---
_id: '63451'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can enable
photon-number resolution (PNR) based on accurate measurements of the detector’s
response time to few-photon optical pulses. In this work, we investigate the impact
of the optical pulse shape and duration on the accuracy of this method. We find
that Gaussian temporal pulse shapes yield cleaner arrival-time histograms and,
thus, more accurate PNR, compared to bandpass-filtered pulses of equal bandwidth.
For low system jitter and an optical pulse duration comparable to the other jitter
contributions, photon numbers can be discriminated in our system with a commercial
SNSPD. At 60 ps optical pulse duration, photon-number discrimination is significantly
reduced. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of using the correct arrival-time
histogram model when analyzing photon-number assignment. Using exponentially modified
Gaussian distributions, instead of the commonly used Gaussian distributions, we
can more accurately determine photon-number misidentification probabilities. Finally,
we reconstruct the positive operator-valued measures of the detector, revealing
sharp features that indicate the intrinsic PNR capabilities.
article_number: '016102'
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Isabell
full_name: Mischke, Isabell
last_name: Mischke
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Schlue, Fabian
id: '63579'
last_name: Schlue
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Benjamin
full_name: Brecht, Benjamin
id: '27150'
last_name: Brecht
orcid: '0000-0003-4140-0556 '
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Schapeler T, Mischke I, Schlue F, et al. Practical considerations for assignment
of photon numbers with SNSPDs. APL Quantum. 2026;3(1). doi:10.1063/5.0304127
apa: Schapeler, T., Mischke, I., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht, B., Silberhorn,
C., & Bartley, T. (2026). Practical considerations for assignment of photon
numbers with SNSPDs. APL Quantum, 3(1), Article 016102. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127
bibtex: '@article{Schapeler_Mischke_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2026,
title={Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs},
volume={3}, DOI={10.1063/5.0304127},
number={1016102}, journal={APL Quantum}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Schapeler,
Timon and Mischke, Isabell and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht,
Benjamin and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2026} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Isabell Mischke, Fabian Schlue, Michael Stefszky, Benjamin
Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Practical Considerations for Assignment
of Photon Numbers with SNSPDs.” APL Quantum 3, no. 1 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0304127.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler et al., “Practical considerations for assignment of photon
numbers with SNSPDs,” APL Quantum, vol. 3, no. 1, Art. no. 016102, 2026,
doi: 10.1063/5.0304127.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Practical Considerations for Assignment of Photon
Numbers with SNSPDs.” APL Quantum, vol. 3, no. 1, 016102, AIP Publishing,
2026, doi:10.1063/5.0304127.
short: T. Schapeler, I. Mischke, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn,
T. Bartley, APL Quantum 3 (2026).
date_created: 2026-01-05T10:00:58Z
date_updated: 2026-03-25T08:00:27Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
- _id: '288'
doi: 10.1063/5.0304127
intvolume: ' 3'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
- _id: '239'
name: 'ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors
in Low-Light Applications'
publication: APL Quantum
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2835-0103
publication_status: published
publisher: AIP Publishing
status: public
title: Practical considerations for assignment of photon numbers with SNSPDs
type: journal_article
user_id: '27150'
volume: 3
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '65847'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Simulating vibronic spectra is a central task in physical chemistry, offering
insight into important properties of molecules. Recently, it has been experimentally
demonstrated that photonic platforms based on Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) are
capable of performing these simulations. However, whether an actual GBS approach
is required depends on the molecule under investigation. To develop a better understanding
on the requirements for simulating vibronic spectra, we explore connections between
theoretical approximations in physical chemistry and their photonic counterparts.
Mapping these approximations into photonics, we show that for certain molecules
the GBS approach is unnecessary. We place special emphasis on the linear coupling
approximation, which in photonics corresponds to sampling from multiple coherent
states. By implementing this approach in experiments, we demonstrate improved
similarities over previously reported GBS results for formic acid and identify
the particular attributes that a molecule must exhibit for this, and other approximations,
to be valid. These results highlight the importance in forming deeper connections
between traditional methods and photonic approaches.
article_number: '89'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Jan-Lucas
full_name: Eickmann, Jan-Lucas
id: '73665'
last_name: Eickmann
orcid: 0009-0008-6524-7684
- first_name: Kai-Hong
full_name: Luo, Kai-Hong
id: '36389'
last_name: Luo
orcid: 0000-0003-1008-4976
- first_name: Mikhail
full_name: Roiz, Mikhail
id: '114114'
last_name: Roiz
- first_name: Jonas
full_name: Lammers, Jonas
last_name: Lammers
- first_name: Simone
full_name: Atzeni, Simone
id: '98338'
last_name: Atzeni
- first_name: Cheeranjiv
full_name: Pandey, Cheeranjiv
last_name: Pandey
- first_name: Florian
full_name: Lütkewitte, Florian
last_name: Lütkewitte
- first_name: Reza G.
full_name: Shirazi, Reza G.
last_name: Shirazi
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Schlue, Fabian
id: '63579'
last_name: Schlue
- first_name: Benjamin
full_name: Brecht, Benjamin
id: '27150'
last_name: Brecht
orcid: '0000-0003-4140-0556 '
- first_name: Vladimir V.
full_name: Rybkin, Vladimir V.
last_name: Rybkin
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
citation:
ama: 'Eickmann J-L, Luo K-H, Roiz M, et al. Bridging chemistry and Gaussian boson
sampling: a photonic hierarchy of approximations for molecular vibronic spectra.
npj Quantum Information. 2026;12(1). doi:10.1038/s41534-026-01250-x'
apa: 'Eickmann, J.-L., Luo, K.-H., Roiz, M., Lammers, J., Atzeni, S., Pandey, C.,
Lütkewitte, F., Shirazi, R. G., Schlue, F., Brecht, B., Rybkin, V. V., Stefszky,
M., & Silberhorn, C. (2026). Bridging chemistry and Gaussian boson sampling:
a photonic hierarchy of approximations for molecular vibronic spectra. Npj
Quantum Information, 12(1), Article 89. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-026-01250-x'
bibtex: '@article{Eickmann_Luo_Roiz_Lammers_Atzeni_Pandey_Lütkewitte_Shirazi_Schlue_Brecht_et
al._2026, title={Bridging chemistry and Gaussian boson sampling: a photonic hierarchy
of approximations for molecular vibronic spectra}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1038/s41534-026-01250-x},
number={189}, journal={npj Quantum Information}, publisher={Springer Science and
Business Media LLC}, author={Eickmann, Jan-Lucas and Luo, Kai-Hong and Roiz, Mikhail
and Lammers, Jonas and Atzeni, Simone and Pandey, Cheeranjiv and Lütkewitte, Florian
and Shirazi, Reza G. and Schlue, Fabian and Brecht, Benjamin and et al.}, year={2026}
}'
chicago: 'Eickmann, Jan-Lucas, Kai-Hong Luo, Mikhail Roiz, Jonas Lammers, Simone
Atzeni, Cheeranjiv Pandey, Florian Lütkewitte, et al. “Bridging Chemistry and
Gaussian Boson Sampling: A Photonic Hierarchy of Approximations for Molecular
Vibronic Spectra.” Npj Quantum Information 12, no. 1 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-026-01250-x.'
ieee: 'J.-L. Eickmann et al., “Bridging chemistry and Gaussian boson sampling:
a photonic hierarchy of approximations for molecular vibronic spectra,” npj
Quantum Information, vol. 12, no. 1, Art. no. 89, 2026, doi: 10.1038/s41534-026-01250-x.'
mla: 'Eickmann, Jan-Lucas, et al. “Bridging Chemistry and Gaussian Boson Sampling:
A Photonic Hierarchy of Approximations for Molecular Vibronic Spectra.” Npj
Quantum Information, vol. 12, no. 1, 89, Springer Science and Business Media
LLC, 2026, doi:10.1038/s41534-026-01250-x.'
short: J.-L. Eickmann, K.-H. Luo, M. Roiz, J. Lammers, S. Atzeni, C. Pandey, F.
Lütkewitte, R.G. Shirazi, F. Schlue, B. Brecht, V.V. Rybkin, M. Stefszky, C. Silberhorn,
Npj Quantum Information 12 (2026).
date_created: 2026-06-12T08:14:35Z
date_updated: 2026-06-12T08:28:02Z
department:
- _id: '288'
- _id: '623'
- _id: '15'
doi: 10.1038/s41534-026-01250-x
intvolume: ' 12'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-026-01250-x.pdf
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
publication: npj Quantum Information
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2056-6387
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
related_material:
link:
- relation: research_data
url: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18969354
status: public
title: 'Bridging chemistry and Gaussian boson sampling: a photonic hierarchy of approximations
for molecular vibronic spectra'
type: journal_article
user_id: '73665'
volume: 12
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '63107'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We construct good GKP (Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill) codes (in the sense of Conrad,
Eisert and Seifert proposed) from standard short integer solution lattices (SIS)
as well as from ring SIS and module SIS lattices, R-SIS and M-SIS lattices, respectively.
These lattice are crucial for lattice-based cryptography. Our construction yields
GKP codes with distance $\sqrt{n/πe}$. This compares favorably with the NTRU-based
construction by Conrad et al. that achieves distance $Ω(\sqrt{n/q}),$ with $n\le
q^2/0.28$. Unlike their codes, our codes do not have secret keys that can be used
to speed-up the decoding. However, we present a simple decoding algorithm that,
for many parameter choices, experimentally yields decoding results similar to
the ones for NTRU-based codes. Using the R-SIS and M-SIS construction, our simple
decoding algorithm runs in nearly linear time. Following Conrad, Eisert and Seifert's
work, our construction of GKP codes follows directly from an explicit, randomized
construction of symplectic lattices with (up to constants $\approx 1$) minimal
distance $(1/σ_{2n})^{1/2n}\approx \sqrt{\frac{n}{πe}}$, where $σ_{2n}$ is the
volume of the 2n-dimensional unit ball. Before this result, Buser and Sarnak gave
a non-constructive proof for the existence of such symplectic lattices.
author:
- first_name: Johannes
full_name: Blömer, Johannes
last_name: Blömer
- first_name: Yinzi
full_name: Xiao, Yinzi
last_name: Xiao
- first_name: Zahra
full_name: Raissi, Zahra
last_name: Raissi
- first_name: Stanislaw
full_name: Soltan, Stanislaw
last_name: Soltan
citation:
ama: Blömer J, Xiao Y, Raissi Z, Soltan S. Symplectic Lattices and GKP Codes --
Simple Randomized Constructions from Cryptographic Lattices. arXiv:250910183.
Published online 2025.
apa: Blömer, J., Xiao, Y., Raissi, Z., & Soltan, S. (2025). Symplectic Lattices
and GKP Codes -- Simple Randomized Constructions from Cryptographic Lattices.
In arXiv:2509.10183.
bibtex: '@article{Blömer_Xiao_Raissi_Soltan_2025, title={Symplectic Lattices and
GKP Codes -- Simple Randomized Constructions from Cryptographic Lattices}, journal={arXiv:2509.10183},
author={Blömer, Johannes and Xiao, Yinzi and Raissi, Zahra and Soltan, Stanislaw},
year={2025} }'
chicago: Blömer, Johannes, Yinzi Xiao, Zahra Raissi, and Stanislaw Soltan. “Symplectic
Lattices and GKP Codes -- Simple Randomized Constructions from Cryptographic Lattices.”
ArXiv:2509.10183, 2025.
ieee: J. Blömer, Y. Xiao, Z. Raissi, and S. Soltan, “Symplectic Lattices and GKP
Codes -- Simple Randomized Constructions from Cryptographic Lattices,” arXiv:2509.10183.
2025.
mla: Blömer, Johannes, et al. “Symplectic Lattices and GKP Codes -- Simple Randomized
Constructions from Cryptographic Lattices.” ArXiv:2509.10183, 2025.
short: J. Blömer, Y. Xiao, Z. Raissi, S. Soltan, ArXiv:2509.10183 (2025).
date_created: 2025-12-15T15:34:08Z
date_updated: 2026-01-23T09:59:34Z
department:
- _id: '34'
- _id: '64'
- _id: '623'
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2509.10183'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
publication: arXiv:2509.10183
status: public
title: Symplectic Lattices and GKP Codes -- Simple Randomized Constructions from Cryptographic
Lattices
type: preprint
user_id: '41047'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '63403'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Stateful signatures like the NIST standardized signature schemes LMS and
XMSS provide an efficient and mature realization of post-quantum secure signature
schemes. They are recommended for long-term use cases like e.g. firmware signing.
However, stateful signature schemes require to properly manage a so-called state.
In stateful signature schemes like LMS and XMSS, signing keys consist of a set
of keys of a one-time signature scheme and it has to be guaranteed that each one-time
key is used only once. This is done by updating a state in each signature computation,
basically recording which one-time keys have already been used. While this is
straightforward in centralized systems, in distributed systems like secure enclaves
consisting of e.g. multiple hardware security modules (HSMs) with limited communication
keeping a distributed state that at any point in time is consistent among all
parties involved presents a challenge. This challenge is not addressed by the
current standardization processes. \r\nIn this paper we present a security model
for the distributed key management of post-quantum secure stateful signatures
like XMSS and LMS. We also present a simple, efficient, and easy to implement
protocol proven secure in this security model, i.e. the protocol guarantees at
any point in time a consistent state among the parties in a distributed system,
like a distributed security enclave. The security model is defined in the universal
composabilty (UC) framework by Ran Canetti by providing an ideal functionality
for the distributed key management for stateful signatures. Hence our protocol
remains secure even if arbitrarily composed with other instances of the same or
other protocols, a necessity for the security of distributed key management protocols.
Our main application are security enclaves consisting of HSMs, but the model and
the protocol can easily be adapted to other scenarios of distributed key management
of stateful signature schemes."
author:
- first_name: Johannes
full_name: Blömer, Johannes
id: '23'
last_name: Blömer
- first_name: Henrik
full_name: Bröcher, Henrik
id: '41047'
last_name: Bröcher
orcid: 0009-0008-3938-5485
- first_name: Volker
full_name: Krummel, Volker
last_name: Krummel
- first_name: Laurens Alexander
full_name: Porzenheim, Laurens Alexander
id: '47434'
last_name: Porzenheim
citation:
ama: Blömer J, Bröcher H, Krummel V, Porzenheim LA. Secure Distributed State Management
for Stateful Signatures with a Practical and Universally Composable Protocol.
apa: Blömer, J., Bröcher, H., Krummel, V., & Porzenheim, L. A. (n.d.). Secure
Distributed State Management for Stateful Signatures with a Practical and Universally
Composable Protocol.
bibtex: '@article{Blömer_Bröcher_Krummel_Porzenheim, title={Secure Distributed State
Management for Stateful Signatures with a Practical and Universally Composable
Protocol}, author={Blömer, Johannes and Bröcher, Henrik and Krummel, Volker and
Porzenheim, Laurens Alexander} }'
chicago: Blömer, Johannes, Henrik Bröcher, Volker Krummel, and Laurens Alexander
Porzenheim. “Secure Distributed State Management for Stateful Signatures with
a Practical and Universally Composable Protocol,” n.d.
ieee: J. Blömer, H. Bröcher, V. Krummel, and L. A. Porzenheim, “Secure Distributed
State Management for Stateful Signatures with a Practical and Universally Composable
Protocol.” .
mla: Blömer, Johannes, et al. Secure Distributed State Management for Stateful
Signatures with a Practical and Universally Composable Protocol.
short: J. Blömer, H. Bröcher, V. Krummel, L.A. Porzenheim, (n.d.).
date_created: 2025-12-22T21:23:22Z
date_updated: 2025-12-23T11:30:38Z
department:
- _id: '34'
- _id: '64'
keyword:
- distributed state
- hash-based signature
- stateful hash-based signature
- universal composability
- secure enclave
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/2278.pdf
oa: '1'
page: '22'
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
publication_status: submitted
status: public
title: Secure Distributed State Management for Stateful Signatures with a Practical
and Universally Composable Protocol
type: preprint
user_id: '41047'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '60587'
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Schlue, Fabian
id: '63579'
last_name: Schlue
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Benjamin
full_name: Brecht, Benjamin
id: '27150'
last_name: Brecht
orcid: '0000-0003-4140-0556 '
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: 'Schapeler T, Schlue F, Stefszky M, Brecht B, Silberhorn C, Bartley T. Optimizing
photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon detectors.
In: Itzler MA, McIntosh KA, Bienfang JC, eds. Advanced Photon Counting Techniques
XIX. SPIE; 2025. doi:10.1117/12.3054905'
apa: Schapeler, T., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht, B., Silberhorn, C., &
Bartley, T. (2025). Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire
multi-photon detectors. In M. A. Itzler, K. A. McIntosh, & J. C. Bienfang
(Eds.), Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Schapeler_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2025,
title={Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon
detectors}, DOI={10.1117/12.3054905},
booktitle={Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX}, publisher={SPIE}, author={Schapeler,
Timon and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn,
Christine and Bartley, Tim}, editor={Itzler, Mark A. and McIntosh, K. Alex and
Bienfang, Joshua C.}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Fabian Schlue, Michael Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine
Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Optimizing Photon-Number Resolution with Superconducting
Nanowire Multi-Photon Detectors.” In Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX,
edited by Mark A. Itzler, K. Alex McIntosh, and Joshua C. Bienfang. SPIE, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3054905.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, and T. Bartley,
“Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon
detectors,” in Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX, 2025, doi: 10.1117/12.3054905.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Optimizing Photon-Number Resolution with Superconducting
Nanowire Multi-Photon Detectors.” Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX,
edited by Mark A. Itzler et al., SPIE, 2025, doi:10.1117/12.3054905.
short: 'T. Schapeler, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley,
in: M.A. Itzler, K.A. McIntosh, J.C. Bienfang (Eds.), Advanced Photon Counting
Techniques XIX, SPIE, 2025.'
date_created: 2025-07-11T09:18:09Z
date_updated: 2025-07-11T09:22:11Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1117/12.3054905
editor:
- first_name: Mark A.
full_name: Itzler, Mark A.
last_name: Itzler
- first_name: K. Alex
full_name: McIntosh, K. Alex
last_name: McIntosh
- first_name: Joshua C.
full_name: Bienfang, Joshua C.
last_name: Bienfang
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '239'
call_identifier: ERC
grant_number: '101042399'
name: 'QuESADILLA: ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array
Detectors in Low-Light Applications'
- _id: '191'
grant_number: 13N16103
name: 'PhoQuant--QCTest: PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing
Testplattform'
publication: Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIX
publication_status: published
publisher: SPIE
status: public
title: Optimizing photon-number resolution with superconducting nanowire multi-photon
detectors
type: conference
user_id: '55629'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61110'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'By analyzing the physics of multi-photon absorption in superconducting
nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs), we identify physical components of
jitter. From this, we formulate a quantitative physical model of the multi-photon
detector response that combines the local detection mechanism and local fluctuations
(hotspot formation and intrinsic jitter) with the thermoelectric dynamics of resistive
domains. Our model provides an excellent description of the arrival-time histogram
of a commercial SNSPD across several orders of magnitude, both in arrival-time
probability and across mean photon number. This is achieved with just three fitting
parameters: the scaling of the mean arrival time of voltage response pulses, as
well as the Gaussian and exponential jitter components. Our findings have important
implications for photon-number-resolving detector design, as well as applications
requiring low jitter, such as light detection and ranging (LIDAR).'
article_number: '086113'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Mariia
full_name: Sidorova, Mariia
last_name: Sidorova
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Alexej D.
full_name: Semenov, Alexej D.
last_name: Semenov
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Schlue, Fabian
id: '63579'
last_name: Schlue
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Benjamin
full_name: Brecht, Benjamin
id: '27150'
last_name: Brecht
orcid: '0000-0003-4140-0556 '
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Sidorova M, Schapeler T, Semenov AD, et al. Jitter in photon-number-resolved
detection by superconducting nanowires. APL Photonics. 2025;10(8). doi:10.1063/5.0273752
apa: Sidorova, M., Schapeler, T., Semenov, A. D., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht,
B., Silberhorn, C., & Bartley, T. (2025). Jitter in photon-number-resolved
detection by superconducting nanowires. APL Photonics, 10(8), Article
086113. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752
bibtex: '@article{Sidorova_Schapeler_Semenov_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2025,
title={Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by superconducting nanowires},
volume={10}, DOI={10.1063/5.0273752},
number={8086113}, journal={APL Photonics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Sidorova,
Mariia and Schapeler, Timon and Semenov, Alexej D. and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky,
Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2025}
}'
chicago: Sidorova, Mariia, Timon Schapeler, Alexej D. Semenov, Fabian Schlue, Michael
Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Jitter in Photon-Number-Resolved
Detection by Superconducting Nanowires.” APL Photonics 10, no. 8 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0273752.
ieee: 'M. Sidorova et al., “Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by
superconducting nanowires,” APL Photonics, vol. 10, no. 8, Art. no. 086113,
2025, doi: 10.1063/5.0273752.'
mla: Sidorova, Mariia, et al. “Jitter in Photon-Number-Resolved Detection by Superconducting
Nanowires.” APL Photonics, vol. 10, no. 8, 086113, AIP Publishing, 2025,
doi:10.1063/5.0273752.
short: M. Sidorova, T. Schapeler, A.D. Semenov, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht,
C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, APL Photonics 10 (2025).
date_created: 2025-09-01T11:12:19Z
date_updated: 2025-09-02T10:47:08Z
department:
- _id: '623'
- _id: '15'
doi: 10.1063/5.0273752
external_id:
arxiv:
- arXiv:2503.17146
intvolume: ' 10'
issue: '8'
keyword:
- Jitter
- PNR
- SNSPD
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
- _id: '239'
name: 'ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors
in Low-Light Applications'
publication: APL Photonics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2378-0967
publication_status: published
publisher: AIP Publishing
status: public
title: Jitter in photon-number-resolved detection by superconducting nanowires
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 10
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '55174'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "We apply principal component analysis (PCA) to a set of electrical
output signals from a commercially available superconducting nanowire single-photon
detector (SNSPD) to investigate their photon-number-resolving capability. We find
that the rising edge as well as the amplitude of the electrical signal have the
most dependence on photon number. Accurately measuring the rising edge while simultaneously
measuring the voltage of the pulse amplitude maximizes the photon-number resolution
of SNSPDs. Using an optimal basis of principal components, we show unambiguous
discrimination between one- and two-photon events, as well as partial resolution
up to five photons. This expands the use case of SNSPDs to photon-counting experiments,
without the need of detector multiplexing architectures.\r\n \r\n
\ \r\n \r\n \r\n
\ Published by the American Physical Society\r\n
\ 2024\r\n \r\n
\ \r\n "
article_number: '014024'
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Niklas
full_name: Lamberty, Niklas
last_name: Lamberty
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Hummel, Thomas
id: '83846'
last_name: Hummel
orcid: 0000-0001-8627-2119
- first_name: Fabian
full_name: Schlue, Fabian
id: '63579'
last_name: Schlue
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Benjamin
full_name: Brecht, Benjamin
id: '27150'
last_name: Brecht
orcid: '0000-0003-4140-0556 '
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Schapeler T, Lamberty N, Hummel T, et al. Electrical trace analysis of superconducting
nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors. Physical Review Applied. 2024;22(1).
doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024
apa: Schapeler, T., Lamberty, N., Hummel, T., Schlue, F., Stefszky, M., Brecht,
B., Silberhorn, C., & Bartley, T. (2024). Electrical trace analysis of superconducting
nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors. Physical Review Applied, 22(1),
Article 014024. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024
bibtex: '@article{Schapeler_Lamberty_Hummel_Schlue_Stefszky_Brecht_Silberhorn_Bartley_2024,
title={Electrical trace analysis of superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving
detectors}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024},
number={1014024}, journal={Physical Review Applied}, publisher={American Physical
Society (APS)}, author={Schapeler, Timon and Lamberty, Niklas and Hummel, Thomas
and Schlue, Fabian and Stefszky, Michael and Brecht, Benjamin and Silberhorn,
Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Niklas Lamberty, Thomas Hummel, Fabian Schlue, Michael
Stefszky, Benjamin Brecht, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Electrical
Trace Analysis of Superconducting Nanowire Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors.”
Physical Review Applied 22, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler et al., “Electrical trace analysis of superconducting
nanowire photon-number-resolving detectors,” Physical Review Applied, vol.
22, no. 1, Art. no. 014024, 2024, doi: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Electrical Trace Analysis of Superconducting Nanowire
Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors.” Physical Review Applied, vol. 22, no.
1, 014024, American Physical Society (APS), 2024, doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024.
short: T. Schapeler, N. Lamberty, T. Hummel, F. Schlue, M. Stefszky, B. Brecht,
C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Physical Review Applied 22 (2024).
date_created: 2024-07-11T07:23:08Z
date_updated: 2024-07-11T09:36:00Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1103/physrevapplied.22.014024
intvolume: ' 22'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '239'
call_identifier: ERC
grant_number: '101042399'
name: 'QuESADILLA: ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array
Detectors in Low-Light Applications'
- _id: '191'
grant_number: 13N16103
name: 'PhoQuant--QCTest: PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing
Testplattform'
publication: Physical Review Applied
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2331-7019
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
status: public
title: Electrical trace analysis of superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving
detectors
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 22
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '53202'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: At large scales, quantum systems may become advantageous over their classical
counterparts at performing certain tasks. Developing tools to analyze these systems
at the relevant scales, in a manner consistent with quantum mechanics, is therefore
critical to benchmarking performance and characterizing their operation. While
classical computational approaches cannot perform like-for-like computations of
quantum systems beyond a certain scale, classical high-performance computing (HPC)
may nevertheless be useful for precisely these characterization and certification
tasks. By developing open-source customized algorithms using high-performance
computing, we perform quantum tomography on a megascale quantum photonic detector
covering a Hilbert space of 106. This requires finding 108 elements of the matrix
corresponding to the positive operator valued measure (POVM), the quantum description
of the detector, and is achieved in minutes of computation time. Moreover, by
exploiting the structure of the problem, we achieve highly efficient parallel
scaling, paving the way for quantum objects up to a system size of 1012 elements
to be reconstructed using this method. In general, this shows that a consistent
quantum mechanical description of quantum phenomena is applicable at everyday
scales. More concretely, this enables the reconstruction of large-scale quantum
sources, processes and detectors used in computation and sampling tasks, which
may be necessary to prove their nonclassical character or quantum computational
advantage.
author:
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Robert
full_name: Schade, Robert
id: '75963'
last_name: Schade
orcid: 0000-0002-6268-5397
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Lass, Michael
id: '24135'
last_name: Lass
orcid: 0000-0002-5708-7632
- first_name: Christian
full_name: Plessl, Christian
id: '16153'
last_name: Plessl
orcid: 0000-0001-5728-9982
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Schapeler T, Schade R, Lass M, Plessl C, Bartley T. Scalable quantum detector
tomography by high-performance computing. Quantum Science and Technology.
2024;10(1). doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511
apa: Schapeler, T., Schade, R., Lass, M., Plessl, C., & Bartley, T. (2024).
Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing. Quantum
Science and Technology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511
bibtex: '@article{Schapeler_Schade_Lass_Plessl_Bartley_2024, title={Scalable quantum
detector tomography by high-performance computing}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511},
number={1}, journal={Quantum Science and Technology}, publisher={IOP Publishing},
author={Schapeler, Timon and Schade, Robert and Lass, Michael and Plessl, Christian
and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024} }'
chicago: Schapeler, Timon, Robert Schade, Michael Lass, Christian Plessl, and Tim
Bartley. “Scalable Quantum Detector Tomography by High-Performance Computing.”
Quantum Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511.
ieee: 'T. Schapeler, R. Schade, M. Lass, C. Plessl, and T. Bartley, “Scalable quantum
detector tomography by high-performance computing,” Quantum Science and Technology,
vol. 10, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511.'
mla: Schapeler, Timon, et al. “Scalable Quantum Detector Tomography by High-Performance
Computing.” Quantum Science and Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, IOP Publishing,
2024, doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511.
short: T. Schapeler, R. Schade, M. Lass, C. Plessl, T. Bartley, Quantum Science
and Technology 10 (2024).
date_created: 2024-04-04T08:43:18Z
date_updated: 2025-12-16T11:32:12Z
department:
- _id: '27'
- _id: '623'
- _id: '15'
doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ad8511
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2404.02844'
intvolume: ' 10'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '52'
name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
- _id: '239'
name: 'ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors
in Low-Light Applications'
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
publication: Quantum Science and Technology
publisher: IOP Publishing
status: public
title: Scalable quantum detector tomography by high-performance computing
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 10
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '50840'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have been
widely used to study the discrete nature of quantum states of light in the form
of photon-counting experiments. We show that SNSPDs can also be used to study
continuous variables of optical quantum states by performing homodyne detection
at a bandwidth of 400 kHz. By measuring the interference of a continuous-wave
field of a local oscillator with the field of the vacuum state using two SNSPDs,
we show that the variance of the difference in count rates is linearly proportional
to the photon flux of the local oscillator over almost five orders of magnitude.
The resulting shot-noise clearance of (46.0 ± 1.1) dB is the highest reported
clearance for a balanced optical homodyne detector, demonstrating their potential
for measuring highly squeezed states in the continuous-wave regime. In addition,
we measured a CMRR = 22.4 dB. From the joint click counting statistics, we also
measure the phase-dependent quadrature of a weak coherent state to demonstrate
our device’s functionality as a homodyne detector.
article_number: '1'
author:
- first_name: Maximilian
full_name: Protte, Maximilian
id: '46170'
last_name: Protte
- first_name: Timon
full_name: Schapeler, Timon
id: '55629'
last_name: Schapeler
orcid: 0000-0001-7652-1716
- first_name: Jan
full_name: Sperling, Jan
id: '75127'
last_name: Sperling
orcid: 0000-0002-5844-3205
- first_name: Tim
full_name: Bartley, Tim
id: '49683'
last_name: Bartley
citation:
ama: Protte M, Schapeler T, Sperling J, Bartley T. Low-noise balanced homodyne detection
with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Optica Quantum.
2024;2(1). doi:10.1364/opticaq.502201
apa: Protte, M., Schapeler, T., Sperling, J., & Bartley, T. (2024). Low-noise
balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.
Optica Quantum, 2(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201
bibtex: '@article{Protte_Schapeler_Sperling_Bartley_2024, title={Low-noise balanced
homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors}, volume={2},
DOI={10.1364/opticaq.502201},
number={11}, journal={Optica Quantum}, publisher={Optica Publishing Group}, author={Protte,
Maximilian and Schapeler, Timon and Sperling, Jan and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024}
}'
chicago: Protte, Maximilian, Timon Schapeler, Jan Sperling, and Tim Bartley. “Low-Noise
Balanced Homodyne Detection with Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors.”
Optica Quantum 2, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.502201.
ieee: 'M. Protte, T. Schapeler, J. Sperling, and T. Bartley, “Low-noise balanced
homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors,” Optica
Quantum, vol. 2, no. 1, Art. no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.1364/opticaq.502201.'
mla: Protte, Maximilian, et al. “Low-Noise Balanced Homodyne Detection with Superconducting
Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors.” Optica Quantum, vol. 2, no. 1, 1, Optica
Publishing Group, 2024, doi:10.1364/opticaq.502201.
short: M. Protte, T. Schapeler, J. Sperling, T. Bartley, Optica Quantum 2 (2024).
date_created: 2024-01-25T11:48:02Z
date_updated: 2025-12-18T17:06:27Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1364/opticaq.502201
intvolume: ' 2'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
- _id: '239'
name: 'ERC-Grant: QuESADILLA: Quantum Engineering Superconducting Array Detectors
in Low-Light Applications'
- _id: '209'
name: 'ISOQC: Quantenkommunikation mit integrierter Optik im Zusammenhang mit supraleitender
Elektronik'
publication: Optica Quantum
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2837-6714
publication_status: published
publisher: Optica Publishing Group
status: public
title: Low-noise balanced homodyne detection with superconducting nanowire single-photon
detectors
type: journal_article
user_id: '55629'
volume: 2
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '26040'
author:
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Stefszky, Michael
id: '42777'
last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: R.
full_name: Ricken, R.
last_name: Ricken
- first_name: Christof
full_name: Eigner, Christof
id: '13244'
last_name: Eigner
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
- first_name: V.
full_name: Quiring, V.
last_name: Quiring
- first_name: Harald
full_name: Herrmann, Harald
id: '216'
last_name: Herrmann
- first_name: Christine
full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
id: '26263'
last_name: Silberhorn
citation:
ama: Stefszky M, Ricken R, Eigner C, Quiring V, Herrmann H, Silberhorn C. Waveguide
Cavity Resonator as a Source of Optical Squeezing. Physical Review Applied.
Published online 2017. doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.7.044026
apa: Stefszky, M., Ricken, R., Eigner, C., Quiring, V., Herrmann, H., & Silberhorn,
C. (2017). Waveguide Cavity Resonator as a Source of Optical Squeezing. Physical
Review Applied. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.7.044026
bibtex: '@article{Stefszky_Ricken_Eigner_Quiring_Herrmann_Silberhorn_2017, title={Waveguide
Cavity Resonator as a Source of Optical Squeezing}, DOI={10.1103/physrevapplied.7.044026},
journal={Physical Review Applied}, author={Stefszky, Michael and Ricken, R. and
Eigner, Christof and Quiring, V. and Herrmann, Harald and Silberhorn, Christine},
year={2017} }'
chicago: Stefszky, Michael, R. Ricken, Christof Eigner, V. Quiring, Harald Herrmann,
and Christine Silberhorn. “Waveguide Cavity Resonator as a Source of Optical Squeezing.”
Physical Review Applied, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.7.044026.
ieee: 'M. Stefszky, R. Ricken, C. Eigner, V. Quiring, H. Herrmann, and C. Silberhorn,
“Waveguide Cavity Resonator as a Source of Optical Squeezing,” Physical Review
Applied, 2017, doi: 10.1103/physrevapplied.7.044026.'
mla: Stefszky, Michael, et al. “Waveguide Cavity Resonator as a Source of Optical
Squeezing.” Physical Review Applied, 2017, doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.7.044026.
short: M. Stefszky, R. Ricken, C. Eigner, V. Quiring, H. Herrmann, C. Silberhorn,
Physical Review Applied (2017).
date_created: 2021-10-11T13:57:00Z
date_updated: 2026-01-16T10:16:57Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '288'
doi: 10.1103/physrevapplied.7.044026
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '191'
name: 'PhoQuant: Photonische Quantencomputer - Quantencomputing Testplattform'
publication: Physical Review Applied
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2331-7019
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Waveguide Cavity Resonator as a Source of Optical Squeezing
type: journal_article
user_id: '42777'
year: '2017'
...