@article{30100,
abstract = {{Since the application of mechanical joining methods, such as clinching or riveting, offers a robust solution for the generation of advanced multi-material connections, the use in the field of lightweight designs (e.g. automotive industry) is steadily increasing. Therefore, not only the design of an individual joint is required but also the dimensioning of the entire joining connection is crucial. However, in comparison to thermal joining techniques, such as spot welding, the evaluation of the joints’ resistance against defined requirements (e.g. types of load, minimal amount of load cycles) mainly relies on the consideration of expert knowledge, a few design principles and a small amount of experimental data. Since this generally implies the involvement of several domains, such as the material characterization or the part design, a tremendous amount of data and knowledge is separately generated for a certain dimensioning process. Nevertheless, the lack of formalization and standardization in representing the gained knowledge leads to a difficult and inconsistent reuse, sharing or searching of already existing information. Thus, this contribution presents a specific ontology for the provision of cross-domain knowledge about mechanical joining processes and highlights two potential use cases of this ontology in the design of clinched and pin joints.}},
author = {{Zirngibl, Christoph and Kügler, Patricia and Popp, Julian and Bielak, Christian Roman and Bobbert, Mathias and Drummer, Dietmar and Meschut, Gerson and Wartzack, Sandro and Schleich, Benjamin}},
issn = {{0944-6524}},
journal = {{Production Engineering}},
keywords = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering}},
publisher = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
title = {{{Provision of cross-domain knowledge in mechanical joining using ontologies}}},
doi = {{10.1007/s11740-022-01117-y}},
year = {{2022}},
}
@inbook{34210,
abstract = {{The application of the mechanical joining process clinching enables the joining of sheet metals with a wide range of material-thickness configurations, which is of interest in lightweight construction of multi-material structures. Each material-thickness combination results in a joint with its own property profile that is affected differently by variations. Manufacturing process-related effects from preforming steps influence the geometric shape of a clinched joint as well as its load-bearing capacity. During the clinching process high degrees of plastic strain, increased temperatures and high strain rates occur. In this context, a 3D numerical model was developed which can represent the material-specific behaviour during the process chain steps sheet metal forming, joining, and loading phase in order to achieve a high predictive accuracy of the simulation. Besides to the investigation of the prediction accuracy, the extent of the influence of individual modelling aspects such as temperature and strain rate dependency is examined.}},
author = {{Bielak, Christian Roman and Böhnke, Max and Bobbert, Mathias and Meschut, Gerson}},
booktitle = {{The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series}},
isbn = {{9783031062117}},
issn = {{2367-1181}},
publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
title = {{{Development of a Numerical 3D Model for Analyzing Clinched Joints in Versatile Process Chains}}},
doi = {{10.1007/978-3-031-06212-4_15}},
year = {{2022}},
}
@article{30962,
abstract = {{ Clinching as a mechanical joining process has become established in many areas of car body. In order to predict relevant properties of clinched joints and to ensure the reliability of the process, it is numerically simulated during the product development process. The prediction accuracy of the simulated process depends on the implemented friction model. Therefore, a new method for determining friction coefficients in sheet metal materials was developed and tested. The aim of this study is the numerical investigation of this experimental method by means of FE simulation. The experimental setup is modelled in a 3D numerical simulation taking into account the process parameters varying in the experiment, such as geometric properties, contact pressure and contact velocity. Furthermore, the contact description of the model is calibrated via the experimentally determined friction coefficients according to clinch-relevant parameter space. It is shown that the assumptions made in the determination of the experimental data in preliminary work are valid. In addition, it is investigated to what extent the standard Coulomb friction model in the FEM can reproduce the results of the experimental method. }},
author = {{Bielak, Christian Roman and Böhnke, Max and Bobbert, Mathias and Meschut, Gerson}},
issn = {{1464-4207}},
journal = {{Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications}},
keywords = {{Mechanical Engineering, General Materials Science}},
publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
title = {{{Numerical investigation of a friction test to determine the friction coefficients for the clinching process}}},
doi = {{10.1177/14644207221093468}},
year = {{2022}},
}
@article{30963,
abstract = {{AbstractIn this paper, a study based on experimental and numerical simulations is performed to analyze fatigue cracks in clinched joints. An experimental investigation is conducted to determine the failure modes of clinched joints under cyclic loading at different load amplitudes with single-lap shear tests. In addition, numerical FEM simulations of clinching process and subsequent shear loading are performed to support the experimental investigations by analyzing the state of stresses at the location of failure. An attempt is made to explain the location of crack initiation in the experiments using evaluation variables such as contact shear stress and maximum principal stress.}},
author = {{Ewenz, Lars and Bielak, Christian Roman and Otroshi, Mortaza and Bobbert, Mathias and Meschut, Gerson and Zimmermann, Martina}},
issn = {{0944-6524}},
journal = {{Production Engineering}},
keywords = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering}},
number = {{2-3}},
pages = {{305--313}},
publisher = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
title = {{{Numerical and experimental identification of fatigue crack initiation sites in clinched joints}}},
doi = {{10.1007/s11740-022-01124-z}},
volume = {{16}},
year = {{2022}},
}
@article{29951,
abstract = {{The components of a body in white consist of many individual thin-walled sheet metal parts, which usually are manufactured in deep-drawing processes. In general, the conditions in a deep-drawing process change due to changing tribology conditions, varying degrees of spring back, or scattering material properties in the sheet blanks, which affects the resulting pre-strain. Mechanical joining processes, especially clinching, are influenced by these process-related pre-strains. The final geometric shape of a clinched joint is affected to a significant level by the prior material deformation when joining with constant process parameters. That leads to a change in the stiffness and force transmission in the clinched joint due to the different geometric dimensions, such as interlock, neck thickness and bottom thickness, which directly affect the load bearing capacity. Here, the influence of the pre-straining in the deep drawing process on the force distribution in clinch points in an automotive assembly is investigated by finite-element models numerically. In further studies, the results are implemented in an optimization tool for designing clinched components. The methodology starts with a pre-straining of metal sheets. This step is followed by 2D rotationally symmetric forming simulations of the joining process. The resulting mesh of each forming simulation is rotated and 3D models are obtained. The clinched joint solid model with pre-strains is used further to determine the joint stiffnesses. With the simulation of the same test set-up with an equivalent point-connector model, the equivalent stiffness for each pre-strain combination is determined. Simulations are performed on a clinched component to assess the influence of pre-strain and sheet thinning on the clinched joint loadings by using the equivalent stiffnesses. The investigations clearly show that for the selected component, the loadings at the clinch points are dependent on the sheet thinning and the stiffnesses due to pre-strain. The magnitude of the influence varies depending on the quantity considered. For example, the shear force is more sensitive to the joint stiffness than to the sheet thinning.}},
author = {{Martin, Sven and Bielak, Christian Roman and Bobbert, Mathias and Tröster, Thomas and Meschut, Gerson}},
issn = {{0944-6524}},
journal = {{Production Engineering}},
keywords = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering}},
publisher = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
title = {{{Numerical investigation of the clinched joint loadings considering the initial pre-strain in the joining area}}},
doi = {{10.1007/s11740-021-01103-w}},
year = {{2022}},
}
@article{63829,
abstract = {{The 3D shear deformation and failure behaviour of a glass fibre reinforced polypropylene in a shear strain rate range of γ˙=2.2×10−4 to 3.4 1s is investigated. An Iosipescu testing setup on a servo-hydraulic high speed testing unit is used to experimentally characterise the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour utilising three specimen configurations (12-, 13- and 31-direction). The experimental procedure as well as the testing results are presented and discussed. The measured shear stress–shear strain relations indicate a highly nonlinear behaviour and a distinct rate dependency. Two methods are investigated to derive according material characteristics: a classical engineering approach based on moduli and strengths and a data driven approach based on the curve progression. In all cases a Johnson–Cook based formulation is used to describe rate dependency. The analysis methodologies as well as the derived model parameters are described and discussed in detail. It is shown that a phenomenologically enhanced regression can be used to obtain material characteristics for a generalising constitutive model based on the data driven approach.}},
author = {{Gerritzen, Johannes and Hornig, Andreas and Gröger, Benjamin and Gude, Maik}},
issn = {{2504-477X}},
journal = {{Journal of Composites Science}},
number = {{10}},
publisher = {{MDPI AG}},
title = {{{A Data Driven Modelling Approach for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation and Failure of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation and Deriving Modelling Parameters}}},
doi = {{10.3390/jcs6100318}},
volume = {{6}},
year = {{2022}},
}
@article{30647,
abstract = {{The increasing economic and ecological demands on the mobility sector require efforts to reduce resource consumption in both the production and utilization phases. The use of lightweight construction technologies can save material and increase energy efficiency during operation. Multi-material systems consisting of different materials and geometries are used to achieve weight reduction. Since conventional joining processes reach their limits in the connection of these components, new methods and technologies are necessary in order to be able to react versatilely to varying process and disturbance variables. For fundamental investigations of new possibilities in joining technology, numerical investigations are helpful to identify process parameters. To generate valid results, robust and efficient material models are developed which are adapted to the requirements of versatile joining technologies, for instance to the high plastic strains associated with self-piercing riveting. To describe the inherent strain-induced plastic orthotropy of sheet metal an anisotropic Hill-plasticity model is formulated. Tensile tests for different sheet orientations are conducted both experimentally and numerically to adjust the anisotropic material parameters by inverse parameter identification for aluminium EN AW-6014 and steel HCT590X. Then, the layer compression test is used to validate the model and the previously identified parameters.}},
author = {{Friedlein, J. and Wituschek, S. and Lechner, M. and Mergheim, J. and Steinmann, P.}},
journal = {{IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering}},
pages = {{012004}},
title = {{{Inverse parameter identification of an anisotropic plasticity model for sheet metal}}},
doi = {{10.1088/1757-899X/1157/1/012004}},
volume = {{1157}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30643,
abstract = {{The multi-material design and the adaptability of a modern process chain require joining connections with specifically adjustable mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electrical properties. Previous considerations primarily focused on the mechanical properties. The multitude of possible combinations of requirements, materials, and component- and joining-geometry makes an empirical determination of these joining properties for the clinching process impossible. Based on the established and empirical procedure, there is currently no model that takes into account all questions of joinability—i.e., the materials (suitability for joining), design (security of joining), and production (joining possibility)—that allows a calculation of the properties that can be achieved. It is therefore necessary to describe the physical properties of the joint as a function of the three binding mechanisms—form closure, force closure, and material closure—in relation to the application. This approach illustrates the relationships along the causal chain “joint requirement-binding mechanism-joining parameters” and improves the adaptability of the mechanical joining technology. Geometrical properties of clinch connections of the combination of aluminum and steel are compared in a metallographic cross-section. The mechanical stress state of the rotationally symmetrical clinch points is qualified with a torsion test and by measuring the electrical resistance in the base material, in the clinch joint, and during the production cycle (after clinching, before precipitation hardening and after precipitation hardening).}},
author = {{Kalich, J. and Füssel, U.}},
journal = {{Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing}},
pages = {{105}},
title = {{{Influence of the production process on the binding mechanism of clinched aluminum steel mixed compounds}}},
doi = {{10.3390/jmmp5040105}},
volume = {{5}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30644,
abstract = {{Computational homogenization is a powerful tool allowing to obtain homogenized properties of materials on the macroscale from simulations of the underlying microstructure. The response of the microstructure is, however, strongly affected by variations in the microstructure geometry. In particular, we consider heterogeneous materials with randomly distributed non-overlapping inclusions, which radii are also random. In this work we extend the earlier proposed non-deterministic computational homogenization framework to plastic materials, thereby increasing the model versatility and overall realism. We apply novel soft periodic boundary conditions and estimate their effect in case of non-periodic material microstructures. We study macroscopic plasticity signatures like the macroscopic von-Mises stress and make useful conclusions for further constitutive modeling. Simulations demonstrate the effect of the novel boundary conditions, which significantly differ from the standard periodic boundary conditions, and the large influence of parameter variations and hence the importance of the stochastic modeling.}},
author = {{Pivovarov, D. and Mergheim, J. and Willner, K. and Steinmann, P.}},
journal = {{Computational Mechanics}},
title = {{{Stochastic local FEM for computational homogenization of heterogeneous materials exhibiting large plastic deformations}}},
doi = {{10.1007/s00466-021-02099-x}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30642,
abstract = {{Sheet metal forming as well as mechanical joining demand increasingly accurate and efficient material modelling to capture large deformations, the inherent sheet orthotropy and even process-induced damage, which is expected to be influential. To account for large strains the additive logarithmic strain space is utilised that enables a straightforward incorporation of plastic anisotropy, herein modelled by a Hill48 yield function. A gradient-enhancement is used to equip the ductile damage model with an internal length scale curing the damage-induced localisation. An affine combination of the local and non-local softening variable is derived enabling a more efficient single surface formulation for the regularised plasticity-damage material model.}},
author = {{Friedlein, J. and Mergheim, J. and Steinmann, P.}},
journal = {{PAMM}},
title = {{{Anisotropic plasticity‐damage material model for sheet metal — Regularised single surface formulation}}},
doi = {{10.1002/pamm.202100068}},
volume = {{21}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@inproceedings{20807,
author = {{Bielak, Christian Roman and Böhnke, Max and Bobbert, Mathias and Meschut, Gerson}},
location = {{Lüttich}},
title = {{{Further development of a numerical method for analyzing the load capacity of clinched joints in versatile process chains}}},
doi = {{10.25518/esaform21.4298}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30648,
abstract = {{In clinching, the combinations of requirements, materials, component dimensions and tools influence the resulting joint geometry and the resulting bonding mechanisms. These in turn affect the property profile of the joint. For example, it is possible to use different tools to flexibly adapt clinching points to the respective required load regime. Clinching points dimensioned in this way can be geometrically similar, but have different mechanical stress states, which leads to different properties in terms of load-bearing behavior. Within the scope of this work, the clinching process with different tools in optimal and compromise design and its effect on the force and form-closure component, is investigated in a torsion test of the clinched connection. Clinched steel sheets with two thicknesses and joining directions are analyzed. Virtual experiments are carried out using finite element analyses (FEA) of the joining process and are followed by a springback simulation. Subsequently, the surface pressure between the two joining partners in the clinching points is calculated on the basis of the results from the FEA and the transmittable moment of the connection, as an indicator for the force-closure component, is determined. Finally, the experimental and simulated data are compared and discussed.}},
author = {{Steinfelder, C. and Kalich, J. and Brosius, A. and Füssel, U.}},
journal = {{IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering}},
pages = {{012003}},
title = {{{Numerical and experimental investigation of the transmission moment of clinching points}}},
doi = {{10.1088/1757-899x/1157/1/012003}},
volume = {{1157}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30652,
abstract = {{Clinching continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites and metals is challenging due to the low ductility of the composite material. Therefore, a number of novel clinching technologies has been developed specifically for these material combinations. A systematic overview of these advanced clinching methods is given in the present paper. With a focus on process design, three selected clinching methods suitable for different joining tasks are described in detail. The clinching processes including equipment and tools, observed process phenomena and the resultant material structure are compared. Process phenomena during joining are explained in general and compared using computed tomography and micrograph images for each process. In addition the load bearing behaviour and the corresponding failure mechanisms are investigated by means of single-lap shear tests. Finally, the new joining technologies are discussed regarding application relevant criteria.}},
author = {{Gröger, B. and Troschitz, J. and Vorderbrüggen, J. and Vogel, C. and Kupfer, R. and Meschut, G. and Gude, M.}},
journal = {{Materials}},
pages = {{2286}},
title = {{{Clinching of Thermoplastic Composites and Metals—A Comparison of Three Novel Joining Technologies}}},
doi = {{10.3390/ma14092286X}},
volume = {{14}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30698,
author = {{Gröger, B. and Köhler, D. and Vorderbrüggen, J. and Troschitz, J. and Kupfer, R. and Meschut, G. and Gude, M.}},
journal = {{Production Engineering}},
title = {{{Computed tomography investigation of the material structure in clinch joints in aluminium fibre-reinforced thermoplastic sheets}}},
doi = {{10.1007/s11740-021-01091-x}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30663,
abstract = {{The use of clinch joints, e.g. vehicle structures, is determined by the reliability of the joint and its strength properties - in particular the fatigue strength. Clinch connections offer the advantage over form-closure and force-closure processes that they can also be used for hybrid material combinations. In order to be able to evaluate the influence of the geometry parameters such as e.g. undercut, neck thickness or also base thickness on the fatigue behavior, three clinch connections (in optimum and compromise design) with different tool parameters were designed and examined using the example of a joining task with aluminum sheet material. For this purpose, fatigue curves (F-N curves) in the range of high to very high numbers of load cycles (N = 105 to 107) were determined. In this load cycle range, a so-called "neck fracture" is mainly to be expected as the type of failure, whereas for quasi-static tests, a “buckling” is more likely to occur. The tests were carried out on single-cut overlapping shear tensile specimens. Metallographic and scanning electron microscopic examinations of the joints and the fracture surfaces served to identify the crack initiation site and to clarify the respective type of failure. Significant differences in the damage behaviour of the three clinching variants could be shown. This observation enables one step into the direction of fully understanding the relationship along the causal chain "joint requirements - joining process - fatigue strength". Thus the adaptability of the clinching process can be improved. }},
author = {{Ewenz, L. and Kalich, J. and Zimmermann, M. and Füssel, U.}},
journal = {{Key Engineering Materials}},
pages = {{65--72}},
title = {{{Effect of Different Tool Geometries on the Mechanical Properties of Al-Al Clinch Joints}}},
doi = {{10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.883.65}},
volume = {{883}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30688,
abstract = {{Thermally supported clinching (Hotclinch) is a novel promising process to join dissimilar materials. Here, metal and fibre-reinforced thermoplastics (FRTP) are used within this single step joining process and without the usage of auxiliary parts like screws or rivets. For this purpose, heat is applied to improve the formability of the reinforced thermoplastic. This enables joining of the materials using conventional clinching-tools. Focus of this work is the modelling on mesoscopic scale for the numerical simulation of this process. The FTRP-model takes the material behaviour both of matrix and the fabric reinforced organo-sheet under process temperatures into account. For describing the experimentally observed phenomena such as large deformations, fibre failure and the interactions between matrix and fibres as well as between fibres themselves, the usage of conventional, purely Lagrangian based FEM methods is limited. Therefore, the combination of contact-models with advanced modelling approaches like Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) and Smooth-ParticleHydrodynamics (SPH) for the numerical simulation of the clinching process are employed. The different approaches are compared with regard to simulation feasibility, robustness and results accuracy. It is shown, that the CEL approach represents the most promising approach to describe the clinching process. }},
author = {{Gröger, B. and Hornig, A. and Hoog, A. and Gude, M.}},
journal = {{ESAFORM 2021 - 24th International Conference on Material Forming}},
title = {{{Modelling of thermally supported clinching of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics: Approaches on mesoscale considering large deformations and fibre failure}}},
doi = {{10.25518/esaform21.4293}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30694,
abstract = {{In recent years, clinching has gathered popularity to join sheets of different materials in industrial applications. The manufacturing process has some advantages, as reduced joining time, reduced costs, and the joints show good fatigue properties. To ensure the joint strength, reliable simulations of the material behaviour accounting for process-induced damage are expected to be beneficial to obtain credible values for the ultimate joint strength and its fatigue limit. A finite plasticity gradient-damage material model is outlined to describe the plastic and damage evolutions during the forming of sheet metals, later applied to clinching. The utilised gradient-enhancement cures the damage-induced localisation by introducing a global damage variable as an additional finite element field. Both, plasticity and damage are strongly coupled, but can, due to a dual-surface approach, evolve independently. The ability of the material model to predict damage in strongly deformed sheets, its flexibility and its regularization properties are illustrated by numerical examples.}},
author = {{Friedlein, J. and Mergheim, J. and Steinmann, P.}},
journal = {{Key Engineering Materials}},
pages = {{57}},
title = {{{A finite plasticity gradient-damage model for sheet metals during forming and clinching}}},
doi = {{10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.883.57}},
volume = {{883 KEM}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{30689,
abstract = {{Joining and local forming processes for fibre-reinforced thermoplastics (FRTP) like hole-forming or variations of the clinching process require an in-depth understanding of the process induced effects on meso-scale. For numerical modelling with a geometrical description of a woven fabric, adequate material models for a representative unit cell are identified. Model calibration is achieved employing a mesoscopic finite-element-approach using the embedded element method based on tensile tests of the consolidated organo-sheets and a phenomenological evaluation of photomicrographs. The model takes temperature dependent stiffness and fibre tension failure into account. }},
author = {{Gröger, B. and Hornig, A. and Hoog, A. and Gude, M.}},
journal = {{Key Engineering Materials}},
pages = {{49}},
title = {{{Temperature dependent modelling of fibre-reinforced thermoplastic organo-sheet material for forming and joining process simulations}}},
doi = {{10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.883.49}},
volume = {{883 KEM}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@inproceedings{34208,
abstract = {{Computational homogenization is a powerful tool which allows to obtain homogenized properties of materials on the macroscale from the simulation of the underlying microstructure. The response of the microstructure is, however, strongly affected by variations in the microstructure geometry. The effect of geometry variations is even stronger in cases when the material exhibits plastic deformations. In this work we study a model of a steel alloy with arbitrary distributed elliptic voids. We model one single unit cell of the material containing one single void. The geometry of the void is not precisely known and is modeled as a variable orientation of an ellipse. Large deformations applied to the unit cell necessitate a finite elasto-plastic material model. Since the geometry variation is parameterized, we can utilize the method recently developed for stochastic problems but also applicable to all types of parametric problems — the isoparametric stochastic local FEM (SL-FEM). It is an ideal tool for problems with only a few parameters but strongly nonlinear dependency of the displacement fields on parameters. Simulations demonstrate a strong effect of parameter variation on the plastic strains and, thus, substantiate the use of the parametric computational homogenization approach.}},
author = {{Pivovarov, Dmytro and Mergheim, Julia and Willner, Kai and Steinmann, Paul}},
booktitle = {{PAMM}},
issn = {{1617-7061}},
number = {{1}},
publisher = {{Wiley}},
title = {{{Parametric FEM for computational homogenization of heterogeneous materials with random voids}}},
doi = {{10.1002/pamm.202000071}},
volume = {{20}},
year = {{2021}},
}
@article{24535,
abstract = {{Implementing the concept of mixed construction in modern automotive engineering requires the joining of sheet metal or extruded profiles with cast components made from different materials. As weight reduction is desired, these cast components are usually made from high-strength aluminium alloys of the Al-Si (Mn, Mg) system, which have limited weldability. The mechanical joinability of the cast components depends on their ductility, which is influenced by the microstructure. High-strength cast aluminium alloys have relatively low ductility, which leads to cracking of the joints. This limits the range of applications for cast aluminium alloys. In this study, an aluminium alloy of the Al-Si system AlSi9 is used to investigate relationships between solidification conditions during the sand casting process, microstructure, mechanical properties, and joinability. The demonstrator is a stepped plate with a minimum thickness of 2.0 mm and a maximum thickness of 4.0 mm, whereas the thickness difference between neighbour steps amounts to 0.5 mm. During casting trials, the solidification rates for different plate steps were measured. The microscopic investigations reveal a correlation between solidification rates and microstructure parameters such as secondary dendrite arm spacing. Furthermore, mechanical properties and the mechanical joinability are investigated.}},
author = {{Neuser, Moritz and Grydin, Olexandr and Andreiev, Anatolii and Schaper, Mirko}},
issn = {{2075-4701}},
journal = {{Metals}},
title = {{{Effect of Solidification Rates at Sand Casting on the Mechanical Joinability of a Cast Aluminium Alloy}}},
doi = {{10.3390/met11081304}},
year = {{2021}},
}