
publication: 'Volume 2: 42nd Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (CIE)'
publication_status: published
publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
status: public
title: Knowledge and Data-Based Design and Dimensioning of Mechanical Joining Connections
type: conference
user_id: '7850'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34417'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Given strict emission targets and legal requirements, especially in the automotive
    industry, environmentally friendly and simultaneously versatile applicable production
    technologies are gaining importance. In this regard, the use of mechanical joining
    processes, such as clinching, enable assembly sheet metals to achieve strength
    properties similar to those of established thermal joining technologies. However,
    to guarantee a high reliability of the generated joint connection, the selection
    of a best-fitting joining technology as well as the meaningful description of
    individual joint properties is essential. In the context of clinching, few contributions
    have to date investigated the metamodel-based estimation and optimization of joint
    characteristics, such as neck or interlock thickness, by applying machine learning
    and genetic algorithms. Therefore, several regression models have been trained
    on varying databases and amounts of input parameters. However, if product engineers
    can only provide limited data for a new joining task, such as incomplete information
    on applied joining tool dimensions, previously trained metamodels often reach
    their limits. This often results in a significant loss of prediction quality and
    leads to increasing uncertainties and inaccuracies within the metamodel-based
    design of a clinch joint connection. Motivated by this, the presented contribution
    investigates different machine learning algorithms regarding their ability to
    achieve a satisfying estimation accuracy on limited input data applying a statistically
    based feature selection method. Through this, it is possible to identify which
    regression models are suitable to predict clinch joint characteristics considering
    only a minimum set of required input features. Thus, in addition to the opportunity
    to decrease the training effort as well as the model complexity, the subsequent
    formulation of design equations can pave the way to a more versatile application
    and reuse of pretrained metamodels on varying tool configurations for a given
    clinch joining task.
author:
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Zirngibl, Christoph
  last_name: Zirngibl
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Schleich, Benjamin
  last_name: Schleich
- first_name: Sandro
  full_name: Wartzack, Sandro
  last_name: Wartzack
citation:
  ama: Zirngibl C, Schleich B, Wartzack S. Estimation of Clinch Joint Characteristics
    Based on Limited Input Data Using Pre-Trained Metamodels. <i>AI</i>. 2022;3(4):990-1006.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ai3040059">10.3390/ai3040059</a>
  apa: Zirngibl, C., Schleich, B., &#38; Wartzack, S. (2022). Estimation of Clinch
    Joint Characteristics Based on Limited Input Data Using Pre-Trained Metamodels.
    <i>AI</i>, <i>3</i>(4), 990–1006. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ai3040059">https://doi.org/10.3390/ai3040059</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Zirngibl_Schleich_Wartzack_2022, title={Estimation of Clinch Joint
    Characteristics Based on Limited Input Data Using Pre-Trained Metamodels}, volume={3},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ai3040059">10.3390/ai3040059</a>}, number={4},
    journal={AI}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Zirngibl, Christoph and Schleich, Benjamin
    and Wartzack, Sandro}, year={2022}, pages={990–1006} }'
  chicago: 'Zirngibl, Christoph, Benjamin Schleich, and Sandro Wartzack. “Estimation
    of Clinch Joint Characteristics Based on Limited Input Data Using Pre-Trained
    Metamodels.” <i>AI</i> 3, no. 4 (2022): 990–1006. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ai3040059">https://doi.org/10.3390/ai3040059</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Zirngibl, B. Schleich, and S. Wartzack, “Estimation of Clinch Joint Characteristics
    Based on Limited Input Data Using Pre-Trained Metamodels,” <i>AI</i>, vol. 3,
    no. 4, pp. 990–1006, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ai3040059">10.3390/ai3040059</a>.'
  mla: Zirngibl, Christoph, et al. “Estimation of Clinch Joint Characteristics Based
    on Limited Input Data Using Pre-Trained Metamodels.” <i>AI</i>, vol. 3, no. 4,
    MDPI AG, 2022, pp. 990–1006, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ai3040059">10.3390/ai3040059</a>.
  short: C. Zirngibl, B. Schleich, S. Wartzack, AI 3 (2022) 990–1006.
date_created: 2022-12-14T12:32:29Z
date_updated: 2022-12-14T13:43:53Z
doi: 10.3390/ai3040059
intvolume: '         3'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-2688/3/4/59
oa: '1'
page: 990-1006
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '132'
  name: 'TRR 285 - B: TRR 285 - Project Area B'
- _id: '144'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B05: TRR 285 - Subproject B05'
publication: AI
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2673-2688
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Estimation of Clinch Joint Characteristics Based on Limited Input Data Using
  Pre-Trained Metamodels
type: journal_article
user_id: '7850'
volume: 3
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '30626'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Clinching is a very cost-efficient method for joining two or more sheets made
    of identical or different materials. However, the current evaluation methods cannot
    confirm the critical geometrical features of joints such as neck thickness, undercut,
    and bottom thickness. Furthermore, the effects caused by joining process such
    as elastic deformation and crack-closure are significant for the joining quality,
    but often earn insufficient attention. Therefore, computed tomography (CT) and
    Transient Dynamic Analysis (TDA) as an ultrasonic testing and evaluation procedure
    are combined to overcome the obstacles mentioned above. In order to have a well-defined
    and reproducible typical geometrical error in clinching, specimens with a pre-specified
    lateral offset of the punch with 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm are as well as with no lateral
    offset are investigated using CT. The specimens are treated with conductive copper
    varnish in varying intensities to support the two sheets' distinguishability in
    the CT measurement. The subsequently extracted surfaces from CT-scan data are
    used to create three-dimensional models for a numerical Transient Dynamic Analysis.
    Hereby, a harmonic force is applied to one sheet and the transferred energy is
    determined at the opposite side of the clinch point on the other sheet. The transmitted
    energy can be used as a quantitative measure for the joining quality. This setup
    is simulated by means of Finite-Element-Method and the specimens are investigated
    experimentally using a piezo actuator and a piezo sensor. The novelty of the results
    presented here is the completely non-destructive investigation of joint specimen
    by CT of similar materials with a contrast given foil in between the sheets and
    the subsequent TDA, which can easily detect difference between the specimens by
    evaluation of the energy dissipation of the joints.
author:
- first_name: D.
  full_name: Köhler, D.
  last_name: Köhler
- first_name: B.
  full_name: Sadeghian, B.
  last_name: Sadeghian
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Troschitz, J.
  last_name: Troschitz
- first_name: R.
  full_name: Kupfer, R.
  last_name: Kupfer
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Gude, M.
  last_name: Gude
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Brosius, A.
  last_name: Brosius
citation:
  ama: Köhler D, Sadeghian B, Troschitz J, Kupfer R, Gude M, Brosius A. Characterisation
    of lateral offsets in clinch points with computed tomography and transient dynamic
    analysis. <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>. 2022;5:100089. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089</a>
  apa: Köhler, D., Sadeghian, B., Troschitz, J., Kupfer, R., Gude, M., &#38; Brosius,
    A. (2022). Characterisation of lateral offsets in clinch points with computed
    tomography and transient dynamic analysis. <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>,
    <i>5</i>, 100089. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Köhler_Sadeghian_Troschitz_Kupfer_Gude_Brosius_2022, title={Characterisation
    of lateral offsets in clinch points with computed tomography and transient dynamic
    analysis}, volume={5}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089</a>},
    journal={Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}, author={Köhler, D. and Sadeghian,
    B. and Troschitz, J. and Kupfer, R. and Gude, M. and Brosius, A.}, year={2022},
    pages={100089} }'
  chicago: 'Köhler, D., B. Sadeghian, J. Troschitz, R. Kupfer, M. Gude, and A. Brosius.
    “Characterisation of Lateral Offsets in Clinch Points with Computed Tomography
    and Transient Dynamic Analysis.” <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>
    5 (2022): 100089. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089</a>.'
  ieee: 'D. Köhler, B. Sadeghian, J. Troschitz, R. Kupfer, M. Gude, and A. Brosius,
    “Characterisation of lateral offsets in clinch points with computed tomography
    and transient dynamic analysis,” <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>,
    vol. 5, p. 100089, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089</a>.'
  mla: Köhler, D., et al. “Characterisation of Lateral Offsets in Clinch Points with
    Computed Tomography and Transient Dynamic Analysis.” <i>Journal of Advanced Joining
    Processes</i>, vol. 5, 2022, p. 100089, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089</a>.
  short: D. Köhler, B. Sadeghian, J. Troschitz, R. Kupfer, M. Gude, A. Brosius, Journal
    of Advanced Joining Processes 5 (2022) 100089.
date_created: 2022-03-28T10:27:42Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T10:54:44Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089
intvolume: '         5'
language:
- iso: eng
page: '100089'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '133'
  name: 'TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C'
- _id: '148'
  name: 'TRR 285 – C04: TRR 285 - Subproject C04'
publication: Journal of Advanced Joining Processes
status: public
title: Characterisation of lateral offsets in clinch points with computed tomography
  and transient dynamic analysis
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 5
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '30625'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRT)/steel hybrid parts offer
    promising properties and possibilities, which can exceed the capabilities of both
    individual materials. In this case, the joining operation presents the main challenge.
    This paper studies the direct pin pressing where metallic pins with undercutting
    geometries, protruding from the metal component, are inserted into a locally infrared
    heated CFRT component. The aim is to investigate the joining process with a focus
    on the filling of the undercut features with matrix and fibers to create a primarily
    form-fitting joint. For good mechanical properties of the joint, it is crucial,
    that the undercutting features are filled and do not lead to significant deconsolidations.
    The pin structures are manufactured from 42CrMo4 steel on a cnc-lathe and are
    joined via welding with HCT600+Zn sheet metal. The CFRT samples are manufactured
    from polypropylene and approximately 45% vol. unidirectional glass fibers. In
    the scope of this study, different pin geometries are joined with varying process
    settings and micro sections of the joints are investigated via reflected light
    microscopy. It could be shown that the undercuts can be completely filled with
    matrix and fiber material using the described process route. Based on the optical
    investigations a suitable setting of joining parameters is defined and lap shear
    as well as cross head samples are manufactured and experimentally tested. It could
    be seen that independently from the pin geometry the lap shear strength was primarily
    limited due to shear failure of the pin structures and it is assumed that the
    base diameter and pin strength predominantly determine the joint strength. Cross
    head samples failed due to pin extraction. Here, a significant increase of the
    joint strength with undercutting features could be shown in comparison to cylindrical
    reference pins.
author:
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Popp, J.
  last_name: Popp
- first_name: D.
  full_name: Drummer, D.
  last_name: Drummer
citation:
  ama: Popp J, Drummer D. Joining of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic/steel
    hybrid parts via undercutting pin structures and infrared heating. <i>Journal
    of Advanced Joining Processes</i>. 2022;5:100084. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084</a>
  apa: Popp, J., &#38; Drummer, D. (2022). Joining of continuous fiber reinforced
    thermoplastic/steel hybrid parts via undercutting pin structures and infrared
    heating. <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>, <i>5</i>, 100084. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Popp_Drummer_2022, title={Joining of continuous fiber reinforced
    thermoplastic/steel hybrid parts via undercutting pin structures and infrared
    heating}, volume={5}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084</a>},
    journal={Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}, author={Popp, J. and Drummer,
    D.}, year={2022}, pages={100084} }'
  chicago: 'Popp, J., and D. Drummer. “Joining of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic/Steel
    Hybrid Parts via Undercutting Pin Structures and Infrared Heating.” <i>Journal
    of Advanced Joining Processes</i> 5 (2022): 100084. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084</a>.'
  ieee: 'J. Popp and D. Drummer, “Joining of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic/steel
    hybrid parts via undercutting pin structures and infrared heating,” <i>Journal
    of Advanced Joining Processes</i>, vol. 5, p. 100084, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084</a>.'
  mla: Popp, J., and D. Drummer. “Joining of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic/Steel
    Hybrid Parts via Undercutting Pin Structures and Infrared Heating.” <i>Journal
    of Advanced Joining Processes</i>, vol. 5, 2022, p. 100084, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084</a>.
  short: J. Popp, D. Drummer, Journal of Advanced Joining Processes 5 (2022) 100084.
date_created: 2022-03-28T10:25:57Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T10:55:23Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084
intvolume: '         5'
language:
- iso: eng
page: '100084'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '133'
  name: 'TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C'
- _id: '145'
  name: 'TRR 285 – C01: TRR 285 - Subproject C01'
publication: Journal of Advanced Joining Processes
status: public
title: Joining of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic/steel hybrid parts via
  undercutting pin structures and infrared heating
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 5
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '30624'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In addition to brazing and welding processes, mechanical joining processes
    such as clinching are increasingly being used. Clinch joints offer an advantage
    over metallurgical joining processes by giving the possibility of joining different
    material combinations without typical drawbacks. Thereby clinching offers an enormous
    advantage for lightweight construction. An additional benefit is a great variability
    in the geometric shapes of the toolsets, which ensure optimum adaptation of the
    clinching process on variations of the joining elements such as e.g. the sheet
    thickness. However, the vast variability is also one of the major challenges regarding
    the prediction of the joint reliability. In the work presented, the effect of
    different toolset geometries was investigated with a particular focus on the interaction
    between geometrical features and deformation-induced microstructural changes.
    Light optical and electron microscopy techniques, as well as micro-hardness measurements,
    were performed. The results were evaluated and discussed concerning the material's
    deformation behavior, the change in geometrical shape and the microstructural
    evolution due to the different tool geometries. The findings point out the main
    influence factors regarding the mechanical properties in general and the fatigue
    behavior in particular.
author:
- first_name: L.
  full_name: Ewenz, L.
  last_name: Ewenz
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Kuczyk, M.
  last_name: Kuczyk
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Zimmermann, M.
  last_name: Zimmermann
citation:
  ama: Ewenz L, Kuczyk M, Zimmermann M. Effect of the tool geometry on microstructure
    and geometrical features of clinched aluminum. <i>Journal of Advanced Joining
    Processes</i>. 2022;5. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091</a>
  apa: Ewenz, L., Kuczyk, M., &#38; Zimmermann, M. (2022). Effect of the tool geometry
    on microstructure and geometrical features of clinched aluminum. <i>Journal of
    Advanced Joining Processes</i>, <i>5</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Ewenz_Kuczyk_Zimmermann_2022, title={Effect of the tool geometry
    on microstructure and geometrical features of clinched aluminum}, volume={5},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091</a>},
    journal={Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}, author={Ewenz, L. and Kuczyk,
    M. and Zimmermann, M.}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Ewenz, L., M. Kuczyk, and M. Zimmermann. “Effect of the Tool Geometry on
    Microstructure and Geometrical Features of Clinched Aluminum.” <i>Journal of Advanced
    Joining Processes</i> 5 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091</a>.
  ieee: 'L. Ewenz, M. Kuczyk, and M. Zimmermann, “Effect of the tool geometry on microstructure
    and geometrical features of clinched aluminum,” <i>Journal of Advanced Joining
    Processes</i>, vol. 5, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091</a>.'
  mla: Ewenz, L., et al. “Effect of the Tool Geometry on Microstructure and Geometrical
    Features of Clinched Aluminum.” <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>,
    vol. 5, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091">10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091</a>.
  short: L. Ewenz, M. Kuczyk, M. Zimmermann, Journal of Advanced Joining Processes
    5 (2022).
date_created: 2022-03-28T10:24:28Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T10:54:16Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091
intvolume: '         5'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '132'
  name: 'TRR 285 - B: TRR 285 - Project Area B'
- _id: '141'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B02: TRR 285 - Subproject B02'
publication: Journal of Advanced Joining Processes
status: public
title: Effect of the tool geometry on microstructure and geometrical features of clinched
  aluminum
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 5
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '30622'
author:
- first_name: B.
  full_name: Gröger, B.
  last_name: Gröger
- first_name: V.
  full_name: Würfel, V.
  last_name: Würfel
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Hornig, A.
  last_name: Hornig
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Gude, M.
  last_name: Gude
citation:
  ama: Gröger B, Würfel V, Hornig A, Gude M. Forming process induced material structure
    of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics - Experimental and numerical investigation
    of a bladder-assisted moulding process. <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>.
    2022;5. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100">10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100</a>
  apa: Gröger, B., Würfel, V., Hornig, A., &#38; Gude, M. (2022). Forming process
    induced material structure of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics - Experimental and
    numerical investigation of a bladder-assisted moulding process. <i>Journal of
    Advanced Joining Processes</i>, <i>5</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Gröger_Würfel_Hornig_Gude_2022, title={Forming process induced
    material structure of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics - Experimental and numerical
    investigation of a bladder-assisted moulding process}, volume={5}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100">10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100</a>},
    journal={Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}, author={Gröger, B. and Würfel,
    V. and Hornig, A. and Gude, M.}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Gröger, B., V. Würfel, A. Hornig, and M. Gude. “Forming Process Induced
    Material Structure of Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics - Experimental and Numerical
    Investigation of a Bladder-Assisted Moulding Process.” <i>Journal of Advanced
    Joining Processes</i> 5 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100</a>.
  ieee: 'B. Gröger, V. Würfel, A. Hornig, and M. Gude, “Forming process induced material
    structure of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics - Experimental and numerical investigation
    of a bladder-assisted moulding process,” <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>,
    vol. 5, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100">10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100</a>.'
  mla: Gröger, B., et al. “Forming Process Induced Material Structure of Fibre-Reinforced
    Thermoplastics - Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Bladder-Assisted
    Moulding Process.” <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>, vol. 5, 2022,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100">10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100</a>.
  short: B. Gröger, V. Würfel, A. Hornig, M. Gude, Journal of Advanced Joining Processes
    5 (2022).
date_created: 2022-03-28T08:23:50Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T10:53:51Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100
intvolume: '         5'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '131'
  name: 'TRR 285 - A: TRR 285 - Project Area A'
- _id: '137'
  name: 'TRR 285 – A03: TRR 285 - Subproject A03'
publication: Journal of Advanced Joining Processes
status: public
title: Forming process induced material structure of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics
  - Experimental and numerical investigation of a bladder-assisted moulding process
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 5
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '30717'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: To achieve the climate objectives, various measures are taken to increase
    the efficiency of raw materials and energies used. A sector with a large proportion
    of the global consumption of resources is the mobility sector. To increase the
    efficiency in this field, large efforts are made to reduce the weight of moving
    masses. One approach is the use of multi-material systems, which utilises different
    materials and their specific properties depending on the local requirements. Multi-material
    systems consist often of materials which differ in strength and density, for example,
    high-strength steels, aluminium alloys or polymers. Additionally, such a system
    can utilise different geometries of the components to be joined, characterised
    for example by varying sheet thicknesses. A central challenge of producing these
    systems is the joining of the individual components. This requires robust joining
    processes capable of covering the entire spectrum of possible variants and is
    feasible for different physical properties of the materials. Since conventional
    joining processes are rather rigid and have difficulty reacting to changing process
    and disturbance variables, new joining processes are necessary. With the objective
    of being able to react versatile to varying parameters, a process combination
    consisting of a semi-tubular self-piercing riveting process and orbital forming
    process with adjustable tumbling kinematic is introduced. Due to the process combination
    of tumbling and self-piercing riveting, mutual influences of the two process components
    are analysed in regard to material flow and process forces. Further, the investigations
    show the influence of a varying tumbling angle on the joining process itself and
    how the characteristic properties undercut, rivet head end position and residual
    sheet thickness of the joint are affected. The material used for the joining partners
    is an aluminium alloy EN AW-6014 typical for multi-material systems in the automotive
    industry and the rivets are from type Rivset C produced by the Böllhoff company.
author:
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Wituschek, S.
  last_name: Wituschek
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Lechner, M.
  last_name: Lechner
citation:
  ama: Wituschek S, Lechner M. Investigation of the influence of the tumbling angle
    on a tumbling self-piercing riveting process. <i>Production Engineering</i>. Published
    online 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221080068">10.1177/14644207221080068</a>
  apa: Wituschek, S., &#38; Lechner, M. (2022). Investigation of the influence of
    the tumbling angle on a tumbling self-piercing riveting process. <i>Production
    Engineering</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221080068">https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221080068</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Wituschek_Lechner_2022, title={Investigation of the influence
    of the tumbling angle on a tumbling self-piercing riveting process}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221080068">10.1177/14644207221080068</a>},
    journal={Production Engineering}, author={Wituschek, S. and Lechner, M.}, year={2022}
    }'
  chicago: Wituschek, S., and M. Lechner. “Investigation of the Influence of the Tumbling
    Angle on a Tumbling Self-Piercing Riveting Process.” <i>Production Engineering</i>,
    2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221080068">https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221080068</a>.
  ieee: 'S. Wituschek and M. Lechner, “Investigation of the influence of the tumbling
    angle on a tumbling self-piercing riveting process,” <i>Production Engineering</i>,
    2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221080068">10.1177/14644207221080068</a>.'
  mla: Wituschek, S., and M. Lechner. “Investigation of the Influence of the Tumbling
    Angle on a Tumbling Self-Piercing Riveting Process.” <i>Production Engineering</i>,
    2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221080068">10.1177/14644207221080068</a>.
  short: S. Wituschek, M. Lechner, Production Engineering (2022).
date_created: 2022-03-29T10:33:15Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T10:56:48Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1177/14644207221080068
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '133'
  name: 'TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C'
- _id: '146'
  name: 'TRR 285 – C02: TRR 285 - Subproject C02'
publication: Production Engineering
status: public
title: Investigation of the influence of the tumbling angle on a tumbling self-piercing
  riveting process
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '30629'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Clinching is a joining process that is becoming more and more important in
    industry due to the increasing use of multi-material designs. Despite the already
    widespread use of the process, there is still a need for research to understand
    the mechanisms and design of clinched joints. In contrast to the tool parameters,
    process and material disturbances have not yet been investigated to a relatively
    large extent. However, these also have a great influence on the properties and
    applicability of clinching. The effect of process disturbances on the clinched
    joint are investigated with numerical and experimental methods. The investigated
    process variations are the history of the sheets using the pre-hardening of the
    material, different sheet thicknesses, sheet arrangements and punch strokes. For
    the consideration of the material history, a specimen geometry for pre-stretching
    specimens in uniaxial tension is used, from which the pre-stretched secondary
    specimens are taken. A finite element model is set up for the numerical investigations.
    Suitable clinching tools are selected. With the simulation, selected process influences
    can be examined. The effort of the numerical investigations is considerably reduced
    with the help of a statistical experimental design according to Taguchi. To confirm
    the simulation results, experimental investigations of the clinch point geometry
    by using micrographs and the shear strength of the clinched joint are performed.
    The analysis of the influence of difference disturbance factors on the clinching
    process demonstrate the importance of the holistic view of the clinching process.
author:
- first_name: C.
  full_name: Steinfelder, C.
  last_name: Steinfelder
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Acksteiner, J.
  last_name: Acksteiner
- first_name: C.
  full_name: Guilleaume, C.
  last_name: Guilleaume
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Brosius, A.
  last_name: Brosius
citation:
  ama: Steinfelder C, Acksteiner J, Guilleaume C, Brosius A. Analysis of the interactions
    between joint and component properties during clinching. <i>Production Engineering</i>.
    Published online 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x">10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x</a>
  apa: Steinfelder, C., Acksteiner, J., Guilleaume, C., &#38; Brosius, A. (2022).
    Analysis of the interactions between joint and component properties during clinching.
    <i>Production Engineering</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Steinfelder_Acksteiner_Guilleaume_Brosius_2022, title={Analysis
    of the interactions between joint and component properties during clinching},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x">10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x</a>},
    journal={Production Engineering}, author={Steinfelder, C. and Acksteiner, J. and
    Guilleaume, C. and Brosius, A.}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Steinfelder, C., J. Acksteiner, C. Guilleaume, and A. Brosius. “Analysis
    of the Interactions between Joint and Component Properties during Clinching.”
    <i>Production Engineering</i>, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Steinfelder, J. Acksteiner, C. Guilleaume, and A. Brosius, “Analysis of
    the interactions between joint and component properties during clinching,” <i>Production
    Engineering</i>, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x">10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x</a>.'
  mla: Steinfelder, C., et al. “Analysis of the Interactions between Joint and Component
    Properties during Clinching.” <i>Production Engineering</i>, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x">10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x</a>.
  short: C. Steinfelder, J. Acksteiner, C. Guilleaume, A. Brosius, Production Engineering
    (2022).
date_created: 2022-03-28T10:32:25Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T10:55:50Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '132'
  name: 'TRR 285 - B: TRR 285 - Project Area B'
- _id: '140'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B01: TRR 285 - Subproject B01'
publication: Production Engineering
status: public
title: Analysis of the interactions between joint and component properties during
  clinching
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '30640'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Surface determination is an essential step of the measurement process in industrial
    X-ray computed tomography (XCT). The starting point of the surface determination
    process step is a single grey value threshold within a voxel volume in conventional
    surface determination methods. However, this value is not always found in the
    reconstructed volume in the local environment of the surface of the measurement
    object due to various artefacts, so that none or incorrect surfaces are determined.
    In order to find surfaces independently of a single grey value, a three-dimensional
    approach of the initial contour determination based on a Prewitt edge detection
    algorithm is presented in this work. This method is applied to different test
    specimens and specimen compositions which, due to their material or material constellation,
    their geometric properties with regard to surfaces and interfaces as well as their
    calibrated size and length dimensions, embody relevant properties in the examination
    of joining connections. It is shown that by using the surface determination method
    in the measurement process, both a higher metrological structure resolution and
    interface structure resolution can be achieved. Surface artefacts can be reduced
    by the application and it is also an approach to improved surface finding for
    the multi-material components that are challenging for XCT.
author:
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Busch, M.
  last_name: Busch
- first_name: T.
  full_name: Hausotte, T.
  last_name: Hausotte
citation:
  ama: Busch M, Hausotte T. Application of an edge detection algorithm for surface
    determination in industrial X-ray computed tomography. <i>Production Engineering</i>.
    Published online 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z">10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z</a>
  apa: Busch, M., &#38; Hausotte, T. (2022). Application of an edge detection algorithm
    for surface determination in industrial X-ray computed tomography. <i>Production
    Engineering</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Busch_Hausotte_2022, title={Application of an edge detection algorithm
    for surface determination in industrial X-ray computed tomography}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z">10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z</a>},
    journal={Production Engineering}, author={Busch, M. and Hausotte, T.}, year={2022}
    }'
  chicago: Busch, M., and T. Hausotte. “Application of an Edge Detection Algorithm
    for Surface Determination in Industrial X-Ray Computed Tomography.” <i>Production
    Engineering</i>, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z</a>.
  ieee: 'M. Busch and T. Hausotte, “Application of an edge detection algorithm for
    surface determination in industrial X-ray computed tomography,” <i>Production
    Engineering</i>, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z">10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z</a>.'
  mla: Busch, M., and T. Hausotte. “Application of an Edge Detection Algorithm for
    Surface Determination in Industrial X-Ray Computed Tomography.” <i>Production
    Engineering</i>, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z">10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z</a>.
  short: M. Busch, T. Hausotte, Production Engineering (2022).
date_created: 2022-03-28T12:15:58Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T10:57:15Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '133'
  name: 'TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C'
- _id: '149'
  name: 'TRR 285 – C05: TRR 285 - Subproject C05'
publication: Production Engineering
status: public
title: Application of an edge detection algorithm for surface determination in industrial
  X-ray computed tomography
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '30628'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The work carried out is based on the thesis properties of clinched joints
    are determined by the proportions of binding mechanisms form-closure, force-closure
    and material-closure. To describe the acting binding mechanisms and thus to derive
    the joint properties, detailed knowledge of the local effect of the individual
    binding mechanisms is necessary to ensure their targeted adjustment by the joining
    process. The targeted setting of different proportions of the binding mechanisms
    is achieved firstly via tool geometry and secondly via surface condition of the
    joined parts. An introduced form-closure component can be quantified by metallographic
    cross section with subsequent measurement of the quality-determining parameters
    such as undercut, penetration depth and neck thickness. To qualify the force-closure
    component, a torsional load can be applied mechanically at rotationally symmetrical
    clinch joints. This also allows the influence of different surface conditions
    on the tribological system to be quantified. Measurement of electrical resistance
    can reveal the binding mechanisms of force- and material-closure. These investigations
    are carried out on an aluminum joining part combination of the same type. As a
    result of these investigations, the clinched joints can be designed according
    to the load occurring in the later life cycle in the form of an optimum and compromise
    variant with regard to minimum loads to be transmitted mechanically, electrically
    with regard to low resistance or manufacturing with minimum energy input.
author:
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Kalich, J.
  last_name: Kalich
- first_name: U.
  full_name: Füssel, U.
  last_name: Füssel
citation:
  ama: Kalich J, Füssel U. Design of clinched joints on the basis of binding mechanisms.
    <i>Production Engineering</i>. Published online 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z">10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z</a>
  apa: Kalich, J., &#38; Füssel, U. (2022). Design of clinched joints on the basis
    of binding mechanisms. <i>Production Engineering</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Kalich_Füssel_2022, title={Design of clinched joints on the basis
    of binding mechanisms}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z">10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z</a>},
    journal={Production Engineering}, author={Kalich, J. and Füssel, U.}, year={2022}
    }'
  chicago: Kalich, J., and U. Füssel. “Design of Clinched Joints on the Basis of Binding
    Mechanisms.” <i>Production Engineering</i>, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z</a>.
  ieee: 'J. Kalich and U. Füssel, “Design of clinched joints on the basis of binding
    mechanisms,” <i>Production Engineering</i>, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z">10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z</a>.'
  mla: Kalich, J., and U. Füssel. “Design of Clinched Joints on the Basis of Binding
    Mechanisms.” <i>Production Engineering</i>, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z">10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z</a>.
  short: J. Kalich, U. Füssel, Production Engineering (2022).
date_created: 2022-03-28T10:30:59Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T10:56:10Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '131'
  name: 'TRR 285 - A: TRR 285 - Project Area A'
- _id: '138'
  name: 'TRR 285 – A04: TRR 285 - Subproject A04'
publication: Production Engineering
status: public
title: Design of clinched joints on the basis of binding mechanisms
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '30627'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Additive plasticity in the logarithmic strain space is compared to multiplicative
    plasticity for various loading cases including coaxial and non-coaxial plastic
    deformations. Even though both finite plasticity approaches are based on total
    Lagrangian descriptions, the former is popular due to its inherent similarity
    to the infinitesimal theory and its easy extensibility. However, since its introduction
    several limitations of additive plasticity in the logarithmic strain space have
    been discovered. In this study, these problems such as stress rotation and softening
    are considered, revealing that fundamental differences compared to multiplicative
    plasticity occur for non-coaxial plastic deformations. We focus in particular
    on the observed softer response of the additive based approach, which is analysed
    in depth using three numerical examples including two well-known benchmarks for
    finite plasticity. By means of these finite element simulations the softer and
    possibly even localising response of additive plasticity in the logarithmic strain
    space is confirmed.
author:
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Friedlein, J.
  last_name: Friedlein
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Mergheim, J.
  last_name: Mergheim
- first_name: P.
  full_name: Steinmann, P.
  last_name: Steinmann
citation:
  ama: Friedlein J, Mergheim J, Steinmann P. Observations on additive plasticity in
    the logarithmic strain space at excessive strains. <i>International Journal of
    Solids and Structures</i>. 2022;239-240:111416. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416">10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416</a>
  apa: Friedlein, J., Mergheim, J., &#38; Steinmann, P. (2022). Observations on additive
    plasticity in the logarithmic strain space at excessive strains. <i>International
    Journal of Solids and Structures</i>, <i>239–240</i>, 111416. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Friedlein_Mergheim_Steinmann_2022, title={Observations on additive
    plasticity in the logarithmic strain space at excessive strains}, volume={239–240},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416">10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416</a>},
    journal={International Journal of Solids and Structures}, author={Friedlein, J.
    and Mergheim, J. and Steinmann, P.}, year={2022}, pages={111416} }'
  chicago: 'Friedlein, J., J. Mergheim, and P. Steinmann. “Observations on Additive
    Plasticity in the Logarithmic Strain Space at Excessive Strains.” <i>International
    Journal of Solids and Structures</i> 239–240 (2022): 111416. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416</a>.'
  ieee: 'J. Friedlein, J. Mergheim, and P. Steinmann, “Observations on additive plasticity
    in the logarithmic strain space at excessive strains,” <i>International Journal
    of Solids and Structures</i>, vol. 239–240, p. 111416, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416">10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416</a>.'
  mla: Friedlein, J., et al. “Observations on Additive Plasticity in the Logarithmic
    Strain Space at Excessive Strains.” <i>International Journal of Solids and Structures</i>,
    vol. 239–240, 2022, p. 111416, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416">10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416</a>.
  short: J. Friedlein, J. Mergheim, P. Steinmann, International Journal of Solids
    and Structures 239–240 (2022) 111416.
date_created: 2022-03-28T10:29:47Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T10:56:30Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416
language:
- iso: eng
page: '111416'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '131'
  name: 'TRR 285 - A: TRR 285 - Project Area A'
- _id: '139'
  name: 'TRR 285 – A05: TRR 285 - Subproject A05'
publication: International Journal of Solids and Structures
status: public
title: Observations on additive plasticity in the logarithmic strain space at excessive
  strains
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 239-240
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34253'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Lightweight construction has increasingly become the focus of scientific
    research in recent years, not least due to\r\nthe constantly increasing fuel price,
    which is a key factor in the economic viability of many companies. In this\r\nrespect,
    the use of hybrid structures, made of dissimilar materials offers many advantages.
    However, such hybrid\r\nstructures often have undesirable side effects. For example,
    brittle intermetallic phases are formed when\r\naluminum and steel are welded.
    Clinching as a mechanical joining process does not produce such intermetallic\r\nphases
    since the connection is realized through form and force closure. In this process,
    a punch passes through\r\ntwo or more sheets and forms them into a permanent joint
    in a die. In the present work, the corrosion phenomena\r\nof an aluminum-steel
    clinched joint have been investigated by both experiments and numerical simulations
    in\r\norder to explain the superior fatigue behavior of pre-corroded joints. Therefore,
    the clinched joints have been\r\ncorroded by a three-week salt-spray test. In
    addition, the electric potential and the von Mises stress are calculated\r\nunder
    the assumption of a static loading. The results of both experiments and numerical
    simulations can explain\r\nthe improvement in the fatigue behavior of the corroded
    specimens. This phenomenon can be attributed to the\r\naccumulation of corrosion
    products in small gaps between the joined metal sheets."
article_number: '100130'
author:
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Harzheim, Sven
  last_name: Harzheim
- first_name: Lars
  full_name: Ewenz, Lars
  last_name: Ewenz
- first_name: Martina
  full_name: Zimmermann, Martina
  last_name: Zimmermann
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Wallmersperger, Thomas
  last_name: Wallmersperger
citation:
  ama: 'Harzheim S, Ewenz L, Zimmermann M, Wallmersperger T. Corrosion Phenomena and
    Fatigue Behavior of Clinched Joints: Numerical and Experimental Investigations.
    <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>. 2022;6. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130">10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130</a>'
  apa: 'Harzheim, S., Ewenz, L., Zimmermann, M., &#38; Wallmersperger, T. (2022).
    Corrosion Phenomena and Fatigue Behavior of Clinched Joints: Numerical and Experimental
    Investigations. <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>, <i>6</i>, Article
    100130. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Harzheim_Ewenz_Zimmermann_Wallmersperger_2022, title={Corrosion
    Phenomena and Fatigue Behavior of Clinched Joints: Numerical and Experimental
    Investigations}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130">10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130</a>},
    number={100130}, journal={Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}, publisher={Elsevier
    BV}, author={Harzheim, Sven and Ewenz, Lars and Zimmermann, Martina and Wallmersperger,
    Thomas}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: 'Harzheim, Sven, Lars Ewenz, Martina Zimmermann, and Thomas Wallmersperger.
    “Corrosion Phenomena and Fatigue Behavior of Clinched Joints: Numerical and Experimental
    Investigations.” <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i> 6 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130</a>.'
  ieee: 'S. Harzheim, L. Ewenz, M. Zimmermann, and T. Wallmersperger, “Corrosion Phenomena
    and Fatigue Behavior of Clinched Joints: Numerical and Experimental Investigations,”
    <i>Journal of Advanced Joining Processes</i>, vol. 6, Art. no. 100130, 2022, doi:
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130">10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130</a>.'
  mla: 'Harzheim, Sven, et al. “Corrosion Phenomena and Fatigue Behavior of Clinched
    Joints: Numerical and Experimental Investigations.” <i>Journal of Advanced Joining
    Processes</i>, vol. 6, 100130, Elsevier BV, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130">10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130</a>.'
  short: S. Harzheim, L. Ewenz, M. Zimmermann, T. Wallmersperger, Journal of Advanced
    Joining Processes 6 (2022).
date_created: 2022-12-06T19:29:59Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T11:04:06Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130
intvolume: '         6'
keyword:
- Mechanical Engineering
- Mechanics of Materials
- Engineering (miscellaneous)
- Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous)
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666330922000346?via%3Dihub
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '132'
  name: 'TRR 285 - B: TRR 285 - Project Area B'
- _id: '141'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B02: TRR 285 - Subproject B02'
- _id: '142'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B03: TRR 285 - Subproject B03'
publication: Journal of Advanced Joining Processes
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2666-3309
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: 'Corrosion Phenomena and Fatigue Behavior of Clinched Joints: Numerical and
  Experimental Investigations'
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 6
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34252'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Clinching is the manufacturing process of joining two or more metal sheets
    under high plastic deformation by form and force closure without thermal support
    and auxiliary parts. Clinch connections are applicable to difficult-to-join hybrid
    material combinations, such as steel and aluminum. Therefore, this technology
    is interesting for the application of AISI 304 components, as this material is
    widely used as a highly formable sheet material. A characteristic feature of AISI
    304 is its metastability, i.e., the face-centered cubic (fcc) γ-austenite can
    transform into a significantly stronger body-centered cubic (bcc) α’-martensite
    under plastic deformation. This work investigates the effect of heat treatment—a
    process that involves the formation of an oxidation layer on the sheet surface—on
    the forming process during joining and the resulting mechanical properties of
    clinch joints made from AISI 304. For this purpose, different joints made from
    non-heat treated and heat-treated sheets were examined using classical metallography
    and advanced SEM techniques, accompanied by further investigations, such as hardness
    and feritscope measurements. The shear tensile strength was determined, and the
    fracture behavior of the samples was investigated. Clear influences of heat-treatment-induced
    surface roughness on the joint geometry and strength were observed.
article_number: '1514'
author:
- first_name: André Till
  full_name: Zeuner, André Till
  last_name: Zeuner
- first_name: Lars
  full_name: Ewenz, Lars
  last_name: Ewenz
- first_name: Jan
  full_name: Kalich, Jan
  last_name: Kalich
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Schöne, Sebastian
  last_name: Schöne
- first_name: Uwe
  full_name: Füssel, Uwe
  last_name: Füssel
- first_name: Martina
  full_name: Zimmermann, Martina
  last_name: Zimmermann
citation:
  ama: Zeuner AT, Ewenz L, Kalich J, Schöne S, Füssel U, Zimmermann M. The Influence
    of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Surface Roughness and Shear Tensile Strength
    of AISI 304 Clinch Joints. <i>Metals</i>. 2022;12(9). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091514">10.3390/met12091514</a>
  apa: Zeuner, A. T., Ewenz, L., Kalich, J., Schöne, S., Füssel, U., &#38; Zimmermann,
    M. (2022). The Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Surface Roughness
    and Shear Tensile Strength of AISI 304 Clinch Joints. <i>Metals</i>, <i>12</i>(9),
    Article 1514. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091514">https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091514</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Zeuner_Ewenz_Kalich_Schöne_Füssel_Zimmermann_2022, title={The
    Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Surface Roughness and Shear
    Tensile Strength of AISI 304 Clinch Joints}, volume={12}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091514">10.3390/met12091514</a>},
    number={91514}, journal={Metals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Zeuner, André Till
    and Ewenz, Lars and Kalich, Jan and Schöne, Sebastian and Füssel, Uwe and Zimmermann,
    Martina}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Zeuner, André Till, Lars Ewenz, Jan Kalich, Sebastian Schöne, Uwe Füssel,
    and Martina Zimmermann. “The Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure,
    Surface Roughness and Shear Tensile Strength of AISI 304 Clinch Joints.” <i>Metals</i>
    12, no. 9 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091514">https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091514</a>.
  ieee: 'A. T. Zeuner, L. Ewenz, J. Kalich, S. Schöne, U. Füssel, and M. Zimmermann,
    “The Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Surface Roughness and
    Shear Tensile Strength of AISI 304 Clinch Joints,” <i>Metals</i>, vol. 12, no.
    9, Art. no. 1514, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091514">10.3390/met12091514</a>.'
  mla: Zeuner, André Till, et al. “The Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure,
    Surface Roughness and Shear Tensile Strength of AISI 304 Clinch Joints.” <i>Metals</i>,
    vol. 12, no. 9, 1514, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091514">10.3390/met12091514</a>.
  short: A.T. Zeuner, L. Ewenz, J. Kalich, S. Schöne, U. Füssel, M. Zimmermann, Metals
    12 (2022).
date_created: 2022-12-06T19:25:49Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T11:04:26Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.3390/met12091514
intvolume: '        12'
issue: '9'
keyword:
- General Materials Science
- Metals and Alloys
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/9/1514
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '131'
  name: 'TRR 285 - A: TRR 285 - Project Area A'
- _id: '138'
  name: 'TRR 285 – A04: TRR 285 - Subproject A04'
- _id: '132'
  name: 'TRR 285 - B: TRR 285 - Project Area B'
- _id: '141'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B02: TRR 285 - Subproject B02'
publication: Metals
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2075-4701
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: The Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Surface Roughness and
  Shear Tensile Strength of AISI 304 Clinch Joints
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 12
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34249'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The trend towards lightweight design, driven by increasingly stringent emission
    targets, poses challenges to conventional joining processes due to the different
    mechanical properties of the joining partners used to manufacture multi-material
    systems. For this reason, new versatile joining processes are in demand for joining
    dissimilar materials. In this regard, pin joining with cold extruded pin structures
    is a relatively new, two-stage joining process for joining materials such as high-strength
    steel and aluminium as well as steel and fibre-reinforced plastic to multi-material
    systems, without the need for auxiliary elements. Due to the novelty of the process,
    there are currently only a few studies on the robustness of this joining process
    available. Thus, limited statements on the stability of the joining process considering
    uncertain process conditions, such as varying material properties or friction
    values, can be provided. Motivated by this, the presented work investigates the
    influence of different uncertain process parameters on the pin extrusion as well
    as on the joining process itself, carrying out a systematic robustness analysis.
    Therefore, the methodical approach covers the complete process chain of pin joining,
    including the load-bearing capacity of the joint by means of numerical simulation
    and data-driven methods. Thereby, a deeper understanding of the pin joining process
    is generated and the versatility of the novel joining process is increased. Additionally,
    the provision of manufacturing recommendations for the forming of pin joints leads
    to a significant decrease in the failure probability caused by ploughing or buckling
    effects.
article_number: '122'
author:
- first_name: David
  full_name: Römisch, David
  last_name: Römisch
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Zirngibl, Christoph
  last_name: Zirngibl
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Schleich, Benjamin
  last_name: Schleich
- first_name: Sandro
  full_name: Wartzack, Sandro
  last_name: Wartzack
- first_name: Marion
  full_name: Merklein, Marion
  last_name: Merklein
citation:
  ama: Römisch D, Zirngibl C, Schleich B, Wartzack S, Merklein M. Robustness Analysis
    of Pin Joining. <i>Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i>. 2022;6(5).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050122">10.3390/jmmp6050122</a>
  apa: Römisch, D., Zirngibl, C., Schleich, B., Wartzack, S., &#38; Merklein, M. (2022).
    Robustness Analysis of Pin Joining. <i>Journal of Manufacturing and Materials
    Processing</i>, <i>6</i>(5), Article 122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050122">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050122</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Römisch_Zirngibl_Schleich_Wartzack_Merklein_2022, title={Robustness
    Analysis of Pin Joining}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050122">10.3390/jmmp6050122</a>},
    number={5122}, journal={Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing}, publisher={MDPI
    AG}, author={Römisch, David and Zirngibl, Christoph and Schleich, Benjamin and
    Wartzack, Sandro and Merklein, Marion}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Römisch, David, Christoph Zirngibl, Benjamin Schleich, Sandro Wartzack,
    and Marion Merklein. “Robustness Analysis of Pin Joining.” <i>Journal of Manufacturing
    and Materials Processing</i> 6, no. 5 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050122">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050122</a>.
  ieee: 'D. Römisch, C. Zirngibl, B. Schleich, S. Wartzack, and M. Merklein, “Robustness
    Analysis of Pin Joining,” <i>Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i>,
    vol. 6, no. 5, Art. no. 122, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050122">10.3390/jmmp6050122</a>.'
  mla: Römisch, David, et al. “Robustness Analysis of Pin Joining.” <i>Journal of
    Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i>, vol. 6, no. 5, 122, MDPI AG, 2022,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6050122">10.3390/jmmp6050122</a>.
  short: D. Römisch, C. Zirngibl, B. Schleich, S. Wartzack, M. Merklein, Journal of
    Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6 (2022).
date_created: 2022-12-06T19:03:30Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T11:01:05Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.3390/jmmp6050122
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '5'
keyword:
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
- Mechanics of Materials
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/6/5/122
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '132'
  name: 'TRR 285 - B: TRR 285 - Project Area B'
- _id: '144'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B05: TRR 285 - Subproject B05'
- _id: '133'
  name: 'TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C'
- _id: '145'
  name: 'TRR 285 – C01: TRR 285 - Subproject C01'
publication: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2504-4494
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Robustness Analysis of Pin Joining
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 6
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34255'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Deformation of continuous fibre reinforced plastics during thermally-assisted
    forming or joining processes leads to a change of the initial material structure.
    The load behaviour of composite parts strongly depends on the resultant material
    structure. The prediction of this material structure is a challenging task and
    requires a deep knowledge of the material behaviour above melting temperature
    and the occurring complex forming phenomena. Through this knowledge, the optimisation
    of manufacturing parameters for a more efficient and reproducible process can
    be enabled and are in the focus of many investigations. In the present paper,
    a simplified pultrusion test rig is developed and presented to investigate the
    deformation behaviour of a thermoplastic semi-finished fiber product in a forming
    element. Therefore, different process parameters, like forming element temperature,
    pulling velocity as well as the forming element geometry, are varied. The deformation
    behaviour in the forming zone of the thermoplastic preimpregnated continuous glass
    fibre-reinforced material is investigated by computed tomography and the resultant
    pulling forces are measured. The results clearly show the correlation between
    the forming element temperature and the resulting forces due to a change in the
    viscosity of the thermoplastic matrix and the resulting fiber matrix interaction.
    In addition, the evaluation of the measurement data shows which forming forces
    are required to change the shape of the thermoplastic unidirectional material
    with a rectangular cross-section to a round one.
article_number: '146'
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Borowski, Andreas
  last_name: Borowski
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Gröger, Benjamin
  last_name: Gröger
- first_name: René
  full_name: Füßel, René
  last_name: Füßel
- first_name: Maik
  full_name: Gude, Maik
  last_name: Gude
citation:
  ama: Borowski A, Gröger B, Füßel R, Gude M. Characterisation of Fibre Bundle Deformation
    Behaviour—Test Rig, Results and Conclusions. <i>Journal of Manufacturing and Materials
    Processing</i>. 2022;6(6). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060146">10.3390/jmmp6060146</a>
  apa: Borowski, A., Gröger, B., Füßel, R., &#38; Gude, M. (2022). Characterisation
    of Fibre Bundle Deformation Behaviour—Test Rig, Results and Conclusions. <i>Journal
    of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i>, <i>6</i>(6), Article 146. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060146">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060146</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Borowski_Gröger_Füßel_Gude_2022, title={Characterisation of Fibre
    Bundle Deformation Behaviour—Test Rig, Results and Conclusions}, volume={6}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060146">10.3390/jmmp6060146</a>}, number={6146},
    journal={Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing}, publisher={MDPI AG},
    author={Borowski, Andreas and Gröger, Benjamin and Füßel, René and Gude, Maik},
    year={2022} }'
  chicago: Borowski, Andreas, Benjamin Gröger, René Füßel, and Maik Gude. “Characterisation
    of Fibre Bundle Deformation Behaviour—Test Rig, Results and Conclusions.” <i>Journal
    of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i> 6, no. 6 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060146">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060146</a>.
  ieee: 'A. Borowski, B. Gröger, R. Füßel, and M. Gude, “Characterisation of Fibre
    Bundle Deformation Behaviour—Test Rig, Results and Conclusions,” <i>Journal of
    Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i>, vol. 6, no. 6, Art. no. 146, 2022,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060146">10.3390/jmmp6060146</a>.'
  mla: Borowski, Andreas, et al. “Characterisation of Fibre Bundle Deformation Behaviour—Test
    Rig, Results and Conclusions.” <i>Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i>,
    vol. 6, no. 6, 146, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060146">10.3390/jmmp6060146</a>.
  short: A. Borowski, B. Gröger, R. Füßel, M. Gude, Journal of Manufacturing and Materials
    Processing 6 (2022).
date_created: 2022-12-06T20:38:11Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T11:05:02Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.3390/jmmp6060146
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '6'
keyword:
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
- Mechanics of Materials
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4494/6/6/146
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '131'
  name: 'TRR 285 - A: TRR 285 - Project Area A'
- _id: '137'
  name: 'TRR 285 – A03: TRR 285 - Subproject A03'
publication: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2504-4494
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Characterisation of Fibre Bundle Deformation Behaviour—Test Rig, Results and
  Conclusions
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 6
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34248'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Pin extrusion is a common process to realise pin structures in different geometrical
    dimensions for a subsequent joining operation. Nevertheless, the process of pin
    extrusion offers process limits regarding sheet thinning as a consequence of the
    punch penetration depth into the sheet. Thereby, cracks at the residual sheet
    thickness can occur during strength tests, resulting in a failure of the complete
    joint due to severe thinning. Therefore, measures have to be taken into account
    to reduce the thinning. One possibility is the application of orbital formed tailored
    blanks with a local material pre-distribution, which allows a higher sheet thickness
    in the desired area. Within this contribution, the novel approach of a process
    combination of orbital forming and pin extrusion is investigated. To reveal the
    potential of a local material pre-distribution, conventional specimens are compared
    with previously orbital formed components. Relevant parameters such as the residual
    sheet thickness, the pin height as well as the average hardness values are compared.
    The results show a significant positive influence of a local material pre-distribution
    on the residual sheet thickness as well as the resulting pin height. Furthermore,
    the strain hardening during orbital forming can be seen as an additional advantage.
    To conclude the results, the process limits of conventional pin extrusion can
    be expanded significantly by the application of specimens with a local material
    pre-distribution.
article_number: '127'
author:
- first_name: David
  full_name: Römisch, David
  last_name: Römisch
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Hetzel, Andreas
  last_name: Hetzel
- first_name: Simon
  full_name: Wituschek, Simon
  last_name: Wituschek
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Lechner, Michael
  last_name: Lechner
- first_name: Marion
  full_name: Merklein, Marion
  last_name: Merklein
citation:
  ama: Römisch D, Hetzel A, Wituschek S, Lechner M, Merklein M. Pin Extrusion for
    Mechanical Joining from Orbital Formed Tailored Blanks with Local Material Pre-Distribution.
    <i>Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i>. 2022;6(6). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060127">10.3390/jmmp6060127</a>
  apa: Römisch, D., Hetzel, A., Wituschek, S., Lechner, M., &#38; Merklein, M. (2022).
    Pin Extrusion for Mechanical Joining from Orbital Formed Tailored Blanks with
    Local Material Pre-Distribution. <i>Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i>,
    <i>6</i>(6), Article 127. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060127">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060127</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Römisch_Hetzel_Wituschek_Lechner_Merklein_2022, title={Pin Extrusion
    for Mechanical Joining from Orbital Formed Tailored Blanks with Local Material
    Pre-Distribution}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060127">10.3390/jmmp6060127</a>},
    number={6127}, journal={Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing}, publisher={MDPI
    AG}, author={Römisch, David and Hetzel, Andreas and Wituschek, Simon and Lechner,
    Michael and Merklein, Marion}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Römisch, David, Andreas Hetzel, Simon Wituschek, Michael Lechner, and Marion
    Merklein. “Pin Extrusion for Mechanical Joining from Orbital Formed Tailored Blanks
    with Local Material Pre-Distribution.” <i>Journal of Manufacturing and Materials
    Processing</i> 6, no. 6 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060127">https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060127</a>.
  ieee: 'D. Römisch, A. Hetzel, S. Wituschek, M. Lechner, and M. Merklein, “Pin Extrusion
    for Mechanical Joining from Orbital Formed Tailored Blanks with Local Material
    Pre-Distribution,” <i>Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</i>, vol.
    6, no. 6, Art. no. 127, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060127">10.3390/jmmp6060127</a>.'
  mla: Römisch, David, et al. “Pin Extrusion for Mechanical Joining from Orbital Formed
    Tailored Blanks with Local Material Pre-Distribution.” <i>Journal of Manufacturing
    and Materials Processing</i>, vol. 6, no. 6, 127, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060127">10.3390/jmmp6060127</a>.
  short: D. Römisch, A. Hetzel, S. Wituschek, M. Lechner, M. Merklein, Journal of
    Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6 (2022).
date_created: 2022-12-06T18:56:24Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T11:01:34Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.3390/jmmp6060127
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '6'
keyword:
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
- Mechanics of Materials
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '133'
  name: 'TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C'
- _id: '145'
  name: 'TRR 285 – C01: TRR 285 - Subproject C01'
- _id: '146'
  name: 'TRR 285 – C02: TRR 285 - Subproject C02'
publication: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2504-4494
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Pin Extrusion for Mechanical Joining from Orbital Formed Tailored Blanks with
  Local Material Pre-Distribution
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 6
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34247'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The paper presents research regarding a thermally supported multi-material
    clinching process (hotclinching) for metal and thermoplastic composite (TPC) sheets:
    an experimental approach to investigate the flow pressing phenomena during joining.
    Therefore, an experimental setup is developed to compress the TPC-specimens in
    out-of-plane direction with different initial TPC thicknesses and varying temperature
    levels. The deformed specimens are analyzed with computed tomography to investigate
    the resultant inner material structure at different compaction levels. The results
    are compared in terms of force-compaction-curves and occurring phenomena during
    compaction. The change of the material structure is characterized by sliding phenomena
    and crack initiation and growth.'
article_number: '5039'
author:
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Gröger, Benjamin
  last_name: Gröger
- first_name: David
  full_name: Römisch, David
  last_name: Römisch
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Kraus, Martin
  last_name: Kraus
- first_name: Juliane
  full_name: Troschitz, Juliane
  last_name: Troschitz
- first_name: René
  full_name: Füßel, René
  last_name: Füßel
- first_name: Marion
  full_name: Merklein, Marion
  last_name: Merklein
- first_name: Maik
  full_name: Gude, Maik
  last_name: Gude
citation:
  ama: Gröger B, Römisch D, Kraus M, et al. Warmforming Flow Pressing Characteristics
    of Continuous Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. <i>Polymers</i>. 2022;14(22).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225039">10.3390/polym14225039</a>
  apa: Gröger, B., Römisch, D., Kraus, M., Troschitz, J., Füßel, R., Merklein, M.,
    &#38; Gude, M. (2022). Warmforming Flow Pressing Characteristics of Continuous
    Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. <i>Polymers</i>, <i>14</i>(22), Article
    5039. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225039">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225039</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Gröger_Römisch_Kraus_Troschitz_Füßel_Merklein_Gude_2022, title={Warmforming
    Flow Pressing Characteristics of Continuous Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites},
    volume={14}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225039">10.3390/polym14225039</a>},
    number={225039}, journal={Polymers}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gröger, Benjamin
    and Römisch, David and Kraus, Martin and Troschitz, Juliane and Füßel, René and
    Merklein, Marion and Gude, Maik}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Gröger, Benjamin, David Römisch, Martin Kraus, Juliane Troschitz, René
    Füßel, Marion Merklein, and Maik Gude. “Warmforming Flow Pressing Characteristics
    of Continuous Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites.” <i>Polymers</i> 14,
    no. 22 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225039">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225039</a>.
  ieee: 'B. Gröger <i>et al.</i>, “Warmforming Flow Pressing Characteristics of Continuous
    Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites,” <i>Polymers</i>, vol. 14, no. 22,
    Art. no. 5039, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225039">10.3390/polym14225039</a>.'
  mla: Gröger, Benjamin, et al. “Warmforming Flow Pressing Characteristics of Continuous
    Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites.” <i>Polymers</i>, vol. 14, no. 22,
    5039, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225039">10.3390/polym14225039</a>.
  short: B. Gröger, D. Römisch, M. Kraus, J. Troschitz, R. Füßel, M. Merklein, M.
    Gude, Polymers 14 (2022).
date_created: 2022-12-06T18:51:19Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T11:02:56Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.3390/polym14225039
intvolume: '        14'
issue: '22'
keyword:
- Polymers and Plastics
- General Chemistry
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '131'
  name: 'TRR 285 - A: TRR 285 - Project Area A'
- _id: '137'
  name: 'TRR 285 – A03: TRR 285 - Subproject A03'
- _id: '133'
  name: 'TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C'
- _id: '145'
  name: 'TRR 285 – C01: TRR 285 - Subproject C01'
publication: Polymers
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2073-4360
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Warmforming Flow Pressing Characteristics of Continuous Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic
  Composites
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 14
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34256'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: '<jats:p>The 3D shear deformation and failure behaviour of a glass fibre reinforced
    polypropylene in a shear strain rate range of γ˙=2.2×10−4 to 3.4 1s is investigated.
    An Iosipescu testing setup on a servo-hydraulic high speed testing unit is used
    to experimentally characterise the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour utilising
    three specimen configurations (12-, 13- and 31-direction). The experimental procedure
    as well as the testing results are presented and discussed. The measured shear
    stress–shear strain relations indicate a highly nonlinear behaviour and a distinct
    rate dependency. Two methods are investigated to derive according material characteristics:
    a classical engineering approach based on moduli and strengths and a data driven
    approach based on the curve progression. In all cases a Johnson–Cook based formulation
    is used to describe rate dependency. The analysis methodologies as well as the
    derived model parameters are described and discussed in detail. It is shown that
    a phenomenologically enhanced regression can be used to obtain material characteristics
    for a generalising constitutive model based on the data driven approach.</jats:p>'
article_number: '318'
author:
- first_name: Johannes
  full_name: Gerritzen, Johannes
  last_name: Gerritzen
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Hornig, Andreas
  last_name: Hornig
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Gröger, Benjamin
  last_name: Gröger
- first_name: Maik
  full_name: Gude, Maik
  last_name: Gude
citation:
  ama: 'Gerritzen J, Hornig A, Gröger B, Gude M. A Data Driven Modelling Approach
    for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation and Failure of Thermoplastic
    Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation and Deriving Modelling
    Parameters. <i>Journal of Composites Science</i>. 2022;6(10). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100318">10.3390/jcs6100318</a>'
  apa: 'Gerritzen, J., Hornig, A., Gröger, B., &#38; Gude, M. (2022). A Data Driven
    Modelling Approach for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation and Failure
    of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation and
    Deriving Modelling Parameters. <i>Journal of Composites Science</i>, <i>6</i>(10),
    Article 318. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100318">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100318</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Gerritzen_Hornig_Gröger_Gude_2022, title={A Data Driven Modelling
    Approach for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation and Failure of Thermoplastic
    Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation and Deriving Modelling
    Parameters}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100318">10.3390/jcs6100318</a>},
    number={10318}, journal={Journal of Composites Science}, publisher={MDPI AG},
    author={Gerritzen, Johannes and Hornig, Andreas and Gröger, Benjamin and Gude,
    Maik}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: 'Gerritzen, Johannes, Andreas Hornig, Benjamin Gröger, and Maik Gude. “A
    Data Driven Modelling Approach for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation
    and Failure of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation
    and Deriving Modelling Parameters.” <i>Journal of Composites Science</i> 6, no.
    10 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100318">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100318</a>.'
  ieee: 'J. Gerritzen, A. Hornig, B. Gröger, and M. Gude, “A Data Driven Modelling
    Approach for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation and Failure of Thermoplastic
    Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation and Deriving Modelling
    Parameters,” <i>Journal of Composites Science</i>, vol. 6, no. 10, Art. no. 318,
    2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100318">10.3390/jcs6100318</a>.'
  mla: 'Gerritzen, Johannes, et al. “A Data Driven Modelling Approach for the Strain
    Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation and Failure of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced
    Composites: Experimental Characterisation and Deriving Modelling Parameters.”
    <i>Journal of Composites Science</i>, vol. 6, no. 10, 318, MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100318">10.3390/jcs6100318</a>.'
  short: J. Gerritzen, A. Hornig, B. Gröger, M. Gude, Journal of Composites Science
    6 (2022).
date_created: 2022-12-06T20:42:38Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T11:06:15Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.3390/jcs6100318
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '10'
keyword:
- Engineering (miscellaneous)
- Ceramics and Composites
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/6/10/318
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '131'
  name: 'TRR 285 - A: TRR 285 - Project Area A'
- _id: '137'
  name: 'TRR 285 – A03: TRR 285 - Subproject A03'
publication: Journal of Composites Science
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2504-477X
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: 'A Data Driven Modelling Approach for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation
  and Failure of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation
  and Deriving Modelling Parameters'
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 6
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34214'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This article presents the application and evaluation of a cantilever with
    integrated sensing and actuation as part of an atomic force microscope (AFM) with
    an adjustable probe direction, which is integrated into a nano measuring machine
    (NMM-1). The AFM, which is operated in closed-loop intermittent contact mode,
    is based on two rotational axes that enable the adjustment of the probe direction
    to cover a complete hemisphere. The axes greatly enlarge the metrology frame of
    the measuring system by materials with a comparatively high coefficient of thermal
    expansion, which ultimately limits the achievable measurement uncertainty of the
    measuring system. Thus, to reduce the thermal sensitivity of the system, the redesign
    of the rotational kinematics is mandatory. However, in this article, some preliminary
    investigations on the application of a self-sensing cantilever with an integrated
    micro heater for its stimulation will be presented. In previous investigations,
    a piezoelectric actuator has been applied to stimulate the cantilever. However,
    the removal of the piezoelectric actuator, which is enabled by the application
    of a cantilever with an integrated micro heater, promises an essential simplification
    of the sensor holder. Thus, in the future it might be possible to use materials
    with a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which are often difficult to machine
    and therefore only allow for rather simple geometries. Furthermore, because of
    the creepage of piezoelectric actuators, their removal from the metrology frame
    might lead to improved metrological characteristics. As will be shown, there are
    no significant differences between the two modes of actuation. Therefore, the
    redesigned rotational system will be based on the cantilever with integrated sensing
    and actuation.
author:
- first_name: Janik
  full_name: Schaude, Janik
  last_name: Schaude
- first_name: Tino
  full_name: Hausotte, Tino
  last_name: Hausotte
citation:
  ama: Schaude J, Hausotte T. Atomic Force Microscope with an Adjustable Probe Direction
    and Integrated Sensing and Actuation. <i>Nanomanufacturing and Metrology</i>.
    2022;5(2):139-148. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9">10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9</a>
  apa: Schaude, J., &#38; Hausotte, T. (2022). Atomic Force Microscope with an Adjustable
    Probe Direction and Integrated Sensing and Actuation. <i>Nanomanufacturing and
    Metrology</i>, <i>5</i>(2), 139–148. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Schaude_Hausotte_2022, title={Atomic Force Microscope with an
    Adjustable Probe Direction and Integrated Sensing and Actuation}, volume={5},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9">10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9</a>},
    number={2}, journal={Nanomanufacturing and Metrology}, publisher={Springer Science
    and Business Media LLC}, author={Schaude, Janik and Hausotte, Tino}, year={2022},
    pages={139–148} }'
  chicago: 'Schaude, Janik, and Tino Hausotte. “Atomic Force Microscope with an Adjustable
    Probe Direction and Integrated Sensing and Actuation.” <i>Nanomanufacturing and
    Metrology</i> 5, no. 2 (2022): 139–48. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9</a>.'
  ieee: 'J. Schaude and T. Hausotte, “Atomic Force Microscope with an Adjustable Probe
    Direction and Integrated Sensing and Actuation,” <i>Nanomanufacturing and Metrology</i>,
    vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 139–148, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9">10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9</a>.'
  mla: Schaude, Janik, and Tino Hausotte. “Atomic Force Microscope with an Adjustable
    Probe Direction and Integrated Sensing and Actuation.” <i>Nanomanufacturing and
    Metrology</i>, vol. 5, no. 2, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022, pp.
    139–48, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9">10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9</a>.
  short: J. Schaude, T. Hausotte, Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 5 (2022) 139–148.
date_created: 2022-12-05T21:15:09Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T11:10:08Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9
intvolume: '         5'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
- Materials Science (miscellaneous)
language:
- iso: eng
page: 139-148
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '133'
  name: 'TRR 285 - C: TRR 285 - Project Area C'
- _id: '149'
  name: 'TRR 285 – C05: TRR 285 - Subproject C05'
publication: Nanomanufacturing and Metrology
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2520-811X
  - 2520-8128
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Atomic Force Microscope with an Adjustable Probe Direction and Integrated Sensing
  and Actuation
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 5
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '34209'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Predicting the durability of components subjected to mechanical load under
    environmental conditions leading to corrosion is one of the most challenging tasks
    in mechanical engineering. The demand for precise predictions increases with the
    desire of lightweight design in transportation due to environmental protection.
    Corrosion with its manifold of mechanisms often occurs together with the production
    of hydrogen by electrochemical reactions. Hydrogen embrittlement is one of the
    most feared damage mechanisms for metal constructions often leading to early and
    unexpected failure. Until now, predictions are mostly based on costly experiments.
    Hence, a rational predictive model based on the fundamentals of electrochemistry
    and damage mechanics has to be developed in order to reduce the costs. In this
    work, a first model approach based on classical continuum damage mechanics is
    presented to couple both, the damage induced by the mechanical stress and the
    hydrogen embrittlement. An elaborated two-scale model based on the selfconsistent
    theory is applied to describe the mechanical damage due to fatigue. The electrochemical
    kinetics are elucidated through the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the diffusion
    equation to consider the impact of hydrogen embrittlement on the fatigue. The
    modeling of the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement defines the progress of damage
    accumulation due to the electrochemistry. The durability results like the S-N
    diagram show the influence of hydrogen embrittlement by varying, e.g. the fatigue
    frequency or the stress ratio.
author:
- first_name: Yuhao
  full_name: Shi, Yuhao
  last_name: Shi
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Harzheim, Sven
  last_name: Harzheim
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Hofmann, Martin
  last_name: Hofmann
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Wallmersperger, Thomas
  last_name: Wallmersperger
citation:
  ama: 'Shi Y, Harzheim S, Hofmann M, Wallmersperger T. A Damage Model for Corrosion
    Fatigue Due to Hydrogen Embrittlement. In: <i>Material Modeling and Structural
    Mechanics</i>. Springer International Publishing; 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9">10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9</a>'
  apa: Shi, Y., Harzheim, S., Hofmann, M., &#38; Wallmersperger, T. (2022). A Damage
    Model for Corrosion Fatigue Due to Hydrogen Embrittlement. In <i>Material Modeling
    and Structural Mechanics</i>. Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9</a>
  bibtex: '@inbook{Shi_Harzheim_Hofmann_Wallmersperger_2022, place={Cham}, title={A
    Damage Model for Corrosion Fatigue Due to Hydrogen Embrittlement}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9">10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9</a>},
    booktitle={Material Modeling and Structural Mechanics}, publisher={Springer International
    Publishing}, author={Shi, Yuhao and Harzheim, Sven and Hofmann, Martin and Wallmersperger,
    Thomas}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: 'Shi, Yuhao, Sven Harzheim, Martin Hofmann, and Thomas Wallmersperger.
    “A Damage Model for Corrosion Fatigue Due to Hydrogen Embrittlement.” In <i>Material
    Modeling and Structural Mechanics</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing,
    2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9</a>.'
  ieee: 'Y. Shi, S. Harzheim, M. Hofmann, and T. Wallmersperger, “A Damage Model for
    Corrosion Fatigue Due to Hydrogen Embrittlement,” in <i>Material Modeling and
    Structural Mechanics</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022.'
  mla: Shi, Yuhao, et al. “A Damage Model for Corrosion Fatigue Due to Hydrogen Embrittlement.”
    <i>Material Modeling and Structural Mechanics</i>, Springer International Publishing,
    2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9">10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9</a>.
  short: 'Y. Shi, S. Harzheim, M. Hofmann, T. Wallmersperger, in: Material Modeling
    and Structural Mechanics, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2022.'
date_created: 2022-12-05T20:53:13Z
date_updated: 2023-01-02T11:10:26Z
department:
- _id: '630'
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-97675-0_9
keyword:
- Hydrogen embrittlement
- Fatigue
- Continuum damage mechanics
- Numerical simulation
- Multi-field problem
language:
- iso: eng
place: Cham
project:
- _id: '130'
  grant_number: '418701707'
  name: 'TRR 285: TRR 285'
- _id: '132'
  name: 'TRR 285 - B: TRR 285 - Project Area B'
- _id: '142'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B03: TRR 285 - Subproject B03'
publication: Material Modeling and Structural Mechanics
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - '9783030976743'
  - '9783030976750'
  issn:
  - 1869-8433
  - 1869-8441
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer International Publishing
status: public
title: A Damage Model for Corrosion Fatigue Due to Hydrogen Embrittlement
type: book_chapter
user_id: '14931'
year: '2022'
...
