@inproceedings{57897,
  author       = {{Paul, Andreas and Elsner, Andreas and Kasper, Tina and Schumacher, Daniel and Vrabec, Jadran  and Hölscher, Heike  and Bluemel, Marcus  and Wollny, Wenke and Becker, Wolfgang and Brzoska-Steinhaus, Nicola }},
  location     = {{September}},
  title        = {{{Alterungsbedingter Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{57898,
  author       = {{Kruse, Simon and Elsner, Andreas and Paul, Andreas and Kasper, Tina}},
  keywords     = {{Haushaltskältegeräte, Energieaufnahme, Alterung}},
  location     = {{Dresden}},
  title        = {{{Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{46753,
  abstract     = {{Die Energieaufnahme von Haushaltskältegeräten ist seit den 1990er Jahren erheblich gesunken. Dieser Wert wird von den Herstellern im Neuzustand der Geräte unter Normbedingungen bestimmt. Wie jedes technische System unterliegen jedoch auch Haushaltskältegeräte einem Alterungsprozess, der zu einem Anstieg der Energieaufnahme über die Zeit führt. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde auf der Grundlage von 100 Messungen der Energieaufnahme, die an 32 Geräten über einen Zeitraum von 21 Jahren durchgeführt wurden, ein Alterungsmodell entwickelt. Dieses Modell ist das erste, das mit Hilfe von Daten der Energieaufnahme real gealterter Geräte entwickelt wurde. Es beschreibt einen Anstieg der Energieaufnahme von 27 % über die durchschnittliche Einsatzzeit eines Haushaltskältegeräts von 16 Jahren. Der stärkste Anstieg erfolgt in den ersten fünf Betriebsjahren. Durch Diffusionsvorgänge in dem im Gehäuse verbauten Polyurethan-Schaum wird das im Zellgas vorhandene Kohlenstoffdioxid durch Luft ersetzt. Hierdurch steigt die Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Schaums um ca. 33 % an, wodurch sich die Energieaufnahme der Geräte erhöht. Des Weiteren wurde der Einsatz von Paraffinen als Phasenwechselmaterial in Haushaltskältegeräten untersucht. Durch deren Einsatz konnte die Energieaufnahme gesenkt und die Funktionalität der Geräte gesteigert werden. Hierfür sind detaillierte Kenntnisse der Materialkenndaten der Paraffine notwendig. Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit der verschiedenen Paraffin-Stoffgruppen in der festen Phase ist jedoch bisher nur unzureichend untersucht worden. Daher wurde ein Messaufbau entwickelt, mit dem die Wärmeleitfähigkeit von festem Paraffin bestimmt werden kann, und es wurden entsprechende Messungen durchgeführt.}},
  author       = {{Paul, Andreas}},
  publisher    = {{LibreCat University}},
  title        = {{{Analyse von Alterungsmechanismen im Hinblick auf die Effizienz von Haushaltskältegeräten}}},
  doi          = {{10.17619/UNIPB/1-1784}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{29208,
  abstract     = {{The parameters required to calculate the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances (i.e. refrigerators, freezers and their combinations) are determined by standard measurements. According to regulations, these measurements are carried out when the appliances are new. It is known from previous studies that various technical aging mechanisms can increase electrical energy consumption by up to 36 % over a product lifespan of 18 years. In order to determine the time dependence of the energy consumption of household refrigerating appliances, repeated measurements are carried out in this work. Eleven new appliances are examined under standard measurement conditions. After just two years of operation, an additional energy consumption of up to 11 % is determined. Furthermore, 21 older appliances that had previously been measured in new condition are tested again after up to 21 years of operation. For these older appliances, an average increase of energy consumption of 28 % is found. For individual appliances, the maximum increase is 36 %. An aging model is developed on the basis of these measurement results, which may help to predict the aging-related increase of energy consumption of household refrigerating appliances. This model shows an average increase in energy consumption of 27 % for an appliance age of 16 years. Supplemental performance tests of eight compressors do not show any significant aging effects related to these devices after two years of operation. Furthermore, measurements of the thermal conductivity of aged polyurethane foam test samples are carried out and an increase of its thermal conductivity of 26 % over a period of about three years is determined.}},
  author       = {{Paul, Andreas and Baumhögger, Elmar and Elsner, Andreas and Reineke, Michael and Hueppe, Christian and Stamminger, Rainer and Hoelscher, Heike and Wagner, Hendrik and Gries, Ulrich and Becker, Wolfgang and Vrabec, Jadran}},
  issn         = {{1359-4311}},
  journal      = {{Applied Thermal Engineering}},
  keywords     = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992}},
  volume       = {{205}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{33255,
  author       = {{Betken, Benjamin and Beckmüller, Robin and Ali Javed, Muhammad and Baumhögger, Elmar and Span, Roland and Vrabec, Jadran and Thol, Monika}},
  issn         = {{0021-9614}},
  journal      = {{The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics}},
  keywords     = {{Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, General Materials Science, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Thermodynamic Properties for 1-Hexene – Measurements and Modeling}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jct.2022.106881}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{20925,
  author       = {{Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas and Linnemann, Matthias and Baumhögger, Elmar and Vrabec, Jadran}},
  issn         = {{0196-8904}},
  journal      = {{Energy Conversion and Management}},
  title        = {{{Experimental study of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{29168,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The homogeneous density of the liquid phase is experimentally investigated for methyl diethanolamine. Data are obtained along five isotherms in a temperature range between 300 K and 360 K for pressures up to 95 MPa. Two different apparatuses are used to measure the speed of sound for the temperatures between 322 K and 450 K with a maximum pressure of 95 MPa. These measurements and literature data are used to develop a fundamental equation of state for methyl diethanolamine. The model is formulated in terms of the Helmholtz energy and allows for the calculation of all thermodynamic properties in gaseous, liquid, supercritical, and saturation states. The experimental data are represented within their uncertainties. The physical and extrapolation behavior is validated qualitatively to ensure reasonable calculations outside of the range of validity. Based on the experimental datasets, the equation of state is valid for temperatures from 250 K to 750 K and pressures up to 100 MPa.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Neumann, Tobias and Baumhögger, Elmar and Span, Roland and Vrabec, Jadran and Thol, Monika}},
  issn         = {{0195-928X}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Thermophysics}},
  keywords     = {{Condensed Matter Physics}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Thermodynamic Properties of Methyl Diethanolamine}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s10765-021-02933-7}},
  volume       = {{43}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{22925,
  author       = {{Claes, Leander and Chatwell, René Spencer and Baumhögger, Elmar and Hetkämper, Tim and Zeipert, Henning and Vrabec, Jadran and Henning, Bernd}},
  issn         = {{0263-2241}},
  journal      = {{Measurement}},
  title        = {{{Measurement procedure for acoustic absorption and bulk viscosity of liquids}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109919}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@phdthesis{42141,
  author       = {{Sonnenrein, Gerrit}},
  title        = {{{Effizienzsteigerung von Haushaltskühlgeräten durch polymergebundene Phasenwechselmaterialien}}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{20921,
  abstract     = {{The increase of the thermal conductivity of PUR foam in the insulation of the cabinet is an important cause for aging processes of household refrigerating appliances. To determine the influence of the PUR foam aging on energy consumption, the development of a new measurement method is necessary be- cause current methods influence the aging behavior of household refrigerators and are therefore not applicable in general. Based on a latent heat sink, constructed as an ice water bucket, a new measure- ment method is developed to determine the k ·A value over time. With this method, the k ·A value of four household refrigerating appliances was determined over an interval of 14 months. The k ·A value increased between 3.6% and 11.5% during this period.}},
  author       = {{Paul, Andreas and Baumhögger, Elmar and Elsner, Andreas and Moczarski, Lukas and Reineke, Michael and Sonnenrein, Gerrit and Hueppe, Christian and Stamminger, Rainer and Hoelscher, Heike and Wagner, Hendrik and Gries, Ulrich and Freiberger, Alfred and Becker, Wolfgang and Vrabec, Jadran}},
  issn         = {{0140-7007}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Refrigeration}},
  pages        = {{235--242}},
  title        = {{{Determining the heat flow through the cabinet walls of household refrigerating appliances}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.007}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{17589,
  author       = {{Sonnenrein, G. and Baumhögger, Elmar and Elsner, A. and Morbach, A. and Neukötter, M. and Paul, A. and Vrabec, J.}},
  issn         = {{0140-7007}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Refrigeration}},
  title        = {{{Improving the performance of household refrigerating appliances through the integration of phase change materials in the context of the new global refrigerator standard IEC 62552:2015}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{16848,
  author       = {{Javed, Muhammad Ali and Rüther, Moritz and Baumhögger, Elmar and Vrabec, Jadran}},
  issn         = {{0021-9568}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data}},
  title        = {{{Density and Thermodynamic Speed of Sound of Liquid Vinyl Chloride}}},
  doi          = {{10.1021/acs.jced.9b01133}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@inproceedings{15490,
  author       = {{Claes, Leander and Baumhögger, Elmar and Rüther, Torben and Gierse, Jan and Tröster, Thomas and Henning, Bernd}},
  booktitle    = {{Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2020}},
  pages        = {{1077--1080}},
  title        = {{{Reduction of systematic measurement deviation in acoustic absorption measurement systems}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{21514,
  abstract     = {{The influence of latent heat storage elements on the cooling performance and the temperature rise time of household refrigerating appliances is studied experimentally in the context of the “new global refriger- ator standard”IEC 62552:2015. In addition to the daily energy consumption, this international standard- ization introduced performance tests for cooling capacity and temperature rise time. While the cooling capacity has long been anchored in various test procedures of consumer organizations, the temperature rise time, which has only been tested on freezers so far, will be a decisive factor in the future. Moreover, the need for so-called "smart appliances" that may balance power consumption is increasing since such devices may compensate the volatility of renewable energies and thus stabilize the power grid. Against this background, eight commercial household refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers are equipped with polymer-bound phase change materials (PCM) and their performance is determined under the new stan- dard test conditions. The results show that the introduction of PCM increases the cooling capacity by up to 33 % and also increases the temperature rise time by up to 145 %, without affecting power consump- tion, as compared to the unmodified refrigeration appliances.}},
  author       = {{Sonnenrein, Gerrit and Baumhögger, Elmar and Elsner, Andreas and Morbach, A. and Neukötter, Moritz and Paul, Andreas and Vrabec, J.}},
  issn         = {{0140-7007}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Refrigeration}},
  pages        = {{448--456}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  title        = {{{Improving the performance of household refrigerating appliances through the integration of phase change materials in the context of the new global refrigerator standard IEC 62552:2015}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.025}},
  volume       = {{119}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{21512,
  abstract     = {{Despite the omnipresence of household refrigeration appliances, there is still a lack of knowledge about their agerelated efficiency loss over time. Past studies provide basic evidence for increasing electricity consumption of cooling appliances with ageing but fail to investigate the associated technical wear. Concentrating on the degradation of the thermal insulation, we first determined the ageing process of sealed samples of polyurethane rigid foam by investigating changes in cell gas composition and thermal conductivity over time. Simultaneously, the main challenge was to develop an approach that investigates the age-related efficiency loss of the insulation without its destruction. This testing procedure is referred to as the Bonn method. The non-destructive Bonn method was applied to varying refrigerator models in a series of successive experiments to evaluate the insulation degradation over time. Subsequently, the physical relationship between the test value of the Bonn method and the heat transfer through the multi-layered compartment walls of domestic refrigeration appliances was established, ultimately characterising the degrading insulation in terms of increasing heat transfer. Our results give substantiated evidence that the efficiency loss of cooling appliances is greatly influenced by insulation degradation over time. The ageing of sealed samples of polyurethane rigid foam indicates a large initial increase of thermal conductivity by 15% within the first year, corresponding to a change in cell gas composition. These results are in line with those of the Bonn method, emphasising an increasing heat flow through the multi-layered compartment walls of domestic refrigerators with ageing. Therewith, the present study is of significance to a wide range of stakeholders and forms the basis for future research.}},
  author       = {{Hueppe, Christian and Geppert, Jasmin and Stamminger, Rainer and Wagner, Hendrik and Hoelscher, Heike and Vrabec, Jadran and Paul, Andreas and Elsner, Andreas and Becker, Wolfgang and Gries, Ulrich and Freiberger, Alfred}},
  issn         = {{1359-4311}},
  journal      = {{Applied Thermal Engineering}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  title        = {{{Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances: Development of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation properties}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113}},
  volume       = {{173}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@inproceedings{15247,
  author       = {{Grabo, Matti and Weber, Daniel and Paul, Andreas and Klaus, Tobias and Bermpohl, Wolfgang and Krauter, Stefan and Kenig, Eugeny}},
  location     = {{Nordhausen}},
  title        = {{{Entwicklung eines thermischen 1D-Simulationsmodells zur Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in Solarmodulen}}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@inproceedings{15248,
  author       = {{Grabo, Matti and Weber, Daniel and Paul, Andreas and Klaus, Tobias and Bermpohl, Wolfgang and Kenig, Eugeny}},
  location     = {{Frankfurt am Main}},
  title        = {{{Numerische Untersuchung der Temperaturverteilung in PCM-integrierten Solarmodulen}}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@inproceedings{16271,
  author       = {{Claes, Leander and Johannesmann, Sarah and Baumhögger, Elmar and Henning, Bernd}},
  booktitle    = {{2019 International Congress on Ultrasonics}},
  title        = {{{Quantification of frequency-dependent absorption phenomena}}},
  doi          = {{10.1121/2.0001043}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{16305,
  author       = {{Linnemann, Matthias and Nikolaychuk, Pavel Anatolyevich and Muñoz-Muñoz, Y. Mauricio and Baumhögger, Elmar and Vrabec, Jadran}},
  issn         = {{0021-9568}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data}},
  pages        = {{1180--1188}},
  title        = {{{Henry’s Law Constant of Noble Gases in Water, Methanol, Ethanol, and Isopropanol by Experiment and Molecular Simulation}}},
  doi          = {{10.1021/acs.jced.9b00565}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{13158,
  author       = {{Thol, Monika and Javed, Muhammad Ali and Baumhögger, Elmar and Span, Roland and Vrabec, Jadran}},
  issn         = {{0888-5885}},
  journal      = {{Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research}},
  pages        = {{9617--9635}},
  title        = {{{Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecamethylpentasiloxane, Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane, and Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane}}},
  doi          = {{10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00608}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}