@article{51202,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>When joining lightweight parts of various materials, clinching is a cost efficient solution. In a production line, the quality of a clinch point is primarily controlled by measurement of dimensions, which are accessible from outside. However, methods such as visual testing and measuring the bottom thickness as well as the outer diameter are not able to deliver any information about the most significant geometrical characteristic of the clinch point, neck thickness and undercut. Furthermore, ex-situ destructive methods such as microsectioning cannot detect elastic deformations and cracks that close after unloading. In order to exceed the current limits, a new non-destructive in-situ testing method for the clinching process is necessary. This work proposes a concept to characterize clinch points in-situ by combining two complementary non-destructive methods, namely, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonic testing. Firstly, clinch points with different geometrical characteristics are analysed experimentally using ex-situ CT to get a highly spatially resolved 3D-image of the object. In this context, highly X-ray attenuating materials enhancing the visibility of the sheet-sheet interface are investigated. Secondly, the test specimens are modelled using finite element method (FEM) and a transient dynamic analysis (TDA) is conducted to study the effect of the geometrical differences on the deformation energy and to qualify the TDA as a fast in-situ non-destructive method for characterizing clinch points at high temporal resolution.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Köhler, Daniel and Sadeghian, Behdad and Kupfer, Robert and Troschitz, Juliane and Gude, Maik and Brosius, Alexander}},
  issn         = {{1662-9795}},
  journal      = {{Key Engineering Materials}},
  keywords     = {{Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, General Materials Science}},
  pages        = {{89--96}},
  publisher    = {{Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.}},
  title        = {{{A Method for Characterization of Geometric Deviations in Clinch Points with Computed Tomography and Transient Dynamic Analysis}}},
  doi          = {{10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.883.89}},
  volume       = {{883}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{51199,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Recent developments in automotive and aircraft industry towards a multi-material design pose challenges for modern joining technologies due to different mechanical properties and material compositions of various materials such as composites and metals. Therefore, mechanical joining technologies like clinching are in the focus of current research activities. For multi-material joints of metals and thermoplastic composites thermally assisted clinching processes with advanced tool concepts are well developed. The material-specific properties of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics have a significant influence on the joining process and the resulting material structure in the joining zone. For this reason, it is important to investigate these influences in detail and to understand the phenomena occurring during the joining process. Additionally, this provides the basis for a validation of a numerical simulation of such joining processes. In this paper, the material structure in a joint resulting from a thermally assisted clinching process is investigated. The joining partners are an aluminium sheet and a thermoplastic composite (organo sheet). Using computed tomography enables a three-dimensional investigation that allows a detailed analysis of the phenomena in different joining stages and in the material structure of the finished joint. Consequently, this study provides a more detailed understanding of the material behavior of thermoplastic composites during thermally assisted clinching.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Gröger, Benjamin and Köhler, Daniel and Vorderbrüggen, Julian and Troschitz, Juliane and Kupfer, Robert and Meschut, Gerson and Gude, Maik}},
  issn         = {{0944-6524}},
  journal      = {{Production Engineering}},
  keywords     = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering}},
  number       = {{2-3}},
  pages        = {{203--212}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Computed tomography investigation of the material structure in clinch joints in aluminium fibre-reinforced thermoplastic sheets}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s11740-021-01091-x}},
  volume       = {{16}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{51200,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>As lightweight design gains more and more attention, time and cost-efficient joining methods such as clinching are becoming more popular. A clinch point’s quality is usually determined by ex situ destructive analyses such as microsectioning. However, these methods do not yield the detection of phenomena occurring during loading such as elastic deformations and cracks that close after unloading. Alternatively, in situ computed tomography (in situ CT) can be used to investigate the loading process of clinch points. In this paper, a method for in situ CT analysis of a single-lap shear test with clinched metal sheets is presented at the example of a clinched joint with two 2 mm thick aluminum sheets. Furthermore, the potential of this method to validate numerical simulations is shown. Since the sheets’ surfaces are locally in contact with each other, the interface between both aluminum sheets and therefore the exact contour of the joining partners is difficult to identify in CT analyses. To compensate for this, the application of copper varnish between the sheets is investigated. The best in situ CT results are achieved with both sheets treated. It showed that with this treatment, in situ CT is suitable to properly observe the three-dimensional deformation behavior and to identify the failure modes.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Köhler, Daniel and Kupfer, Robert and Troschitz, Juliane and Gude, Maik}},
  issn         = {{1996-1944}},
  journal      = {{Materials}},
  keywords     = {{General Materials Science}},
  number       = {{8}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{In Situ Computed Tomography—Analysis of a Single-Lap Shear Test with Clinch Points}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/ma14081859}},
  volume       = {{14}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{51201,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>In lightweight design, clinching is a cost-efficient solution as the joint is created through localized cold-forming of the joining parts. A clinch point’s quality is usually assessed using ex-situ destructive testing methods. These, however, are unable to detect phenomena immediately during the joining process. For instance, elastic deformations reverse and cracks close after unloading. In-situ methods such as the force-displacement evaluation are used to control a clinching process, though deviations in the clinch point geometry cannot be derived with this method. To overcome these limitations, the clinching process can be investigated using in-situ computed tomography (in-situ CT). However, a clinching tool made of steel would cause strong artefacts and a high attenuation in the CT measurement, reducing the significance of this method. Additionally, when joining parts of the same material, the sheet-sheet interface is hardly detectable. This work aims at identifying, firstly, tool materials that allow artefact-reduced CT measurements during clinching, and, secondly, radiopaque materials that can be applied between the joining parts to enhance the detectability of the sheet-sheet interface. Therefore, both CT-suitable tool materials and radiopaque materials are selected and experimentally investigated. In the clinching process, two aluminium sheets with radiopaque material in between are clinched in a single-step (rotationally symmetric joint without cut section). It is shown that e.g. silicon nitride is suited as tool material and a tin layer is suitable to enhance the detectability of the sheet-sheet interface.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Köhler, Daniel and Kupfer, Robert and Troschitz, Juliane and Gude, Maik}},
  journal      = {{ESAFORM 2021}},
  publisher    = {{University of Liege}},
  title        = {{{Clinching in In-situ CT – Experimental Study on Suitable Tool Materials}}},
  doi          = {{10.25518/esaform21.2781}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{51198,
  author       = {{Köhler, D. and Sadeghian, B. and Troschitz, J. and Kupfer, R. and Gude, M. and Brosius, A.}},
  issn         = {{2666-3309}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}},
  keywords     = {{Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Engineering (miscellaneous), Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous)}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Characterisation of lateral offsets in clinch points with computed tomography and transient dynamic analysis}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@inbook{22930,
  abstract     = {{Self-piercing riveting is an established technique for joining multi-material structures in car body manufacturing. Rivets for self-piercing riveting differ in their geometry, the material used, the condition of the material and their surface condition. To shorten the manufacturing process by omitting the heat treatment and the coating process, the authors have elaborated a concept for the use of stainless steel with high strain hardening as a rivet material. The focus of the present investigation is on the evaluation of the influences of the rivet’s geometry and material on its deformation behaviour. Conventional rivets of types P and HD2, a rivet with an improved geometry made of treatable steel 38B2, and rivets made of the stainless steels 1.3815 and 1.4541 are examined. The analysis is conducted by means of multi-step joining tests for two material combinations comprising high-strength steel HCT70X and aluminium EN AW-5083. The joints are cut to provide a cross-section and the deformation behaviour of the different rivets is analysed on the basis of the measured changes in geometry and hardness. In parallel, an examination of the force-stroke curves provides further insights. It can be demonstrated that, besides the geometry, the material strength, in particular, has a significant influence on the deformation behaviour of the rivet. The strength of steel 1.4541 is seen to be too low for the joining task, while the strength of steel 1.3815 is sufficient, and hence the investigation confirms the capability of rivets made of 1.3815 for joining even challenging material combinations.}},
  author       = {{Uhe, Benedikt and Kuball, Clara-Maria and Merklein, Marion and Meschut, Gerson}},
  booktitle    = {{Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series.}},
  editor       = {{Daehn, Glenn and Cao, Jian and Kinsey, Brad and Tekkaya, Erman and Vivek, Anupam and Yoshida, Yoshinori}},
  keywords     = {{Self-piercing riveting, Lightweight design, Deformation behaviour, Stainless steel, High nitrogen steel}},
  pages        = {{1495--1506}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  title        = {{{Self-Piercing Riveting Using Rivets Made of Stainless Steel with High Strain Hardening}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@inproceedings{22274,
  abstract     = {{The use of high-strength steel and aluminium is rising due to the intensified efforts being made in lightweight design, and self-piercing riveting is becoming increasingly important. Conventional rivets for self-piercing riveting differ in their geometry, the material used, the condition of the material and the coating. To shorten the manufacturing process, the use of stainless steel with high strain hardening as the rivet material represents a promising approach. This allows the coating of the rivets to be omitted due to the corrosion resistance of the material and, since the strength of the stainless steel is achieved by cold forming, heat treatment is no longer required. In addition, it is possible to adjust the local strength within the rivet. Because of that, the authors have elaborated a concept for using high nitrogen steel 1.3815 as the rivet material. The present investigation focusses on the joint strength in order to evaluate the capability of rivets in high nitrogen steel by comparison to conventional rivets made of treatable steel. Due to certain challenges in the forming process of the high nitrogen steel rivets, deviations result from the targeted rivet geometry. Mainly these deviations cause a lower joint strength with these rivets, which is, however, adequate. All in all, the capability of the new rivet is proven by the results of this investigation. }},
  author       = {{Uhe, Benedikt and Kuball, Clara-Maria and Merklein, Marion and Meschut, Gerson}},
  keywords     = {{Self-piercing Riveting, Joining Technology, Rivet Geometry, Rivet Material, High Nitrogen Steel, Joint Strength}},
  location     = {{Liège, Belgien}},
  title        = {{{Strength of self-piercing riveted Joints with conventional Rivets and Rivets made of High Nitrogen Steel}}},
  doi          = {{10.25518/esaform21.1911}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{22272,
  abstract     = {{The number of multi-material joints is increasing as a result of lightweight design. Self-piercing riveting (SPR) is an important mechanical joining technique for multi-material structures. Rivets for SPR are coated to prevent corrosion, but this coating also influences the friction that prevails during the joining process. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate this influence. The investigation focuses on the common rivet coatings Almac® and zinc-nickel with topcoat as well as on uncoated rivet surfaces. First of all, the coating thickness and the uniformity of the coating distribution are analysed. Friction tests facilitate the classification of the surface properties. The influence of the friction on the characteristic joint parameters and the force-stroke curves is analysed by means of experimental joining tests. More in-depth knowledge of the effects that occur is achieved through the use of numerical simulation. Overall, it is shown that the surface condition of the rivet has an impact on the friction during the joining process and on the resulting joint. However, the detected deviations between different surface conditions do not restrict the operational capability of SPR and the properties of uncoated rivet surfaces, in particular, are similar to those of Almac®-coated rivets. It can thus be assumed that SPR with respect to the joining process is also possible without rivet coating in principle.}},
  author       = {{Uhe, Benedikt and Kuball, Clara-Maria and Merklein, Marion and Meschut, Gerson}},
  journal      = {{Key Engineering Materials}},
  keywords     = {{Coating, Friction, Joining}},
  pages        = {{11--18}},
  title        = {{{Influence of the Rivet Coating on the Friction during Self-Piercing Riveting}}},
  doi          = {{10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.883.11}},
  volume       = {{883}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@phdthesis{19743,
  author       = {{Ditter, Jan}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-8440-7530-4}},
  title        = {{{Methodenentwicklung zum Entfügen von Stahl-Klebverbindungen bei tiefen Temperaturen}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{19753,
  author       = {{Ditter, Jan and Aubel, Tobias and Meschut, Gerson}},
  journal      = {{adhesion ADHESIVES + SEALANTS}},
  number       = {{1}},
  title        = {{{Simple Determination of Fast Curing Parameters for Bonded Structures}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@techreport{20145,
  abstract     = {{Der Karosseriebau ist zunehmend durch die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Werkstoffe in Mischbauweise gekennzeichnet, was zu einem Einsatz von mechanischen Fügeverfahren geführt hat. Hieraus resultieren die Zielsetzungen, die mechanischen Fügeverfahren in ihrer Effizienz und ihren Einsatzbereichen zu erweitern, sowie die Anzahl der Experimente zu reduzieren und Entwicklungszyklen zu verkürzen. Dies erfolgt mit Unterstützung der numerischen Simulation. Neben der Beschreibung des plastischen Verhaltens gilt es auch, das Schädigungsverhalten abzubilden.

Der Fügeprozess bzw. die Fügerichtung erfolgt senkrecht zur Blechoberfläche und führt somit zu einem dreidimensionalen Zustand der Fügelemente. Hieraus leitet sich die Herausforderung ab, das Werkstoffversagen in Abhängigkeit der Beanspruchungssituation zu beschreiben. Ein einfacher Ansatz zur Abbildung des Durchdringens ist ein geometrisches Trennkriterium.

Ein solches Kriterium basiert i.d.R. auf einem experimentell beobachteten Verhalten und ist somit nicht prognosefähig für Variationen bzgl. Werkzeugkonfigurationen, Blechdicken- und Werkstoffgüten-Kombinationen. In diesem Projekt wird das Schädigungsmodell GISSMO (Generalized Incremental Stress State dependent damage Model) verwendet, um die Entwicklung der duktilen Schädigung zu beschreiben und den Bruchbeginn während des Stanzniet- und Schneidclinchens vorherzusagen.

Der Spannungszustand während der Prozesssimulation wird untersucht und die verschiedenen Schädigungsproben werden experimentell erprobt, um die Versagenskurven zu charakterisieren. Die Versagenskurven werden im Schädigungsmodell GISSMO definiert. Um die Genauigkeit des Modells zu gewährleisten, wird die Verifizierung des Modells durch die Simulation von Schädigungsproben mit dem Schädigungsmodell durchgeführt.

Zur Validierung des Modells wird die Simulation des Fügeprozesses mit dem Schädigungsmodell durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse von Simulation und Experiment verglichen. Darüber hinaus werden Sensitivitätsanalysen durchgeführt, um die Einflüsse der Fertigungsprozesse, der Lackierung und des Diskretisierungsgrades auf das Schädigungsverhalten des Materials zu identifizieren.
Das IGF-Vorhaben „Methodenentwicklung zur Schädigungsmodellierung für die numerische Prozesssimulation mechanischer Fügeverfahren" der Forschungsvereinigung EFB e.V. wurde unter der Fördernummer AiF 19452N über die Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen (AiF) im Rahmen des Programms zur Förderung der Industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF) vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages gefördert. Der Abschlussbericht ist als EFB-Forschungsbericht Nr. 527 erschienen und bei der EFB-Geschäftsstelle und im Buchhandel erhältlich.}},
  author       = {{Otroshi, Mortaza and Meschut, Gerson}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-86776-582-4}},
  pages        = {{182}},
  publisher    = {{Europäische Forschungsgesellschaft für Blechverarbeitung e.V.}},
  title        = {{{Methodenentwicklung zur Schädigungsmodellierung für die numerische Prozesssimulation mechanischer Fügeverfahren}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@inproceedings{20146,
  abstract     = {{Joining technology is regarded as a key technology for reducing energy consumption and CO2 imitation as well as the use of innovative materials and development of new, resource-saving products. Punch riveting is a widely used and established joining process in many sectors. The white and brown goods, electrical engineering, construction and, in particular, the automotive industry are some of the sectors mentioned here.

Since the design and assessment of punch rivet components with regard to structural durability can only be carried out experimentally using prototypes due to a lack of experience and calculation concepts, the improvement of this uneconomical and time-consuming procedure is the goal of this contribution.

Therefore, a numerical simulation and design method for cyclically loads punched riveted joints shall be introduced. This concept shall be based on the notch strain concept.

The following steps are necessary to achieve the goal shown above:

    Tensile tests on all materials involved in the joint for determination of tensile strength and quasi-static stress-strain curves
    Estimation of the cyclic material properties from the tensile strength in order to obtain the strain-life curve and the cyclic stress-strain curve
    Estimation of mean stress sensitivity from the tensile strength to conduct an amplitude transformation for variable amplitude loadings.
    Execution of a 2D forming simulation of the joining process to determine the geometry and the stresses and degrees of deformation present in the connection
    Transferring the results of the forming simulation into a static-mechanical load simulation for determining the relation between the external load and the elastic-plastic strain at the critical point
    Estimation of the service life by means of the damage parameter Wöhler curves calculated from the strain-life curve

In order to verify the simulation and calculation method, service life investigations have been carried out on punched riveted components under constant and variable amplitude load.

The test results, as well as the workflow through the fatigue assessment and its accuracy in estimation the fatigue life will be shown in this contribution.}},
  author       = {{Masendorf, Lukas and Wächter, Michael and Horstmann, Stephan and Otroshi, Mortaza and Esderts, Alfons and Meschut, Gerson}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-9820591-0-5}},
  keywords     = {{punch rivet, notch strain conept, structural durability}},
  location     = {{Darmstadt, Germany}},
  publisher    = {{Deutscher Verband für Materialforschung und -prüfung e.V.}},
  title        = {{{Linear damage accumulation of self-pierce riveted joints}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{20170,
  author       = {{Otroshi, Mortaza and Meschut, Gerson}},
  issn         = {{0300-3167}},
  journal      = {{Umformtechnik Blech Rohre Profile}},
  number       = {{7/20}},
  pages        = {{48--50}},
  title        = {{{Spannungszustandsabhängige Schädigungsmodellierung zum Halbhohlstanznieten}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{20235,
  author       = {{Heyser, Per and Sartisson, Vadim and Meschut, Gerson and Droß, Marcel and Dröder, Klaus}},
  issn         = {{0025-5300}},
  journal      = {{Materials Testing}},
  pages        = {{55--60}},
  title        = {{{Increased load bearing capacity of mechanically joined FRP/metal joints using a pin structured auxiliary joining element}}},
  doi          = {{10.3139/120.111453}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{20269,
  author       = {{Böhne, Christoph and Meschut, Gerson and Biegler, Max and Rethmeier, Michael}},
  journal      = {{Science and Technology of Welding and Joining}},
  number       = {{7}},
  pages        = {{617--624}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  title        = {{{Avoidance of liquid metal embrittlement during resistance spot welding by heat input dependent hold time adaption}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/13621718.2019.1693731}},
  volume       = {{25}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@inproceedings{20273,
  author       = {{Biegler, Max and Rethmeier, Michael and Böhne, Christoph and Meschut, Gerson}},
  booktitle    = {{Joining in Car Body Engineering}},
  title        = {{{Resistance spot welding simulation can determine the critical stress- and strain-conditions leading to liquid metal embrittlement formation}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@techreport{21152,
  abstract     = {{In modern lightweight designs, it is important to find a compromise between the strength and the weight of the construction detail. Hence, hybrid structures made of aluminum and steel materials are increasingly being used in automotive applications. Due to limitations in the quality of resistance spot welding, self-piercing riveting can be used as an alternative process to join sheets from different material groups. The aim of this project is to develop a computational method to assess the self-piercing riveted components subjected to the cyclic loads. To achieve this goal, two approaches are followed: Evaluation unsing internal forces: A substitute model is developed to describe the stiffness of self-piercing riveted joints subjected to different loading conditions. The parameters of the substitute model are identified and the internal force components acting on the joint are evaluated. The model provides the basis for the subsequent fatigue life estimation of self-piercing riveted components. For joints subjected to low bending moments, the fatigue life of components can be estimated accurately. Due to lack of specimen geometries producing pure bending and the combination of tension-bending forces, it is not possible to estimate the fatigue life of complex components subjected to high bending moments. Based on the results of [Mesc 16], the methodology is further developed to determine the stresses acting on the joint and to characterize the joining point with the use of simulations. The local concept proposed in the FKM guideline nonlinear provides the basis for the analytical assessment of self-piercing riveted components. In this regard, the cyclic behavior of the material and the local stresses are required as input data. The cyclic behavior of the aluminum EN AW-6181A-T6 and steel HX340LAD sheets were already determined in the previous project. Subsequently, in this project the properties of the rivet made of 38B2 steel are identified. The finite element analysis using elastic-plastic material behavior is used to determine the stresses in the joint subjected to the cyclic loads. To verify the model, the results of simulations and experiments are compared concerning the crack initiation zone as well as the determined number of cycles. To determine the stresses that can be used for the analytical assessment, the damage relevant load components need to be identified. In this regard, it is recommended to use the normal stress perpendicular to the crack propagation direction, the stress of crack opening mode I. Using the damage parameter PRAM and considering the support factors according to the FKM guideline nonlinear, a reliable estimation of the crack initiation zone within the joint is possible. Regarding the joint made of aluminum sheet EN AW-6181A, the methodology is able to provide promising results. However, regarding the joints made of aluminum EN AW-6181A and steel HX340LAD sheets, there is still potential to improve the results. The reasons for this are described in chapter 7.2.5 and 7.2.6. An analytical fatigue assessment is relatively easy to achieve with procedure 1. However, contrary to the objective formulated above, expensive fatigue tests are necessary to determine the failure conditions (strength values). This disadvantage can be circumvented by determining the strength information of individual joining points under different load types using procedure 2. The latter, in return, is not suitable for the assessment of complex components with several joining points. Due to the increasing calculation times of the simulation, the application in this case is not economically reasonable. By the described combination of method 1 and 2, the disadvantages of the two individual concepts can be compensated. An analytical fatigue assessment of self-piercing riveted components can be carried out based on the cyclic material behavior. The objective of the project was achieved.}},
  author       = {{Otroshi, Mortaza and Meschut, Gerson and Masendorf, Lukas and Esderts, Alfons}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-86776-602-9}},
  pages        = {{282}},
  publisher    = {{Europäische Forschungsgesellschaft für Blechverarbeitung e.V. (EFB)}},
  title        = {{{Simulationsbasierte Betriebsfestigkeitsanalyse stanzgenieteter Bauteile}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@inproceedings{19178,
  author       = {{Kowatz, Jannik and Teutenberg, Dominik and Meschut, Gerson}},
  booktitle    = {{20. Kolloquium Gemeinsame Forschung in der Klebtechnik}},
  location     = {{Würzburg}},
  title        = {{{Auslegungsmethode für zyklisch beanspruchte Stahl/CFK-Klebverbindungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Rissfortschritts}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@inproceedings{20301,
  author       = {{Günter, Heinrich and Meschut, Gerson}},
  booktitle    = {{73rd IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference}},
  title        = {{{Joining of high-strength steel grades in lightweight structures using single-stage resistance element welding on conventional resistance spot welding machines}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@inproceedings{20316,
  author       = {{Krüger, Christopher and Schmolke, Tobias and Merdivan, David and Spohr, Sebastian and Urban, Peter and Meschut, Gerson}},
  location     = {{Aachen}},
  title        = {{{Concept Development for a Functional Integrated Lightweight Battery Housing with Special Consideration of the Joining Technology}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}