---
_id: '65776'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This paper investigates the potential impacts of digitalisation on society
    and democratic governance through the construction of four realist science fiction
    scenarios. The study aims to delineate desirable and undesirable digital futures
    to inform policy discourse and strategic planning. It begins with the outlining
    of the research basis and methodology, where it employs a methodological synthesis
    of the Scenario Development Technique from the UN Strategic Foresight Guide and
    STEEP Analysis. This approach integrates a macro environmental assessment of socio-cultural,
    technological, economic, environmental, and political dimensions to identify key
    drivers of change and differences. These are then mapped onto a two-by-two matrix
    defined by two primary axes. This combination enabled the development of four
    scenarios examining the impact of digital technologies across these dimensions.
    The scenarios diverge along two axes. The vertical axis represents the mode of
    societal organisation and political power (authoritarianism versus democracy).
    The horizontal axis represents the mode of governance and citizen engagement (representation
    versus participation). By contrasting these divergent paths, this paper provides
    a critical framework for analysing how digital technologies intersect with political
    will and socioeconomic structures.
article_number: '49'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Museba, Joel
  last_name: Museba
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Friesch, Kevin
  last_name: Friesch
citation:
  ama: 'Fuchs C, Museba J, Friesch K. The Futures of Digital Democracy: Four Scenarios.
    <i>Open Research Europe</i>. 2026;6. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2">10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2</a>'
  apa: 'Fuchs, C., Museba, J., &#38; Friesch, K. (2026). The Futures of Digital Democracy:
    Four Scenarios. <i>Open Research Europe</i>, <i>6</i>, Article 49. <a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2">https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Fuchs_Museba_Friesch_2026, title={The Futures of Digital Democracy:
    Four Scenarios}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2">10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2</a>},
    number={49}, journal={Open Research Europe}, publisher={F1000 Research Ltd}, author={Fuchs,
    Christian and Museba, Joel and Friesch, Kevin}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: 'Fuchs, Christian, Joel Museba, and Kevin Friesch. “The Futures of Digital
    Democracy: Four Scenarios.” <i>Open Research Europe</i> 6 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2">https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Fuchs, J. Museba, and K. Friesch, “The Futures of Digital Democracy: Four
    Scenarios,” <i>Open Research Europe</i>, vol. 6, Art. no. 49, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2">10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2</a>.'
  mla: 'Fuchs, Christian, et al. “The Futures of Digital Democracy: Four Scenarios.”
    <i>Open Research Europe</i>, vol. 6, 49, F1000 Research Ltd, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2">10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2</a>.'
  short: C. Fuchs, J. Museba, K. Friesch, Open Research Europe 6 (2026).
date_created: 2026-06-04T20:14:20Z
date_updated: 2026-06-04T20:17:42Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.12688/openreseurope.22910.2
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         6'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publication: Open Research Europe
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2732-5121
publication_status: published
publisher: F1000 Research Ltd
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'The Futures of Digital Democracy: Four Scenarios'
type: journal_article
user_id: '21863'
volume: 6
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '65933'
author:
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Friesch, Kevin
  last_name: Friesch
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Museba, Joel
  last_name: Museba
citation:
  ama: Friesch K, Fuchs C, Museba J. What is Participatory Digital Democracy? <i>The
    Communication Review</i>. Published online 2026:1-38. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015">10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015</a>
  apa: Friesch, K., Fuchs, C., &#38; Museba, J. (2026). What is Participatory Digital
    Democracy? <i>The Communication Review</i>, 1–38. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015">https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Friesch_Fuchs_Museba_2026, title={What is Participatory Digital
    Democracy?}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015">10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015</a>},
    journal={The Communication Review}, author={Friesch, Kevin and Fuchs, Christian
    and Museba, Joel}, year={2026}, pages={1–38} }'
  chicago: Friesch, Kevin, Christian Fuchs, and Joel Museba. “What Is Participatory
    Digital Democracy?” <i>The Communication Review</i>, 2026, 1–38. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015">https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015</a>.
  ieee: 'K. Friesch, C. Fuchs, and J. Museba, “What is Participatory Digital Democracy?,”
    <i>The Communication Review</i>, pp. 1–38, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015">10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015</a>.'
  mla: Friesch, Kevin, et al. “What Is Participatory Digital Democracy?” <i>The Communication
    Review</i>, 2026, pp. 1–38, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015">10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015</a>.
  short: K. Friesch, C. Fuchs, J. Museba, The Communication Review (2026) 1–38.
date_created: 2026-06-18T11:24:32Z
date_updated: 2026-06-18T11:26:38Z
department:
- _id: '11'
- _id: '136'
doi: 10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2026.2691015
page: 1-38
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publication: The Communication Review
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1071-4421
  - 1547-7487
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: What is Participatory Digital Democracy?
type: journal_article
user_id: '21863'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '66566'
author:
- first_name: Gabriela
  full_name: Rogowska, Gabriela
  last_name: Rogowska
- first_name: 'Diego Dylan '
  full_name: 'Domenici, Diego Dylan '
  last_name: Domenici
- first_name: Fatih
  full_name: Yilmaz, Fatih
  last_name: Yilmaz
- first_name: Luca
  full_name: Ceselli, Luca
  last_name: Ceselli
- first_name: Laurien
  full_name: Coenen, Laurien
  last_name: Coenen
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
- first_name: Xenia
  full_name: Klinge, Xenia
  last_name: Klinge
- first_name: Maria
  full_name: Ruiz de Assin de los Santos, Maria
  last_name: Ruiz de Assin de los Santos
citation:
  ama: 'Rogowska G, Domenici DD, Yilmaz F, et al. <i>Holding Democracy Together: A
    Common European Baseline for Trustworthy Digital Democracy in Europe (Policy Brief)</i>.
    LibreCat University; 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21026680">10.5281/ZENODO.21026680</a>'
  apa: 'Rogowska, G., Domenici, D. D., Yilmaz, F., Ceselli, L., Coenen, L., Fuchs,
    C., Klinge, X., &#38; Ruiz de Assin de los Santos, M. (2026). <i>Holding Democracy
    Together: A common European baseline for trustworthy digital democracy in Europe
    (Policy Brief)</i>. LibreCat University. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21026680">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21026680</a>'
  bibtex: '@book{Rogowska_Domenici_Yilmaz_Ceselli_Coenen_Fuchs_Klinge_Ruiz de Assin
    de los Santos_2026, title={Holding Democracy Together: A common European baseline
    for trustworthy digital democracy in Europe (Policy Brief)}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21026680">10.5281/ZENODO.21026680</a>},
    publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Rogowska, Gabriela and Domenici, Diego
    Dylan  and Yilmaz, Fatih and Ceselli, Luca and Coenen, Laurien and Fuchs, Christian
    and Klinge, Xenia and Ruiz de Assin de los Santos, Maria}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: 'Rogowska, Gabriela, Diego Dylan  Domenici, Fatih Yilmaz, Luca Ceselli,
    Laurien Coenen, Christian Fuchs, Xenia Klinge, and Maria Ruiz de Assin de los
    Santos. <i>Holding Democracy Together: A Common European Baseline for Trustworthy
    Digital Democracy in Europe (Policy Brief)</i>. LibreCat University, 2026. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21026680">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21026680</a>.'
  ieee: 'G. Rogowska <i>et al.</i>, <i>Holding Democracy Together: A common European
    baseline for trustworthy digital democracy in Europe (Policy Brief)</i>. LibreCat
    University, 2026.'
  mla: 'Rogowska, Gabriela, et al. <i>Holding Democracy Together: A Common European
    Baseline for Trustworthy Digital Democracy in Europe (Policy Brief)</i>. LibreCat
    University, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21026680">10.5281/ZENODO.21026680</a>.'
  short: 'G. Rogowska, D.D. Domenici, F. Yilmaz, L. Ceselli, L. Coenen, C. Fuchs,
    X. Klinge, M. Ruiz de Assin de los Santos, Holding Democracy Together: A Common
    European Baseline for Trustworthy Digital Democracy in Europe (Policy Brief),
    LibreCat University, 2026.'
date_created: 2026-07-23T17:48:54Z
date_updated: 2026-07-23T17:52:30Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.21026680
has_accepted_license: '1'
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: 'Holding Democracy Together: A common European baseline for trustworthy digital
  democracy in Europe (Policy Brief)'
type: research_data
user_id: '21863'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '65456'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
citation:
  ama: Fuchs C. What is Digital Democracy? <i>Journal of Information Technology &#38;
    Politics </i>. Published online 2026:1-21. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162">10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162</a>
  apa: Fuchs, C. (2026). What is Digital Democracy? <i>Journal of Information Technology
    &#38; Politics </i>, 1–21. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162">https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Fuchs_2026, title={What is Digital Democracy?}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162">10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162</a>},
    journal={Journal of Information Technology &#38; Politics }, author={Fuchs, Christian},
    year={2026}, pages={1–21} }'
  chicago: Fuchs, Christian. “What Is Digital Democracy?” <i>Journal of Information
    Technology &#38; Politics </i>, 2026, 1–21. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162">https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Fuchs, “What is Digital Democracy?,” <i>Journal of Information Technology
    &#38; Politics </i>, pp. 1–21, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162">10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162</a>.'
  mla: Fuchs, Christian. “What Is Digital Democracy?” <i>Journal of Information Technology
    &#38; Politics </i>, 2026, pp. 1–21, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162">10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162</a>.
  short: C. Fuchs, Journal of Information Technology &#38; Politics  (2026) 1–21.
date_created: 2026-04-17T05:03:02Z
date_updated: 2026-08-14T09:02:32Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: 'https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162 '
page: 1-21
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publication: 'Journal of Information Technology & Politics '
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1933-1681
  - 1933-169X
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: confirmation
    url: 'https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2660162 '
status: public
title: What is Digital Democracy?
type: journal_article
user_id: '21863'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61278'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "This report outlines foundations of digital democracy and digital democracy
    research. It is\r\nstructured into eight chapters:\r\nChapter 1: Introduction\r\nChapter
    2: What is Digital Democracy?\r\nChapter 3: Online Participation\r\nChapter 4:
    Open Governance\r\nChapter 5: Digital Activism\r\nChapter 6: e-Voting\r\nChapter
    7: Global Trends that Influence Digital Democracy\r\nChapter 8: Foreign Interferences
    in Democracy"
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Friesch, Kevin
  last_name: Friesch
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Museba, Joel
  last_name: Museba
citation:
  ama: Fuchs C, Friesch K, Museba J. <i>INNOVADE Interdisciplinary Knowledge Base
    on Digital Democracy - D2.1 </i>. INNOVADE; 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341002">10.5281/zenodo.20341002</a>
  apa: Fuchs, C., Friesch, K., &#38; Museba, J. (2026). <i>INNOVADE Interdisciplinary
    Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy - D2.1 </i>. INNOVADE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341002">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341002</a>
  bibtex: '@book{Fuchs_Friesch_Museba_2026, title={INNOVADE Interdisciplinary Knowledge
    Base on Digital Democracy - D2.1 }, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341002">10.5281/zenodo.20341002</a>},
    publisher={INNOVADE}, author={Fuchs, Christian and Friesch, Kevin and Museba,
    Joel}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Fuchs, Christian, Kevin Friesch, and Joel Museba. <i>INNOVADE Interdisciplinary
    Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy - D2.1 </i>. INNOVADE, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341002">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341002</a>.
  ieee: C. Fuchs, K. Friesch, and J. Museba, <i>INNOVADE Interdisciplinary Knowledge
    Base on Digital Democracy - D2.1 </i>. INNOVADE, 2026.
  mla: Fuchs, Christian, et al. <i>INNOVADE Interdisciplinary Knowledge Base on Digital
    Democracy - D2.1 </i>. INNOVADE, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341002">10.5281/zenodo.20341002</a>.
  short: C. Fuchs, K. Friesch, J. Museba, INNOVADE Interdisciplinary Knowledge Base
    on Digital Democracy - D2.1 , INNOVADE, 2026.
date_created: 2025-09-15T14:52:43Z
date_updated: 2026-06-29T10:32:34Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20341002
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341002
oa: '1'
page: '320'
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publisher: INNOVADE
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: confirmation
    url: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341002
status: public
title: 'INNOVADE Interdisciplinary Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy - D2.1 '
type: report
user_id: '21863'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '66144'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Museba, Joel
  last_name: Museba
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Friesch, Kevin
  last_name: Friesch
citation:
  ama: Fuchs C, Museba J, Friesch K. <i>Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS)
    Open Data Survey Round 2</i>. LibreCat University; 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753772">10.5281/ZENODO.20753772</a>
  apa: Fuchs, C., Museba, J., &#38; Friesch, K. (2026). <i>Futures of Digital Democracy
    Survey (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 2</i>. LibreCat University. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753772">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753772</a>
  bibtex: '@book{Fuchs_Museba_Friesch_2026, title={Futures of Digital Democracy Survey
    (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 2}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753772">10.5281/ZENODO.20753772</a>},
    publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Fuchs, Christian and Museba, Joel and
    Friesch, Kevin}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Fuchs, Christian, Joel Museba, and Kevin Friesch. <i>Futures of Digital
    Democracy Survey (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 2</i>. LibreCat University, 2026.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753772">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753772</a>.
  ieee: C. Fuchs, J. Museba, and K. Friesch, <i>Futures of Digital Democracy Survey
    (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 2</i>. LibreCat University, 2026.
  mla: Fuchs, Christian, et al. <i>Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS) Open
    Data Survey Round 2</i>. LibreCat University, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753772">10.5281/ZENODO.20753772</a>.
  short: C. Fuchs, J. Museba, K. Friesch, Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS)
    Open Data Survey Round 2, LibreCat University, 2026.
date_created: 2026-07-03T15:07:56Z
date_updated: 2026-07-03T19:30:37Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.20753772
has_accepted_license: '1'
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 2
type: research_data
user_id: '21863'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '66143'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Musba, Joel
  last_name: Musba
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Friesch, Kevin
  last_name: Friesch
citation:
  ama: Fuchs C, Musba J, Friesch K. <i>Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS)
    Open Data Survey Round 1</i>. LibreCat University; 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753737">10.5281/ZENODO.20753737</a>
  apa: Fuchs, C., Musba, J., &#38; Friesch, K. (2026). <i>Futures of Digital Democracy
    Survey (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 1</i>. LibreCat University. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753737">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753737</a>
  bibtex: '@book{Fuchs_Musba_Friesch_2026, title={Futures of Digital Democracy Survey
    (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 1}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753737">10.5281/ZENODO.20753737</a>},
    publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Fuchs, Christian and Musba, Joel and
    Friesch, Kevin}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Fuchs, Christian, Joel Musba, and Kevin Friesch. <i>Futures of Digital
    Democracy Survey (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 1</i>. LibreCat University, 2026.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753737">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753737</a>.
  ieee: C. Fuchs, J. Musba, and K. Friesch, <i>Futures of Digital Democracy Survey
    (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 1</i>. LibreCat University, 2026.
  mla: Fuchs, Christian, et al. <i>Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS) Open
    Data Survey Round 1</i>. LibreCat University, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753737">10.5281/ZENODO.20753737</a>.
  short: C. Fuchs, J. Musba, K. Friesch, Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS)
    Open Data Survey Round 1, LibreCat University, 2026.
date_created: 2026-07-03T15:06:04Z
date_updated: 2026-07-03T19:30:30Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.20753737
has_accepted_license: '1'
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS) Open Data Survey Round 1
type: research_data
user_id: '21863'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '66611'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'This paper explores one of the defining political questions of the twenty‐first
    century: will digital technologies strengthen democracy or accelerate new forms
    of authoritarianism and fascism? Against the backdrop of platform capitalism,
    AI‐driven communication, surveillance infrastructures, disinformation and democratic
    crisis, the study asks how experts in digital democracy assess the present condition
    and possible futures of digital society. To address this question, the paper draws
    on the Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS), a two‐round international expert
    survey involving researchers, practitioners and civil society actors working in
    the fields of digital democracy, media, Internet governance and digital society.
    Combining futures research, scenario analysis, and qualitative and quantitative
    content analysis, the study investigates competing trajectories of digital development
    ranging from participatory digital democracy to corporate and state‐controlled
    digital fascism. The findings reveal a profound tension at the heart of contemporary
    digital society: while respondents overwhelmingly imagine an ideal future democracy
    in participatory and deliberative terms—centred on citizens’ assemblies, digital
    participation, public‐service Internet platforms and democratic AI—they simultaneously
    express deep pessimism about the actual direction of digital capitalism and platform
    power. Experts consider authoritarian and fascistic digital futures significantly
    more likely than democratic ones. The paper analyses these contradictions by examining
    the relationship between deliberative democracy, constitutional rights, platform
    governance, digital commons, public service media, AI, surveillance and the political
    economy of Big Tech. It argues that democracy in the digital age can only survive
    if participatory and deliberative digital structures are institutionally combined
    with constitutional safeguards, public ownership, democratic regulation and the
    defence of human rights. By bringing together debates on digital democracy, authoritarianism,
    political economy and digital futures, the paper offers both a critical diagnosis
    of the contemporary digital condition and a normative vision of democratic alternatives
    in the age of AI and platform capitalism.'
article_number: e70054
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Friesch, Kevin
  last_name: Friesch
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Museba, Joel
  last_name: Museba
citation:
  ama: Fuchs C, Friesch K, Museba J. Digital Futures Between Participatory Digital
    Democracy and Participatory Digital Fascism. <i>Policy &#38; Internet</i>. 2026;18(3).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70054">10.1002/poi3.70054</a>
  apa: Fuchs, C., Friesch, K., &#38; Museba, J. (2026). Digital Futures Between Participatory
    Digital Democracy and Participatory Digital Fascism. <i>Policy &#38; Internet</i>,
    <i>18</i>(3), Article e70054. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70054">https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70054</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Fuchs_Friesch_Museba_2026, title={Digital Futures Between Participatory
    Digital Democracy and Participatory Digital Fascism}, volume={18}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70054">10.1002/poi3.70054</a>},
    number={3e70054}, journal={Policy &#38; Internet}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fuchs,
    Christian and Friesch, Kevin and Museba, Joel}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Fuchs, Christian, Kevin Friesch, and Joel Museba. “Digital Futures Between
    Participatory Digital Democracy and Participatory Digital Fascism.” <i>Policy
    &#38; Internet</i> 18, no. 3 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70054">https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70054</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Fuchs, K. Friesch, and J. Museba, “Digital Futures Between Participatory
    Digital Democracy and Participatory Digital Fascism,” <i>Policy &#38; Internet</i>,
    vol. 18, no. 3, Art. no. e70054, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70054">10.1002/poi3.70054</a>.'
  mla: Fuchs, Christian, et al. “Digital Futures Between Participatory Digital Democracy
    and Participatory Digital Fascism.” <i>Policy &#38; Internet</i>, vol. 18, no.
    3, e70054, Wiley, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70054">10.1002/poi3.70054</a>.
  short: C. Fuchs, K. Friesch, J. Museba, Policy &#38; Internet 18 (2026).
date_created: 2026-07-28T18:09:19Z
date_updated: 2026-07-28T18:12:25Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.1002/poi3.70054
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        18'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: 'https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70054 '
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publication: Policy & Internet
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1944-2866
  - 1944-2866
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Digital Futures Between Participatory Digital Democracy and Participatory Digital
  Fascism
type: journal_article
user_id: '21863'
volume: 18
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '66142'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Museba, Joel
  last_name: Museba
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Friesch, Kevin
  last_name: Friesch
citation:
  ama: 'Fuchs C, Museba J, Friesch K. <i>The Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS):
    Report and Analysis</i>. LibreCat University; 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753801">10.5281/ZENODO.20753801</a>'
  apa: 'Fuchs, C., Museba, J., &#38; Friesch, K. (2026). <i>The Futures of Digital
    Democracy Survey (FDDS): Report and Analysis</i>. LibreCat University. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753801">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753801</a>'
  bibtex: '@book{Fuchs_Museba_Friesch_2026, title={The Futures of Digital Democracy
    Survey (FDDS): Report and Analysis}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753801">10.5281/ZENODO.20753801</a>},
    publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Fuchs, Christian and Museba, Joel and
    Friesch, Kevin}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: 'Fuchs, Christian, Joel Museba, and Kevin Friesch. <i>The Futures of Digital
    Democracy Survey (FDDS): Report and Analysis</i>. LibreCat University, 2026. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753801">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753801</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Fuchs, J. Museba, and K. Friesch, <i>The Futures of Digital Democracy
    Survey (FDDS): Report and Analysis</i>. LibreCat University, 2026.'
  mla: 'Fuchs, Christian, et al. <i>The Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS):
    Report and Analysis</i>. LibreCat University, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.20753801">10.5281/ZENODO.20753801</a>.'
  short: 'C. Fuchs, J. Museba, K. Friesch, The Futures of Digital Democracy Survey
    (FDDS): Report and Analysis, LibreCat University, 2026.'
date_created: 2026-07-03T15:03:20Z
date_updated: 2026-08-14T08:58:54Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.20753801
has_accepted_license: '1'
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: 'The Futures of Digital Democracy Survey (FDDS): Report and Analysis'
type: research_data
user_id: '21863'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '63076'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This paper develops a new concept and framework for understanding resilient
    digital democracy in an age defined by polarisation, cascading crises, and the
    global rise of digital authoritarianism. It begins by tracing the concept of resilience
    from systems theory to social and political life, showing that resilience in democracy
    is not a mechanical property of systems but a dynamic, human-driven practice grounded
    in agency, resistance, and collective self-determination. The paper argues that
    with emerging challenges in the digital sphere, such as misinformation, surveillance
    capitalism, platform monopolies, deepfakes, and hybrid warfare, democracy can
    only endure if its digital dimensions are protected and transformed. Building
    on this foundation, the paper introduces a holistic approach to resilient digital
    democracy that spans environmental, technological, economic, political, and cultural
    domains, and advances strategies such as public-commons digital infrastructures,
    platform co-operatives, public service Internet platforms, free/libre open source
    software (FLOSS), participatory innovations, and hybrid offline/online democratic
    practices. The result is a fresh, interdisciplinary vision of how democracy can
    be reinvented in the digital age.
article_number: '387'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
citation:
  ama: Fuchs C. What is and how do we Achieve a Resilient Digital Democracy? <i>Open
    Research Europe</i>. 2025;5. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2">10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2</a>
  apa: Fuchs, C. (2025). What is and how do we Achieve a Resilient Digital Democracy?
    <i>Open Research Europe</i>, <i>5</i>, Article 387. <a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2">https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Fuchs_2025, title={What is and how do we Achieve a Resilient Digital
    Democracy?}, volume={5}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2">10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2</a>},
    number={387}, journal={Open Research Europe}, publisher={F1000 Research Ltd},
    author={Fuchs, Christian}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Fuchs, Christian. “What Is and How Do We Achieve a Resilient Digital Democracy?”
    <i>Open Research Europe</i> 5 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2">https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Fuchs, “What is and how do we Achieve a Resilient Digital Democracy?,”
    <i>Open Research Europe</i>, vol. 5, Art. no. 387, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2">10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2</a>.'
  mla: Fuchs, Christian. “What Is and How Do We Achieve a Resilient Digital Democracy?”
    <i>Open Research Europe</i>, vol. 5, 387, F1000 Research Ltd, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2">10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2</a>.
  short: C. Fuchs, Open Research Europe 5 (2025).
date_created: 2025-12-12T18:21:20Z
date_updated: 2026-02-23T20:51:40Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         5'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.21988.2
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publication: Open Research Europe
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2732-5121
publication_status: published
publisher: F1000 Research Ltd
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: What is and how do we Achieve a Resilient Digital Democracy?
type: journal_article
user_id: '21863'
volume: 5
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '62689'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
- first_name: Joel
  full_name: Museba, Joel
  last_name: Museba
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Friesch, Kevin
  last_name: Friesch
citation:
  ama: 'Fuchs C, Museba J, Friesch K. <i>D3.1 – White Paper: The Futures of Digital
    Democracy</i>. Horizon Europe Research Project INNOVADE Research Report ; 2025.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17747936">10.5281/ZENODO.17747936</a>'
  apa: 'Fuchs, C., Museba, J., &#38; Friesch, K. (2025). <i>D3.1 – White Paper: The
    Futures of Digital Democracy</i>. Horizon Europe Research Project INNOVADE Research
    Report . <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17747936">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17747936</a>'
  bibtex: '@book{Fuchs_Museba_Friesch_2025, title={D3.1 – White Paper: The Futures
    of Digital Democracy}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17747936">10.5281/ZENODO.17747936</a>},
    publisher={Horizon Europe Research Project INNOVADE Research Report }, author={Fuchs,
    Christian and Museba, Joel and Friesch, Kevin}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: 'Fuchs, Christian, Joel Museba, and Kevin Friesch. <i>D3.1 – White Paper:
    The Futures of Digital Democracy</i>. Horizon Europe Research Project INNOVADE
    Research Report , 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17747936">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17747936</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Fuchs, J. Museba, and K. Friesch, <i>D3.1 – White Paper: The Futures of
    Digital Democracy</i>. Horizon Europe Research Project INNOVADE Research Report
    , 2025.'
  mla: 'Fuchs, Christian, et al. <i>D3.1 – White Paper: The Futures of Digital Democracy</i>.
    Horizon Europe Research Project INNOVADE Research Report , 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17747936">10.5281/ZENODO.17747936</a>.'
  short: 'C. Fuchs, J. Museba, K. Friesch, D3.1 – White Paper: The Futures of Digital
    Democracy, Horizon Europe Research Project INNOVADE Research Report , 2025.'
date_created: 2025-11-28T11:05:03Z
date_updated: 2025-11-28T11:08:06Z
department:
- _id: '11'
- _id: '136'
doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.17747936
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publisher: 'Horizon Europe Research Project INNOVADE Research Report '
status: public
title: 'D3.1 – White Paper: The Futures of Digital Democracy'
type: report
user_id: '21863'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '60640'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
citation:
  ama: Fuchs C. <i>World War and World Peace in the Age of Digital Capitalism</i>.
    University of Westminster Press; 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.16997/mpub.13082283">10.16997/mpub.13082283</a>
  apa: Fuchs, C. (2025). <i>World War and World Peace in the Age of Digital Capitalism</i>.
    University of Westminster Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.16997/mpub.13082283">https://doi.org/10.16997/mpub.13082283</a>
  bibtex: '@book{Fuchs_2025, place={London}, title={World War and World Peace in the
    Age of Digital Capitalism}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.16997/mpub.13082283">10.16997/mpub.13082283</a>},
    publisher={University of Westminster Press}, author={Fuchs, Christian}, year={2025}
    }'
  chicago: 'Fuchs, Christian. <i>World War and World Peace in the Age of Digital Capitalism</i>.
    London: University of Westminster Press, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.16997/mpub.13082283">https://doi.org/10.16997/mpub.13082283</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Fuchs, <i>World War and World Peace in the Age of Digital Capitalism</i>.
    London: University of Westminster Press, 2025.'
  mla: Fuchs, Christian. <i>World War and World Peace in the Age of Digital Capitalism</i>.
    University of Westminster Press, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.16997/mpub.13082283">10.16997/mpub.13082283</a>.
  short: C. Fuchs, World War and World Peace in the Age of Digital Capitalism, University
    of Westminster Press, London, 2025.
date_created: 2025-07-16T21:03:42Z
date_updated: 2025-07-16T21:06:39Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.16997/mpub.13082283
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: ' https://doi.org/10.16997/mpub.13082283'
oa: '1'
place: London
project:
- _id: '1397'
  call_identifier: HORIZON-CL2-2024-DEMOCRACY-01-07
  grant_number: '101178306'
  name: 'INNOVADE: INNOVADE: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation'
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - '9781915445797'
publication_status: published
publisher: University of Westminster Press
status: public
title: World War and World Peace in the Age of Digital Capitalism
type: book
user_id: '21863'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61276'
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Fuchs, Christian
  id: '21863'
  last_name: Fuchs
  orcid: 0000-0003-0589-4579
citation:
  ama: 'Fuchs C. <i>INNOVADE Press Release: INNOVADE Publishes an Interdisciplinary
    Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy</i>. LibreCat University; 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17119943">10.5281/ZENODO.17119943</a>'
  apa: 'Fuchs, C. (2025). <i>INNOVADE Press Release: INNOVADE publishes an Interdisciplinary
    Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy</i>. LibreCat University. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17119943">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17119943</a>'
  bibtex: '@book{Fuchs_2025, title={INNOVADE Press Release: INNOVADE publishes an
    Interdisciplinary Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17119943">10.5281/ZENODO.17119943</a>},
    publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Fuchs, Christian}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: 'Fuchs, Christian. <i>INNOVADE Press Release: INNOVADE Publishes an Interdisciplinary
    Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy</i>. LibreCat University, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17119943">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17119943</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Fuchs, <i>INNOVADE Press Release: INNOVADE publishes an Interdisciplinary
    Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy</i>. LibreCat University, 2025.'
  mla: 'Fuchs, Christian. <i>INNOVADE Press Release: INNOVADE Publishes an Interdisciplinary
    Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy</i>. LibreCat University, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17119943">10.5281/ZENODO.17119943</a>.'
  short: 'C. Fuchs, INNOVADE Press Release: INNOVADE Publishes an Interdisciplinary
    Knowledge Base on Digital Democracy, LibreCat University, 2025.'
date_created: 2025-09-15T14:47:05Z
date_updated: 2026-04-17T05:07:50Z
department:
- _id: '136'
- _id: '11'
doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.17119943
project:
- _id: '1397'
  name: INNOVAtive DEmocracy Through Digitalisation
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: 'INNOVADE Press Release: INNOVADE publishes an Interdisciplinary Knowledge
  Base on Digital Democracy'
type: research_data
user_id: '21863'
year: '2025'
...