@article{27006,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>Trend analyses suggest that free sugar (FS) intake—while still exceeding 10%E—has decreased among German children and adolescents since 2005, yet that intakes may shift from sugars naturally occurring in foods to added sugars as children age. Thus, we analysed time and age trends in FS intake (%E) from food groups among 3–18 year-olds (1985–2016) using 10,761 3-day dietary records from 1312 DONALD participants (660 boys, 652 girls) by use of polynomial mixed-effects regression models. Among girls, FS from sugar &amp; sweets decreased from 1985 to 2016 (linear trend p &lt; 0.0001), but not among boys (p &gt; 0.05). In the total sample, FS intake from juices increased until 2000 and decreased since 2005 (linear, quadratic trend p &lt; 0.0001). FS from sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) decreased non-linearly from 1985 to 2016 (girls: linear, quadratic, cubic trend p &lt; 0.0001; boys: linear, quadratic, cubic trend p &lt; 0.02). Younger children consumed more FS from juices than older ones, who had a higher FS intake from SSB. FS intake from sugar &amp; sweets increased until early adolescence and decreased afterwards. Since sugar &amp; sweets represent the main source of FS intake and the source with the least pronounced decline in intake, public health measures should focus on these products.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Perrar, Ines and Schadow, Alena M. and Schmitting, Sarah and Buyken, Anette and Alexy, Ute}},
  issn         = {{2072-6643}},
  journal      = {{Nutrients}},
  title        = {{{Time and Age Trends in Free Sugar Intake from Food Groups among Children and Adolescents between 1985 and 2016}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/nu12010020}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27023,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
               <jats:sec>
                  <jats:title>Background</jats:title>
                  <jats:p>Blood immunoreactive biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), and metabolic abnormalities have been associated with schizophrenia. Studies comprehensively and bidirectionally probing possible causal links between such blood constituents and liability to schizophrenia are lacking.</jats:p>
               </jats:sec>
               <jats:sec>
                  <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>
                  <jats:p>To disentangle putative causal links between CRP blood levels and schizophrenia in both directions, we conducted multiple univariable Mendelian-randomization (MR) analyses, ranging from fixed-effect to inverse variance-weighted (IVW), weighted-median, MR Egger and generalized summary-data-based Mendelian-randomization (GSMR) models. To prioritize metabolic risk factors for schizophrenia, a novel multivariable approach was applied: multivariable Mendelian-randomization–Bayesian model averaging (MR-BMA).</jats:p>
               </jats:sec>
               <jats:sec>
                  <jats:title>Results</jats:title>
                  <jats:p>All forward univariable MR analyses consistently showed that CRP has a protective effect on schizophrenia, whereas reverse MR analyses consistently suggested absent causal effects of schizophrenia liability on CRP blood levels. Using MR-BMA, as the top protective factors for schizophrenia we prioritized leucine and as the prime risk-factor triglycerides in medium very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). The five best-performing MR-BMA models provided one additional risk factor: triglycerides in large VLDL; and two additional protective factors: citrate and lactate.</jats:p>
               </jats:sec>
               <jats:sec>
                  <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>
                  <jats:p>Our results add to a growing body of literature hinting at metabolic changes—in particular of triglycerides—independently of medication status in schizophrenia. We also highlight the absent effects of genetic liability to schizophrenia on CRP levels.</jats:p>
               </jats:sec>}},
  author       = {{Lin, Bochao D and Alkema, Anne and Peters, Triinu and Zinkstok, Janneke and Libuda, Lars and Hebebrand, Johannes and Antel, Jochen and Hinney, Anke and Cahn, Wiepke and Adan, Roger and Luykx, Jurjen J}},
  issn         = {{0300-5771}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Epidemiology}},
  pages        = {{1505--1514}},
  title        = {{{Assessing causal links between metabolic traits, inflammation and schizophrenia: a univariable and multivariable, bidirectional Mendelian-randomization study}}},
  doi          = {{10.1093/ije/dyz176}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27024,
  author       = {{Kalhoff, Hermann and Mesch, Christina M. and Stimming, Madlen and Israel, Andreas and Spitzer, Christoph and Beganovic, Latifa and Perez, Rocio Estella and Koletzko, Berthold and Warschburger, Petra and Kersting, Mathilde and Libuda, Lars}},
  issn         = {{0954-3007}},
  journal      = {{European Journal of Clinical Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{682--690}},
  title        = {{{Effects of LC-PUFA supply via complementary food on infant development—a food based intervention (RCT) embedded in a total diet concept}}},
  doi          = {{10.1038/s41430-019-0491-0}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@inbook{27379,
  author       = {{Schlegel-Matthies, Kirsten}},
  booktitle    = {{Verbraucherbildung: Ein weiter Weg zum mündigen Verbraucher }},
  editor       = {{Bala, Christian and Buddensiek, Marit and Maier, Petra and Schuldzinski, Wolfgang}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-86336-924-8 }},
  pages        = {{41--60}},
  publisher    = {{Kompetenzzentrum Verbraucherforschung NRW, Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen e.V.}},
  title        = {{{Verbraucherbildung als Bildung für Lebensführung}}},
  doi          = {{10.15501/978-3-86336-924-8_3}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27380,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie haushaltsbezogene Bildung als Ernährungs- und Verbraucherbildung umgesetzt werden kann, damit Jugendliche selbstbestimmt und verantwortlich ihre individuellen Vorstellungen von einem „guten“ und „gelingenden“ Leben umsetzen können. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Zusammenwirken von gesellschaftlicher Lebensweise, privater Lebensführung und individuellen Lebensstilen erweist sich dabei als bedeutsam.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Schlegel-Matthies, Kirsten}},
  issn         = {{2196-1662}},
  journal      = {{Haushalt in Bildung & Forschung}},
  pages        = {{88--106}},
  title        = {{{Haushaltsbezogene Bildung – quo vadis? Daseinsvorsorge und Lebensführung im Wandel}}},
  doi          = {{10.3224/hibifo.v8i2.07}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27758,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>Published meta-analyses indicate significant but inconsistent incident type-2 diabetes (T2D)-dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) risk ratios or risk relations (RR). It is now over a decade ago that a published meta-analysis used a predefined standard to identify valid studies. Considering valid studies only, and using random effects dose–response meta-analysis (DRM) while withdrawing spurious results (p &lt; 0.05), we ascertained whether these relations would support nutrition guidance, specifically for an RR &gt; 1.20 with a lower 95% confidence limit &gt;1.10 across typical intakes (approximately 10th to 90th percentiles of population intakes). The combined T2D–GI RR was 1.27 (1.15–1.40) (p &lt; 0.001, n = 10 studies) per 10 units GI, while that for the T2D–GL RR was 1.26 (1.15–1.37) (p &lt; 0.001, n = 15) per 80 g/d GL in a 2000 kcal (8400 kJ) diet. The corresponding global DRM using restricted cubic splines were 1.87 (1.56–2.25) (p &lt; 0.001, n = 10) and 1.89 (1.66–2.16) (p &lt; 0.001, n = 15) from 47.6 to 76.1 units GI and 73 to 257 g/d GL in a 2000 kcal diet, respectively. In conclusion, among adults initially in good health, diets higher in GI or GL were robustly associated with incident T2D. Together with mechanistic and other data, this supports that consideration should be given to these dietary risk factors in nutrition advice. Concerning the public health relevance at the global level, our evidence indicates that GI and GL are substantial food markers predicting the development of T2D worldwide, for persons of European ancestry and of East Asian ancestry.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Livesey, Geoffrey and Taylor, Richard and Livesey, Helen F. and Buyken, Anette and Jenkins, David J. A. and Augustin, Livia S. A. and Sievenpiper, John L. and Barclay, Alan W. and Liu, Simin and Wolever, Thomas M. S. and Willett, Walter C. and Brighenti, Furio and Salas-Salvadó, Jordi and Björck, Inger and Rizkalla, Salwa W. and Riccardi, Gabriele and Vecchia, Carlo La and Ceriello, Antonio and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Poli, Andrea and Astrup, Arne and Kendall, Cyril W. C. and Ha, Marie-Ann and Baer-Sinnott, Sara and Brand-Miller, Jennie C.}},
  issn         = {{2072-6643}},
  journal      = {{Nutrients}},
  title        = {{{Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/nu11061280}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27759,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>While dietary factors are important modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), the causal role of carbohydrate quality in nutrition remains controversial. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been examined in relation to the risk of T2D in multiple prospective cohort studies. Previous meta-analyses indicate significant relations but consideration of causality has been minimal. Here, the results of our recent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies of 4 to 26-y follow-up are interpreted in the context of the nine Bradford-Hill criteria for causality, that is: (1) Strength of Association, (2) Consistency, (3) Specificity, (4) Temporality, (5) Biological Gradient, (6) Plausibility, (7) Experimental evidence, (8) Analogy, and (9) Coherence. These criteria necessitated referral to a body of literature wider than prospective cohort studies alone, especially in criteria 6 to 9. In this analysis, all nine of the Hill’s criteria were met for GI and GL indicating that we can be confident of a role for GI and GL as causal factors contributing to incident T2D. In addition, neither dietary fiber nor cereal fiber nor wholegrain were found to be reliable or effective surrogate measures of GI or GL. Finally, our cost–benefit analysis suggests food and nutrition advice favors lower GI or GL and would produce significant potential cost savings in national healthcare budgets. The high confidence in causal associations for incident T2D is sufficient to consider inclusion of GI and GL in food and nutrient-based recommendations.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Livesey, Geoffrey and Taylor, Richard and Livesey, Helen F. and Buyken, Anette and Jenkins, David J. A. and Augustin, Livia S. A. and Sievenpiper, John L. and Barclay, Alan W. and Liu, Simin and Wolever, Thomas M. S. and Willett, Walter C. and Brighenti, Furio and Salas-Salvadó, Jordi and Björck, Inger and Rizkalla, Salwa W. and Riccardi, Gabriele and Vecchia, Carlo La and Ceriello, Antonio and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Poli, Andrea and Astrup, Arne and Kendall, Cyril W. C. and Ha, Marie-Ann and Baer-Sinnott, Sara and Brand-Miller, Jennie C.}},
  issn         = {{2072-6643}},
  journal      = {{Nutrients}},
  title        = {{{Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/nu11061436}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27772,
  author       = {{Oluwagbemigun, Kolade and Buyken, Anette and Alexy, Ute and Schmid, Matthias and Herder, Christian and Nöthlings, Ute}},
  issn         = {{1475-2840}},
  journal      = {{Cardiovascular Diabetology}},
  title        = {{{Developmental trajectories of body mass index from childhood into late adolescence and subsequent late adolescence–young adulthood cardiometabolic risk markers}}},
  doi          = {{10.1186/s12933-019-0813-5}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27026,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>While observational studies show an association between 25(OH)vitamin D concentrations and depressive symptoms, intervention studies, which examine the preventive effects of vitamin D supplementation on the development of depression, are lacking. To estimate the role of lowered 25(OH)vitamin D concentrations in the etiology of depressive disorders, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study on depression, i.e., “depressive symptoms” (DS, n = 161,460) and “broad depression” (BD, n = 113,769 cases and 208,811 controls). Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were genome-wide significantly associated with 25(OH)vitamin D concentrations in 79,366 subjects from the SUNLIGHT genome-wide association study (GWAS), were used as an instrumental variable. None of the six SNPs was associated with DS or BD (all p &gt; 0.05). MR analysis revealed no causal effects of 25(OH)vitamin D concentration, either on DS (inverse variance weighted (IVW); b = 0.025, SE = 0.038, p = 0.52) or on BD (IVW; b = 0.020, SE = 0.012, p = 0.10). Sensitivity analyses confirmed that 25(OH)vitamin D concentrations were not significantly associated with DS or BD. The findings from this MR study indicate no causal relationship between vitamin D concentrations and depressive symptoms, or broad depression. Conflicting findings from observational studies might have resulted from residual confounding or reverse causation.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Libuda, Lars and Laabs, Björn-Hergen and Ludwig, Christine and Bühlmeier, Judith and Antel, Jochen and Hinney, Anke and Naaresh, Roaa and Föcker, Manuel and Hebebrand, Johannes and König, Inke R. and Peters, Triinu}},
  issn         = {{2072-6643}},
  journal      = {{Nutrients}},
  title        = {{{Vitamin D and the Risk of Depression: A Causal Relationship? Findings from a Mendelian Randomization Study}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/nu11051085}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27025,
  author       = {{Knoll-Pientka, Nadja and Bühlmeier, Judith and Peters, Triinu and Albrecht, Muriel and Adams, Frederike and Wustrau, Katharina and Teufel, Martin and Hebebrand, Johannes and Föcker, Manuel and Libuda, Lars}},
  issn         = {{1590-1262}},
  journal      = {{Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity}},
  pages        = {{911--919}},
  title        = {{{Risk factors for a low weight gain in the early stage of adolescent anorexia nervosa inpatient treatment: findings from a pilot study}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s40519-019-00705-9}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27521,
  author       = {{Hebebrand, Johannes and Milos, Gabriella and Wabitsch, Martin and Teufel, Martin and Führer, Dagmar and Bühlmeier, Judith and Libuda, Lars and Ludwig, Christine and Antel, Jochen}},
  issn         = {{1664-1078}},
  journal      = {{Frontiers in Psychology}},
  title        = {{{Clinical Trials Required to Assess Potential Benefits and Side Effects of Treatment of Patients With Anorexia Nervosa With Recombinant Human Leptin}}},
  doi          = {{10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00769}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{27981,
  author       = {{Weber, KS and Simon, MC and Strassburger, K and Markgraf, DF and Buyken, Anette and Szendroedi, J and Müssig, K and Roden, M and Group, GDS}},
  issn         = {{2072-6643}},
  journal      = {{Nutrients}},
  number       = {{6}},
  title        = {{{Habitual Fructose Intake Relates to Insulin Sensitivity and Fatty Liver Index in Recent-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Individuals without Diabetes.}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/nu10060774}},
  volume       = {{10}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{25929,
  author       = {{Buyken, Anette and Mela, DJ and Dussort, P and Johnson, IT and Macdonald, IA and Stowell, JD and FJPH, Brouns}},
  issn         = {{0954-3007}},
  journal      = {{Eur J Clin Nutr}},
  number       = {{12}},
  pages        = {{1625--1643}},
  title        = {{{Dietary carbohydrates: a review of international recommendations and the methods used to derive them.}}},
  doi          = {{10.1038/s41430-017-0035-4}},
  volume       = {{72}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{26869,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>As a result of the increasing labor force participation of mothers, this article questions how twoparent households divide the housework activities of caring, cooking and cleaning. Therefore three types of couples with different labor force participations were formed: Dual-earner couples, couples with additional female income and malebreadwinner couples. The time use for the mentioned activities was examined with a secondary analysis based on the German representative time use surveys of 2012/2013 and 2001/2002. The analysis showed that fulltime mothers spent the lowest amount of time for caring, cooking and cleaning. However, unemployed mothers spent the most time for these activities. Within a decade – from 2001/2002 to 2012/2013 – all mothers have reduced their time spent on household activities. Meanwhile, all parents in 2012/2013 take noticeably more time for child care. Regardless of the mother’s labor force participation, mothers still spent more time for caring, cooking and cleaning, especially on weekdays. Additionally, the everyday housework is divided by gender. Only on weekends, couples with employed mothers shared the care-work almost egalitarian.&#x0D;
Zusammenfassung&#x0D;
Vor dem Hintergrund der steigenden Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern geht dieser Beitrag der Frage nach, wie Eltern in Paarbeziehungen die Haushaltsbereiche Betreuung, Beköstigung sowie Wohnungs- und Wäschereinigung untereinander aufteilen. Dazu werden drei Paartypen mit unterschiedlichem Erwerbsumfang gebildet: Zweiverdiener- Paare, Paare mit weiblichem Zuverdienst sowie Paare mit männlichem Familienernährer. Deren Zeitverwendung für die genannten Tätigkeiten wird mithilfe der repräsentativen Zeitverwendungserhebung 2012/2013 und 2001/2002 sekundäranalytisch untersucht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass vollzeiterwerbstätige Mütter täglich am wenigsten Zeit für die drei genannten Arbeitsbereiche im Haushalt aufwenden, nicht erwerbstätige Mütter hingegen am meisten. Innerhalb einer Dekade – von 2001/2002 bis 2012/2013 – haben alle untersuchten Mütter ihre Zeitverwendung für hauswirtschaftliche Tätigkeitsfelder reduziert, zeitgleich nehmen sich Eltern 2012/2013 deutlich mehr Zeit für Betreuungsaufgaben. Unabhängig des Erwerbsumfangs der Mutter ist die Arbeit des Alltags nach wie vor, besonders werktags, weiblich konnotiert und somit geschlechtsdifferenzierend aufgeteilt. Nur am Wochenende zeigt sich in Paaren mit erwerbstätiger Mutter bei der Betreuung eine annährend egalitäre Arbeitsteilung.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Klünder, Nina and Meier-Gräwe, Uta}},
  issn         = {{2699-2337}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Family Research}},
  pages        = {{9--28}},
  title        = {{{Caring, Cooking, Cleaning – repräsentative Zeitverwendungsmuster von Eltern in Paarbeziehungen}}},
  doi          = {{10.3224/zff.v30i1.02}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{26871,
  author       = {{Klünder, Nina}},
  journal      = {{Hauswirtschaft und Wissenschaft }},
  pages        = {{1--24}},
  title        = {{{Zwischen selbst Gekochtem, Thermomix und Schulverpflegung – Innenansichten der Ernährungsversorgung von Familien mit erwerbstätigen Eltern}}},
  doi          = {{10.23782/HUW_21_2018}},
  volume       = {{66}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{26890,
  author       = {{Buyken, Anette and Cheng, Guo and Günther, Anke LB and Liese, Angela D and Remer, Thomas and Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina}},
  issn         = {{0002-9165}},
  journal      = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{755--762}},
  title        = {{{Relation of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, added sugar intake, or fiber intake to the development of body composition between ages 2 and 7 y}}},
  doi          = {{10.1093/ajcn/88.3.755}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{26928,
  author       = {{Penczynski, Katharina J. and Herder, Christian and Krupp, Danika and Rienks, Johanna and Egert, Sarah and Wudy, Stefan A. and Roden, Michael and Remer, Thomas and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{1436-6207}},
  journal      = {{European Journal of Nutrition}},
  pages        = {{1159--1172}},
  title        = {{{Flavonoid intake from fruit and vegetables during adolescence is prospectively associated with a favourable risk factor profile for type 2 diabetes in early adulthood}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00394-018-1631-3}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{26999,
  author       = {{Della Corte, Karen and Perrar, Ines and Penczynski, Katharina and Schwingshackl, Lukas and Herder, Christian and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{2072-6643}},
  journal      = {{Nutrients}},
  title        = {{{Effect of Dietary Sugar Intake on Biomarkers of Subclinical Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/nu10050606}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{27000,
  author       = {{Koch, Stefanie A. J. and Alexy, Ute and Diederichs, Tanja and Buyken, Anette and Roßbach, Sarah}},
  issn         = {{1932-6203}},
  journal      = {{PLOS ONE}},
  title        = {{{The relevance of restrained eating behavior for circadian eating patterns in adolescents}}},
  doi          = {{10.1371/journal.pone.0197131}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{27001,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>This study performed comparative analyses in two pediatric cohorts to identify dietary patterns during primary school years and examined their relevance to body composition development. Nutritional and anthropometric data at the beginning of primary school and two or four years later were available from 298 and 372 participants of IDEFICS-Germany (Identification and prevention of Dietary-induced and lifestyle-induced health Effects In Children and infants Study) and the KOPS (Kiel Obesity Prevention Study) cohort, respectively. Principal component analyses (PCA) and reduced rank regression (RRR) were used to identify dietary patterns at baseline and patterns of change in food group intake during primary school years. RRR extracted patterns explaining variations in changes in body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), and waist-to-height-ratio (WtHR). Associations between pattern adherence and excess gain in BMI, FMI, or WtHR (&gt;75th percentile) during primary school years were examined using logistic regression. Among PCA patterns, only a change towards a more Mediterranean food choice during primary school years were associated with a favorable body composition development in IDEFICS-Germany (p &lt; 0.05). In KOPS, RRR patterns characterized by a frequent consumption of fast foods or starchy carbohydrate foods were consistently associated with an excess gain in BMI and WtHR (all p &lt; 0.005). In IDEFICS-Germany, excess gain in BMI, FMI, and WtHR were predicted by a frequent consumption of nuts, meat, and pizza at baseline and a decrease in the consumption frequency of protein sources and snack carbohydrates during primary school years (all p &lt; 0.01). The study confirms an adverse impact of fast food consumption on body composition during primary school years. Combinations of protein and carbohydrate sources deserve further investigation.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Wolters, Maike and Joslowski, Gesa and Plachta-Danielzik, Sandra and Standl, Marie and Müller, Manfred and Ahrens, Wolfgang and Buyken, Anette}},
  issn         = {{2072-6643}},
  journal      = {{Nutrients}},
  title        = {{{Dietary Patterns in Primary School are of Prospective Relevance for the Development of Body Composition in Two German Pediatric Populations}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/nu10101442}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}