@article{54649,
author = {{Borgert, Thomas and Nordieker, Ansgar Bernhard and Wiens, Eugen and Homberg, Werner}},
issn = {{2666-3309}},
journal = {{Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}},
publisher = {{Elsevier BV}},
title = {{{Investigations to improve the tool life during thermomechanical and incremental forming of steel auxiliary joining elements}}},
doi = {{10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100185}},
volume = {{9}},
year = {{2024}},
}
@article{61413,
abstract = {{Climate change has led to a large number of countries deciding to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions significantly. As the mobility sector is a major contributor to CO2, various strategies are being pursued to achieve the climate targets set. An increasingly applied lightweight design method is the use of multi-material constructions. To join these structures, mechanical joining technologies such as self-pierce riveting are being used. As a result of the currently rigid tool systems, which cannot react to changing boundary conditions, a large number of rivet–die combinations is required to join the rising number of materials as well as material thickness combinations. Thus, new, versatile joining technologies are needed that can react to the described changes. The versatile self-piercing riveting (V-SPR) process is one possible approach. In this process, different material thicknesses can be joined by using a multi-range capable rivet which is set by a joining system with extended actuator technology. In this study, the V-SPR joining process is analysed numerically according to the influence of the geometrical rivet parameters on the joints characteristics as well as the resulting material flow. The investigations showed that the shank geometry has a decisive influence on the expansion of the rivet. Furthermore, the rivet length could be proven to be an influencing factor. By changing the head radii and the protrusion height, the forming behaviour of the rivet head onto the punch-sided joining part could be improved and thus the formation of air pockets was prevented. Based on the numerical investigations, a novel rivet geometry was developed and produced by machining. Subsequently, experimentally produced joints were analysed according to their joint formation and load-bearing capacity.}},
author = {{Kappe, Fabian and Bobbert, Mathias and Meschut, Gerson}},
issn = {{0954-4089}},
journal = {{Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering}},
publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
title = {{{Investigation of the influence of the rivet geometry on joint formation for a versatile self-piercing riveting process}}},
doi = {{10.1177/09544089241263141}},
year = {{2024}},
}
@article{61414,
abstract = {{The increasing significance of ecological responsibility, stricter political regulations and economic objectives are driving innovation in research fields such as lightweight construction. One of the most important popular methods is the use of multi-material systems. Due to the different geometric and mechanical properties of the various materials used, resource efficient applications and utilizations are possible. Great challenges arise for the joining processes to realize these multi-material systems, since conventional joining processes reach their limits. In the field of mechanical joining processes, there are continuously new approaches, such as superimposing the punch in a self-piercing riveting process with a tumbling kinematic, to increase the number of adaptable process parameters and enhance the process control. Through various preliminary tests, a good understanding of the process has been developed, which allows to directly control the geometric joint parameters by configuring the tumbling strategy. A major challenge, particularly with regard to future industrial applications, is the process time, which is comparatively high due to the tumbling kinematics. In the investigations, a reduction of approximately 90% of the process time is targeted by adapting the joining and tumbling strategy. Therefore, the correlation of the traverse velocity and the tumbling velocity are examined in a gradual series of experiments. To represent realistic applications, the experiments are carried out with a dual-phase steel and a precipitation-hardening aluminum alloy. For identifying the influence of the process parameters on the joining process, a constant rivet–die combination is applied. Further, the examination of force–displacement curves is conducted. Moreover, the determination of geometric joint parameters is reliant upon macrographs to assess the influence of the joining time on the geometric joint formation. The test results show that a significant increase in joining speed with a resulting reduction in process time is feasible. Although the joining properties are affected, reliable joining is possible. In particular, the shaft thickness of the rivet is influenced by the varying proportion of the tumbling process in the joining operation and increases with higher joining speeds.}},
author = {{Wituschek, Simon and Elbel, Leonie and Lechner, Michael}},
issn = {{0954-4089}},
journal = {{Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering}},
publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
title = {{{Influence of the process time on a self-piercing riveting process with tumbling kinematic}}},
doi = {{10.1177/09544089241248430}},
year = {{2024}},
}
@article{61415,
abstract = {{Increasing material costs, decreasing availability, and ever-higher demands on environmental compatibility and complexity require new strategies in the development and production of functional components. Consequently, a combined approach from the areas of design, material science, and manufacturing is mandatory, in order to meet the requirements. Reducing the number of parts, using lightweight materials and applying hybrid components with a multimaterial mix are possible solutions. Nevertheless, conventional joining operations like welding or riveting are reaching their limits in terms of material utilization, load-bearing capacity as well as versatility of the process. Thus, innovative and versatile joining by forming operations and process combinations are focus of current research. In this context, the innovative process of orbital forming had been investigated as a joining by forming operation to manufacture load-adapted hybrid functional components. By tilting of one tool component during the process, a radial material flow is generated, allowing the crimping of the two joining partners. Nevertheless, the load-bearing capacity in axial direction could be identified as limiting factor for a possible application. Therefore, the aim of this investigation is the development of a fundamental process understanding on the influence of a novel geometrical adaption of the joint on the resulting load bearing capacity. The influence of varying geometrical proportions of the joint on the quality is evaluated, considering the form filling, the geometrical properties of the components as well as the maximum transmittable axial load. As joining partners, the dual-phase steel DP600 and the aluminum alloy EN AW-5754 with a thickness of 2.0 mm are used. }},
author = {{Hetzel, A. and Wituschek, Simon and Römisch, D. and Sippel, F. and Lechner, M. and Merklein, M.}},
issn = {{0954-4089}},
journal = {{Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering}},
publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
title = {{{Investigation on the load-bearing capacity and joint formation of hybrid functional components joined by orbital forming}}},
doi = {{10.1177/09544089241282807}},
year = {{2024}},
}
@article{61416,
abstract = {{Abstract
An efficient lightweight construction method is the combination of different materials in order to adapt the structure to the applied load. To join these multi-material structures mechanical joining technologies are applied. However, the rigid tooling systems cannot be adjusted to changing boundary conditions which is why new, versatile joining technologies are required. In the versatile self-piercing riveting (V-SPR) process presented in [1] different material combination are joined by using a multi-range capable rivet. The rivet head is formed onto the respective thickness of the joint by an outer punch. In order to punch thru the upper sheet a great rivet hardness is required whereas a lower hardness is required for the subsequent forming of the rivet head. To achieve a combination of these requirements, this study investigates a local heat treatment of the rivet. The aim is to determine the feasibility of such a heat treatment as well as to investigate the influence on the joint formation.}},
author = {{Kappe, Fabian and Bobbert, Mathias and Meschut, Gerson}},
issn = {{1757-8981}},
journal = {{IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering}},
number = {{1}},
publisher = {{IOP Publishing}},
title = {{{Influence of local heat treatment of rivets on the joint formation of a versatile joining process}}},
doi = {{10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012009}},
volume = {{1307}},
year = {{2024}},
}
@inproceedings{61766,
author = {{Reschke, Gregor and Brosius, Alexander}},
booktitle = {{Werkstoffe und Bauteile auf dem Prüfstand}},
editor = {{Krupp, Ulrich and Steller, Ingo}},
isbn = {{978-3-941269-97-2}},
location = {{Krefeld}},
publisher = {{Stahlinstitut VDEh}},
title = {{{Transiente Dynamische Analyse – Vergleich zeit- und frequenzdiskreter Auswertemethoden anhand geclinchter Aluminiumverbindungen}}},
year = {{2024}},
}
@article{61784,
abstract = {{The structural resolution describes the ability of a measuring device to detect small structures on the surface of a component or test specimen by means of a quantitative value. However, the structural resolution in the computer tomograph depends on the object and must therefore be determined separately for each measurement task. The previous approaches to structural resolution determination are only related to test specimens. In this paper, less discrete approaches based on a circular pattern are presented, which can be integrated into the measured component. A voxel-based methodology as well as two surface-based methodologies are described. The investigation results regarding the effect of the component position on the structural resolution are obtained on the basis of real CT measurements. A comparison is also completed with the well-known hourglass method. The results show that the resolution depends on the object being measured, with similar values being obtained for the same object using different methods.}},
author = {{Busch, Matthias and Hausotte, Tino}},
issn = {{2673-8244}},
journal = {{Metrology}},
number = {{3}},
pages = {{457--468}},
publisher = {{MDPI AG}},
title = {{{Practical Approaches for Determining the Structural Resolution Capability of X-ray Computed Tomography Measurement Tasks}}},
doi = {{10.3390/metrology4030028}},
volume = {{4}},
year = {{2024}},
}
@article{61824,
author = {{Butzhammer, Lorenz and Hausotte, Tino}},
issn = {{2196-7113}},
journal = {{tm - Technisches Messen}},
number = {{s1}},
pages = {{2--7}},
publisher = {{Walter de Gruyter GmbH}},
title = {{{Task-specific scan trajectory modification for dimensional X-ray computed Tomography with high throughput}}},
doi = {{10.1515/teme-2024-0044}},
volume = {{91}},
year = {{2024}},
}
@inproceedings{52831,
abstract = {{Monitoring force-displacement or force-time curves is a widely used quality control technique in the field of mechanical joining. For online monitoring of self-piercing riveting, envelope curves are often used to define a tolerance zone for the measured setting force. However, the measurement uncertainty is typically not considered and the force curve of a joint can be wrongly rated as non-conform due to measurement errors and noise. In this article, we present a method for dynamical online filtering and uncertainty determination for noisy force curves using two types of Bayesian filters. The methodology is based on a Bayesian probability framework using a priori information for the process curve and sensor noise. To investigate the general feasibility of the method, force measurements with different noise levels are simulated and processed. The conformity is further assessed taking the uncertainty of the filtered signal into account. The results show that the Bayes filter technique is principally able to reduce noise for well-known characteristics of the process curve and sensor noise. Advantages over common filtering techniques, especially for experimental conditions with less known characteristics, are still to be verified. The methodology could be used in future for closed-loop controls to adapt process parameters dynamically. }},
author = {{Butzhammer, Lorenz and Kappe, Fabian and Meschut, Gerson and Hausotte, Tino }},
booktitle = {{Materials Research Proceedings}},
issn = {{2474-395X}},
publisher = {{Materials Research Forum LLC}},
title = {{{Dynamic conformity assessment for joining force monitoring using Bayes filters}}},
doi = {{10.21741/9781644902417-48}},
year = {{2023}},
}
@inproceedings{52821,
abstract = {{Due to economic and ecological framework conditions, a resource-saving utilization of raw materials and energy is becoming increasingly important in particular in the mobility sector. For the reduction of moving masses and the resources consumed, lightweight construction technologies are part of modern production processes in vehicle manufacturing, for example in the form of multi-material systems. Challenging in the manufacture of multi-material systems especially in view of changing supply chains is the variety of materials and geometries that bring conventional joining processes to their limits. Therefore, new processes are required, which can react versatile to process and disturbance variables. A widely used industrial joining process is semi-tubular self-piercing riveting, which is however a rigid process. To increase the versatility, the two newly established processes multi-range self-piercing riveting and tumbling self-piercing riveting are combined and the capabilities for targeted material flow control are united. Therefore, an innovative two-stage process based on the combination is introduced in this paper. The rivet is set with the multi-range self-piercing riveting process with an overlap of the rivet head and then formed by a tumbling process. Further, a specific adaptation of the tumbling strategy is used to investigate the possibility of reducing cracks in the rivet head. Thereby, different tumbling strategies are used and similar geometric joint formations are achieved to compare the results. }},
author = {{Wituschek, Simon and Kappe, Fabian and Meschut, Gerson and Lechner, Michael}},
booktitle = {{Materials Research Proceedings}},
issn = {{2474-395X}},
publisher = {{Materials Research Forum LLC}},
title = {{{Combination of versatile self-piercing riveting processes}}},
doi = {{10.21741/9781644902417-16}},
year = {{2023}},
}
@article{36800,
abstract = {{Abstract. The miniaturisation of components leads to new demands on measurement systems. One of these is the resolution. As a volumetric analysis method and method of non-destructive testing, industrial X-ray computed
tomography (XCT) has the ability to measure geometrical features and their corresponding dimensions without destroying them and can therefore be used for quality assurance. However, the concept of resolution is not trivial for XCT and has not yet been finally clarified. In particular, the interface structural resolution, the detectability of two surfaces facing each other after surface segmentation, faces a lack of a test specimen, a corresponding
measurand and a reliable method. Simulation-based XCT investigations of a method to determine this type of resolution are presented in this article using the geometry of a test specimen that contains several radially
arranged holes of the same size. The borehole diameters correspond to the distance between the holes to investigate the resolvability of surfaces and interfaces. The evaluation is based on mean and extreme values of grey value
profiles between the individual boreholes of the reconstructed volume. It is shown that the geometrical detectability of the test specimen surface and interface can be extended by a reasonable choice of the threshold value for
surface segmentation within a defined interval. With regard to the resolving capability, a distinction is made between assured detectability and possible detectability, as well as the threshold value used when using the ISO50
threshold for surface segmentation and measurement chain completion. }},
author = {{Busch, Matthias and Hausotte, Tino}},
issn = {{2194-878X}},
journal = {{Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems}},
keywords = {{Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Instrumentation}},
number = {{1}},
pages = {{1--8}},
publisher = {{Copernicus GmbH}},
title = {{{Simulation-based investigation of the metrological interface structural resolution capability of X-ray computed tomography scanners}}},
doi = {{10.5194/jsss-12-1-2023}},
volume = {{12}},
year = {{2023}},
}
@inproceedings{38509,
author = {{Brosius, Alexander and Ewenz, Lars and Stephan, Richard and Zimmermann, Martina}},
booktitle = {{Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2022}},
editor = {{Zimmermann, Martina}},
isbn = {{978-3-88355-430-3}},
location = {{Dresden}},
publisher = {{Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde e.V. (DGM)}},
title = {{{Anrisserkennung an geclinchten Proben während einer zyklischen Belastung unter Nutzung eines Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometers}}},
year = {{2023}},
}
@inproceedings{46476,
abstract = {{Abstract. Increasing resource efficiency is a major challenge and affects almost every aspect of social and economic life. The mobility sector in particular is responsible for a large share of primary energy consumption and is increasingly in the focus of public interest. One possibility to adress these challenges is to reduce the vehicle weight by means of lightweight construction technologies such as multi-material systems. These assemblies consist of workpieces with different mechanical and geometrical properties, which poses a major challenge for joining technology. Mechanical joining processes such as semi-tubular self-piercing riveting are often used in the production of these assemblies, but due to their process characteristics, they are rigid and can only react to changing process variables to a limited extent. One way to increase the versatility of self-piercing riveting is to superimpose a tumbling kinematics on the punch. During tumbling, an angular offset of the punch axis to the tool axis is set and the contact area between punch and workpiece is reduced. In this work, investigations were carried out to determine how the tumbling strategy, consisting of the parameters tumbling angle, tumbling onset and tumbling kinematics, affects the material flow of the rivet element. For this purpose, experimental tests are conducted with the typical materials of conventional multi-material systems and the geometric joint formations are determined by means of macrographs. }},
author = {{Wituschek, S. and Elbel, L. and Lechner, M.}},
booktitle = {{Materials Research Proceedings}},
issn = {{2474-395X}},
publisher = {{Materials Research Forum LLC}},
title = {{{Versatile self-piercing riveting with a tumbling superimposed punch}}},
doi = {{10.21741/9781644902479-122}},
year = {{2023}},
}
@inbook{58350,
author = {{Reschke, Gregor and Brosius, Alexander}},
booktitle = {{Lecture Notes in Production Engineering}},
isbn = {{9783031473937}},
issn = {{2194-0525}},
publisher = {{Springer Nature Switzerland}},
title = {{{Investigations on Continuous Transient Dynamic Analysis of Clinched Aluminum Sheets}}},
doi = {{10.1007/978-3-031-47394-4_8}},
year = {{2023}},
}
@inproceedings{51190,
abstract = {{Abstract. Force-displacement measurements and macrosections are commonly used methods to validate numerical models of clinching processes. However, these ex-situ methods often lead to springback of elastic deformations and crack-closing after unloading. In contrast, the in-situ computed tomography (CT) can provide three-dimensional images of the clinching point under loading conditions. So far, the quantity of elastic springback that causes measuring deviations between in- and ex-situ measurements is not determined. In this paper, a method is described to quantitatively compare the results of in-situ CT, ex-situ CT and CT scans of cut specimens, which are prepared for macrosectioning, among each other. The method is applied to a single-lap shear test of two clinched aluminum sheets. Here, the test is conducted to specific process steps, then the specimen is CT scanned in-situ (during loading) and ex-situ (after unloading). Subsequently, the specimens are cut for macrosectioning and CT scanned. Finally, the outer contours and the interfaces of cross section images are determined by digital image analysis and the deviations over the clinching point between ex- and in-situ methods are calculated. }},
author = {{Köhler, Daniel and Kupfer, Robert and Troschitz, Juliane and Gude, Maik}},
booktitle = {{Materials Research Proceedings}},
issn = {{2474-395X}},
publisher = {{Materials Research Forum LLC}},
title = {{{Comparison of ex- and in-situ investigations of clinched single-lap shear specimens}}},
doi = {{10.21741/9781644902417-20}},
year = {{2023}},
}
@inbook{51194,
author = {{Köhler, Daniel and Stephan, Richard and Kupfer, Robert and Troschitz, Juliane and Brosius, Alexander and Gude, Maik}},
booktitle = {{Lecture Notes in Production Engineering}},
isbn = {{9783031183171}},
issn = {{2194-0525}},
publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
title = {{{In-situ Computed Tomography and Transient Dynamic Analysis of a Single-Lap Shear Test with a Composite-Metal Clinch Point}}},
doi = {{10.1007/978-3-031-18318-8_28}},
year = {{2023}},
}
@article{34207,
abstract = {{AlSi casting alloys combine excellent castability with high strength. Hence, this group of alloys is often used in the automotive sector. The challenge for this application is the brittle character of these alloys which leads to cracks during joint formation when mechanical joining technologies are used. A rise in ductility can be achieved by a considerable increase in the solidification rate which results in grain refinement. High solidification rates can be realized in twin–roll casting (TRC) by water-cooled rolls. Therefore, a hypoeutectic EN AC–AlSi9 (for European Norm - aluminum cast product) is manufactured by the TRC process and analyzed. Subsequently, joining investigations are performed on castings in as-cast and heat-treated condition using the self-piercing riveting process considering the joint formation and the load-bearing capacity. Due to the fine microstructure, the crack initiation can be avoided during joining, while maintaining the joining parameters, especially by specimens in heat treatment conditions. Furthermore, due to the extremely fine microstructure, the load-bearing capacity of the joint can be significantly increased in terms of the maximum load-bearing force and the energy absorbed.}},
author = {{Neuser, Moritz and Kappe, Fabian and Ostermeier, Jakob and Krüger, Jan Tobias and Bobbert, Mathias and Meschut, Gerson and Schaper, Mirko and Grydin, Olexandr}},
issn = {{1438-1656}},
journal = {{Advanced Engineering Materials}},
keywords = {{Condensed Matter Physics, General Materials Science}},
number = {{10}},
publisher = {{Wiley}},
title = {{{Mechanical Properties and Joinability of AlSi9 Alloy Manufactured by Twin‐Roll Casting}}},
doi = {{10.1002/adem.202200874}},
volume = {{24}},
year = {{2022}},
}
@inbook{34212,
abstract = {{Force–displacement measurements and micrograph analyses are commonly used methods to validate numerical models of clinching processes. However, these methods often lead to resetting of elastic deformations and crack-
closing after unloading. In contrast, the in situ computed tomography (CT) can provide three-dimensional images of the clinch point under loading conditions. In this paper, the potential of the in situ investigation of a clinching process as validation method is analyzed. For the in situ testing, a tailored test set-up featuring a beryllium cylinder for load-bearing and clinching tools made from ultra-high-strength titanium and Si3N4 are used. In the experiments, the clinching of two aluminum sheets is interrupted at specific process steps in order to perform the CT scans. It is shown that in situ CT visualizes the inner geometry of the joint at high precision and that this method is suitable to validate numerical models.}},
author = {{Köhler, Daniel and Kupfer, Robert and Troschitz, Juliane and Gude, Maik}},
booktitle = {{The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series}},
isbn = {{9783031062117}},
issn = {{2367-1181}},
keywords = {{Clinching, Non-destructive testing, Computed tomography, In situ CT}},
publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
title = {{{Clinching in In Situ CT—A Novel Validation Method for Mechanical Joining Processes}}},
doi = {{10.1007/978-3-031-06212-4_75}},
year = {{2022}},
}
@article{34219,
abstract = {{Resource-saving and sustainable production is becoming increasingly important regarding social, political and economic aspects, thus making the use of lightweight-construction technologies a current trend. For this reason, multi-material-systems made of high-strength steel and aluminium as well as metal and fibre-reinforced plastics gain in importance. However, different material properties, e.g. stiffness, thermal expansion coefficients or chemical incompatibilities, are challenging for conventional joining technologies. Joining by cold formed pin structures has shown to have high potential for joining multi-material-systems. These pins can be joined either by direct pin pressing into an unperforated joining partner or by caulking, where the pins are inserted through a pre-punched joining partner and the pin head is upset, resulting in a form-fit joint. Usually, cylindrical pins are used for joining. However, non-rotationally symmetrical pin geometries offer the possibility of introducing a predetermined breaking point or reinforcing a connection in the principal force direction. In this work, cylindrical pins as well as non-rotationally symmetrical pin geometries, such as polygonal and oval pin structures, are cold extruded from the sheet metal plane of an HCT590X+Z dual phase steel and joined in the next step with an EN AW-6014 aluminium using direct pin pressing. Since the formation of an undercut has an crucial influence on the joint strength, the investigations will be focused on the resulting joint geometry. In addition, the effect of different pin heights will be examined to analyse the joint formation at different levels of compression of the pin structures. Finally, the joints are evaluated regarding their joint strength in tensile shear tests and cross tension tests. Here the flow resistance of the geometry used as well as the pin height and thus the strain hardening of the pin base during the extrusion of the pins play a decisive role for the shear strength.}},
author = {{Römisch, David and Kraus, Martin and Merklein, Marion}},
issn = {{1464-4207}},
journal = {{Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications}},
keywords = {{Mechanical Engineering, General Materials Science}},
number = {{6}},
pages = {{1187--1202}},
publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
title = {{{Investigation of the influence of formed, non-rotationally symmetrical pin geometries and their effect on the joint quality of steel and aluminium sheets by direct pin pressing}}},
doi = {{10.1177/14644207221081408}},
volume = {{236}},
year = {{2022}},
}
@article{34223,
abstract = {{In this study, quasi-unidirectional continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTs) are joined with metal sheets via cold formed cylindrical, elliptical and polygonal pin structures which are directly pressed into the CFRT component after local infrared heating. In comparison to already available studies, the unique novelty is the use of non-rotational symmetric pin structures for the CFRT/metal hybrid joining. Thus, a variation in the fiber orientation in the CFRT component as well as a variation in the non-rotational symmetric pins’ orientation in relation to the sample orientation is conducted. The created samples are consequently mechanically tested via single lap shear experiments in a quasi-static state. Finally, the failure behavior of the single lap shear samples is investigated with the help of microscopic images and detailed photographs. In the single lap shear tests, it could be shown that non-rotational symmetric pin structures lead to an increase in maximum testing forces of up to 74% when compared to cylindrical pins. However, when normalized to the pin foot print related joint strength, only one polygonal pin variation showed increased joint strength in comparison to cylindrical pin structures. The investigation of the failure behavior showed two distinct failure modes. The first failure mode was failure of the CFRT component due to an exceedance of the maximum bearing strength of the pin-hole leading to significant damage in the CFRT component. The second failure mode was pin-deflection due to the applied testing load and a subsequent pin extraction from the CFRT component resulting in significantly less visible damage in the CFRT component. Generally, CFRT failure is more likely with a fiber orientation of 0° in relation to the load direction while pin extraction typically occurs with a fiber orientation of 90°. It is assumed that for future investigations, pin structures with an undercutting shape that creates an interlocking joint could counteract the tendency for pin-extraction and consequently lead to increased maximum joint strengths.}},
author = {{Popp, Julian and Römisch, David and Merklein, Marion and Drummer, Dietmar}},
issn = {{2076-3417}},
journal = {{Applied Sciences}},
keywords = {{Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Computer Science Applications, Process Chemistry and Technology, General Engineering, Instrumentation, General Materials Science}},
number = {{10}},
publisher = {{MDPI AG}},
title = {{{Joining of CFRT/Steel Hybrid Parts via Direct Pressing of Cold Formed Non-Rotational Symmetric Pin Structures}}},
doi = {{10.3390/app12104962}},
volume = {{12}},
year = {{2022}},
}