@article{64859,
  abstract     = {{This study investigated whether external effort mobilization through try-harder instructions enhances performance in complex motor tasks, as reflected by the reduction of costs associated with producing a deceptive action. Basketball passing movements with and without head fakes were examined in a reaction-time paradigm. Participants were generally instructed to initiate the movement as fast and accurately as possible, while try-harder instructions were presented in 25 % of trials, prompting participants to mobilize all their cognitive resources to perform even faster. To investigate if athletic expertise modulates the potential effects of effort mobilization, basketball novices and experienced players were tested. Results demonstrated that try-harder instructions generally improved participants’ performance, facilitating faster response initiation times and movement execution, as well as a specific reduction in initiation time variability. Novices benefited more than experienced players, indicating that effort results in greater improvement when complex motor actions (for example, passes with head fakes) are not yet fully stabilized and lack automated fluency. This pattern suggests that effort enhances performance in complex actions when performance is limited by the amount of cognitive capacity available, supporting the coordination of partly conflicting movement components within tight temporal constraints. The findings extend previous research on effort mobilization from simple to complex motor tasks. Try-harder instructions appear to enhance performance primarily by reducing attentional lapses rather than generally improving processing speed. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of effort mobilization in experienced athletes in situations of high concurrent cognitive load.}},
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Steinborn, Michael B. and Weigelt, Matthias and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  issn         = {{1469-0292}},
  journal      = {{Psychology of Sport and Exercise}},
  keywords     = {{Effort, Try-harder instruction, Deception, Basketball, Head fake, Fake production}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Mobilizing effort in complex motor tasks: Try-harder instructions in deceptive actions}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103083}},
  volume       = {{84}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

@inproceedings{60281,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Jackson, Robin C. and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{57. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie (ASP)}},
  editor       = {{Kullik, Lisa and Birnkraut, Tim and Kellmann, Michael}},
  location     = {{Bochum}},
  title        = {{{The influence of action outcome probability and expertise on the size of the head-fake effect in basketball}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{60133,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{57. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie (ASP)}},
  editor       = {{Kullik, Lisa and Birnkraut, Tim and Kellmann, Michael}},
  location     = {{Bochum}},
  pages        = {{105}},
  title        = {{{Differences of producing head fakes with and without a social partner}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{61884,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Schulze Freilinghaus, Lars and Böer, Nils Tobias and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{57. Herbsttagung experimentelle Kognitionspsychologie (HexKop)}},
  editor       = {{Geißler, Christoph F. and Schöpper, Lars-Michael}},
  location     = {{Trier}},
  title        = {{{Unraveling the head-fake effect: Dynamic measures of cognitive conflict in sport contexts}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{62111,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
          <jats:p>The execution of incompatible actions imposes costs on action planning, commonly known as response-response incompatibility-costs. This phenomenon is also evident in sports: A basketball player who performs a pass in one direction whilst orienting the head into the contrary direction (pass with head fake) needs more time to initiate the action as if pass direction and head orientation are the same (pass without head fake).</jats:p>
          <jats:p>The aim of this study was twofold: First, we present a re-analysis of the data from Böer et al. (Psychological Research 88:523–524, 2024) using mixture effect modelling (Miller, Behavior Research Methods 38:92–106, 2006) explore if fake-production costs manifest continuously (uniform effect) in all participants or if some participants show fake-production costs occasionally but substantially (mixed effect). Second, we collected data of a control group which was analysed with the previous data of the practice group and fitted initiation times (ITs) to an ex-Gaussian distribution.</jats:p>
          <jats:p>The analysis of mixture effects revealed that most participants exhibited a uniform effect when they didn’t have time to mentally prepare the movement. This pattern was not changed by practice, suggesting fake-production costs can’t be overcome by practice alone without mental preparation time.</jats:p>
          <jats:p>The analysis of mean ITs revealed improvements in the practice group but not in the control group, independent of the type of pass performed. The distribution analyses complemented these findings as it showed that the improvement in participants’ performance with increasing practice can mainly be attributed to a reduction of the exponential part of the distribution (parameter tau).</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Schütz, Christoph and Weigelt, Matthias and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{Sport Psychology, Sport Science, Deception, Distribution Analysis}},
  number       = {{2}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{How does practice modulate fake-production costs in a basketball task? Analyses of frequency distributions and mixture effects}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00426-025-02084-6}},
  volume       = {{89}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{62116,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{57th Herbsttreffen der experimentellen Kognitionspsychologie (HExKoP)}},
  keywords     = {{Deception, Sport Psychology, Social Interaction}},
  location     = {{Trier}},
  title        = {{{The mere presence of a social partner modulates fake-production costs}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{65259,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{67th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}},
  editor       = {{Lê-Hoa Võ, Melissa and Fiebach, Christian and Shing, Yee Lee and Sammler, Daniela and Windmann, Sabine and Kaiser, Jochen}},
  keywords     = {{deception, action preparation, perception, movement planning, sport psychology}},
  location     = {{Frankfurt am Main}},
  pages        = {{132}},
  title        = {{{Differences of producing head fakes with and without a social partner}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{56133,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the point where inappropriate defensive movements can no longer be inhibited and to validate suitable stimulus material for constructing a basketball-specific anticipation-response-inhibition task, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, participants without basketball expertise (N = 25) watched a video of a basketball jump shot and were asked to release the space bar at the point when the ball leaves the player's fingertips (go-trials). In 25% of all trials, the video was stopped prematurely and participants should withhold their finger-lift response (stop-trials). A staircase-tracking algorithm was used to adjust the point-in-time when the jump shot was stopped in a way that participants’ inhibition rate was at 50% (reflecting the so called “point-of-no-return”, PNR). In Experiment 2, the stimulus material was adapted so that stop-trials simulated a pump fake. The PNR in Experiment 1 was located 187 ms and in Experiment 2 177 ms before the point of ball release. Precision performance benefit from practice across blocks and participants delayed their responses after stop-trials in a subsequent go-trial, which reflects strategic post-stop-trial adjustments. Based on the comparable results of previous studies, the given stimulus material is suitable for investigating response inhibition skills in dynamic sport-specific environments.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Wickemeyer, Carolin and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Action inhibition in a sport-specific paradigm: examining the limits of action control in basketball}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00426-024-02010-2}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{47032,
  author       = {{Wickemeyer, Carolin and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Book of Abstracts of the 66th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}},
  editor       = {{Fröber, K. and Abel, M. and Bäuml, K.H. and Dreisbach, G. and Kliegl, O. and Köster, M. and Lingnau, A. and Volberg, G. and Götz, F. J.}},
  location     = {{Regensburg}},
  pages        = {{553}},
  title        = {{{Response inhibition for the basketball pump fake}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.15242}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{57501,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried and Giesen, Carina G. and Rothermund, Klaus and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstracts of the 66th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}},
  editor       = {{Fröber, Kerstin and Abel, Magdalena and Bäuml, Karl-Heinz and Dreisbach, Gesine and Kliegl, Oliver and Köster, Moritz and Lingnau, Angelika and Volberg, Gregor and Götz, Felix J.}},
  location     = {{Regensburg}},
  publisher    = {{LibreCat University}},
  title        = {{{Context-specific adaptation for head fakes in basketball: a study on player-specific fake-frequency schedules}}},
  doi          = {{10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.15242}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{57511,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Weigelt, Matthias and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  editor       = {{Fröber, Kerstin and Abel, Magdalena and Bäuml, Karl-Heinz and Dreisbach, Gesine and Kliegl, Oliver and Köster, Moritz and Lingnau, Angelika and Volberg, Gregor and Götz, Felix J.}},
  keywords     = {{action preparation, perception, movement planning, deception}},
  location     = {{ Regensburg }},
  pages        = {{77}},
  title        = {{{Try harder! - The influence of effort instructions on fake production costs in basketball novices and experts}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{58841,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried and Giesen, Carina G. and Rothermund, Klaus and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstractband des 56. Herbsttreffens experimentelle Kognitionspsychologie (HexKop)}},
  location     = {{Paderborn}},
  title        = {{{Context-specific adaptation for head fakes in basketball: a study on player-specific fake-frequency schedules}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{54303,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{56. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie (ASP)}},
  editor       = {{Koester, Dirk and Krämer, Lina and Fuhlert, Leonhard and Everding, Jannik and Weilharter, Fritz and Marlovits, Andreas}},
  location     = {{Berlin}},
  pages        = {{119}},
  title        = {{{The influence of effort instruction on fake production costs in basketball novices and experienced basketball players.}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@article{54690,
  abstract     = {{In basketball, an attacking player often plays a pass to one side while looking to the other side. This head fake provokes a conflict in the observing opponent, as the processing of the head orientation interferes with the processing of the pass direction. Accordingly, responses to passes with head fakes are slower and result in more errors than responses to passes without head fakes (head-fake effect). The head-fake effect and structurally similar interference effects (e.g., Stroop effect) are modulated by the frequency of conflicting trials. Previous studies mostly applied a block-wise manipulation of proportion congruency. However, in basketball (and also in other team sports), where different individual opponents can be encountered, it might be important to take the individual frequency (e.g., 20% vs. 80%) of these opponents into account. Therefore, the present study investigates the possibility to quickly (i.e., on a trial-by-trial basis) reconfigure the response behavior to different proportions of incongruent trials, which are contingent on different basketball players. Results point out that participants indeed adapted to the fake-frequency of different basketball players, which could be the result of strategic adaptation processes. Multi-level analyses, however, indicate that a substantial portion of the player-specific adaptation to fake frequencies is accounted by episodic retrieval processes, suggesting that item-specific proportion congruency effects can be explained in terms of stimulus-response binding and retrieval: The head orientation (e.g., to the right) of a current stimulus retrieves the last episode with the same head orientation including the response that was part of this last episode. Thus, from a theoretical perspective, an attacking player would provoke the strongest detrimental effect on an opponent if s/he repeats the same head movement but changes the direction of the pass. Whether it is at all possible to strategically apply this recommendation in practice needs still to be answered.}},
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried and Giesen, Carina G. and Rothermund, Klaus and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  pages        = {{1702--1711}},
  title        = {{{Context-specific adaptation for head fakes in basketball: a study on player-specific fake-frequency schedules}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00426-024-01977-2}},
  volume       = {{88}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{47630,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstracts of the 55th Autumn Meeting of Experimental Cognitive Psychology (HExKoP)}},
  editor       = {{Bogenschütz, Luisa and Fenske, Pia and Ayatollahi, Shabnamalsadat and Hamzeloo, Mohammad and Montoya, Gustavo Adolfo León and Viegas, Lisa and Baess, Pamela and Hackländer, Ryan}},
  keywords     = {{action preparation, perception, movement planning, deception}},
  location     = {{Hildesheim}},
  pages        = {{16--17}},
  title        = {{{The influence of effort instructions on fake production costs in basketball novices and experts}}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{45825,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstracts of the 65th Conference of experimental Psychologists (TeaP)}},
  editor       = {{Merz, Simon and Frings, Christian and Leuchtenberg, Bettina and Moeller, Birte and Mueller, Stefanie and Neumann, Roland and Pastötter, Bernhard and Pingen, Leah and Schui, Gabriel}},
  location     = {{Trier}},
  pages        = {{139--140}},
  title        = {{{Adaptation to context information for head fakes in basketball}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.12945}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{48682,
  abstract     = {{The present study investigates participants' performance in two different mental body-rotation tasks (MBRTs) under conditions in which dynamic stability is challenged in two different balancing conditions: active balance control (Experiment 1), where participants actively maneuver, and re-active balance control (Experiment 2), where participants react to an external perturbation. The two MBRTs induced either an object-based spatial transformation (based on a same-different judgment) or an egocentric transformation (based on a left-right judgment). In Experiment 1, 48 participants were tested while standing on an even ground (low balancing requirements) or on a balance board (high balancing requirements). In Experiment 2, 32 participants performed while either standing still on a vibration plate or with the vibration plate moving in a low (20 Hz) or high (180 Hz) frequency. In both experiments, the results for response time and response error revealed effects of rotation angle and type of task. An effect of balancing condition was only observed for response error in Experiment 1. More precisely, response times and response errors increased for higher rotation angles. Also, performance was better for egocentric than for object-based spatial transformations. However, the different challenges to dynamic stability in Experiments 1 and 2 did not influence performance in the two MBRTs (except for response errors in Experiment 1) nor in a control condition (Experiment 1) without mental rotation.}},
  author       = {{Budde, Kirsten and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  issn         = {{0167-9457}},
  journal      = {{Human Movement Science}},
  keywords     = {{Mental rotation, Balance control, Perturbation, Embodiment}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{No effects of different perturbations on the performance in a mental body-rotation task (MBRT) with egocentric perspective transformations and object-based transformations}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.humov.2023.103156}},
  volume       = {{92}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{49515,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Jackson, Robin C. and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  issn         = {{1469-0292}},
  journal      = {{Psychology of Sport and Exercise}},
  keywords     = {{Applied Psychology}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Action outcome probability influences the size of the head-fake effect in basketball}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102467}},
  volume       = {{68}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{37466,
  abstract     = {{Typically, head fakes in basketball are generated to, and actually do, deteriorate performance on the side of the observer. However, potential costs at the side of the producer of a fake action have only rarely been investigated before. It is thus not clear yet if the benefit (i.e., slowed reactions in the observer) of performing a head fake is overestimated due to concurrently arising fake production costs (i.e., slowed performance in the producer of a head fake). Therefore, we studied potential head-fake production costs with two experiments. Novice participants were asked to generate passes to the left or right side, either with or without head fakes. In Experiment 1, these actions were determined by an auditory stimulus (i.e., a 440 Hz or 1200 Hz sinus or jigsaw wave). After an interstimulus interval (ISI) of either 0 ms, 800 ms, or 1500 ms, which served the preparation of the action, the cued action had to be executed. In Experiment 2, passing to the left or right, either with or without a head fake, was determined by a visual stimulus (i.e., a player with a red or blue jersey defending either the right or left side). After an ISI of either 0 ms, 400 ms, 800 ms, or 1200 ms, the cued action had to be executed. In both experiments, we observed higher reaction times (RTs) for passes with head fakes as compared to passes without head fakes for no and an intermediate preparation interval (from ISI 0 ms to 800 ms), but no difference for a long preparation interval (for an ISI of 1200 ms and 1500 ms). Both experiments show that generating fake actions produces performance costs, however, these costs can be overcome by a longer preparation phase before movement execution.}},
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried}},
  issn         = {{0167-9457}},
  journal      = {{Human Movement Science}},
  keywords     = {{Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, General Medicine, Biophysics}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Producing deceptive actions in sports: The costs of generating head fakes in basketball}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.humov.2022.103045}},
  volume       = {{87}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{46868,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Supplementing an earlier analysis of event‐related potentials in extensive motor learning (Margraf et al., 2022a, 2022b), frontal theta‐band activity (4–8 Hz) was scrutinized. Thirty‐seven participants learned a sequential arm movement with 192 trials in each of five practice sessions. Feedback, based on a performance adaptive bandwidth, was given after every trial. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in the first and last practice sessions. The degree of motor automatization was tested under dual‐task conditions in a pre‐test–post‐test design. Quantitative error information was transported in both feedback conditions (positive and negative). Frontal theta activity was discussed as a general signal that cognitive control is needed and, therefore, was expected to be higher after negative feedback. Extensive motor practice promotes automatization, and therefore, decreased frontal theta activity was expected in the later practice. Further, it was expected that frontal theta was predictive for subsequent behavioural adaptations and the amount of motor automatization. As the results show, induced frontal theta power was higher after negative feedback and decreased after five sessions of practice. Moreover, induced theta activity was predictive for error correction and, therefore, an indicator of whether the recruited cognitive resources successfully induced behavioural adaptations. It remains to be solved why these effects, which fit well with the theoretical assumptions, were only revealed by the induced part of frontal theta activity. Further, the amount of theta activity during practice was not predictive for the degree of motor automatization. It seems that there might be a dissociation between attentional resources associated with feedback processing and attentional resources associated with motor control.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Margraf, Linda and Krause, Daniel and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  issn         = {{0953-816X}},
  journal      = {{European Journal of Neuroscience}},
  keywords     = {{General Neuroscience}},
  number       = {{8}},
  pages        = {{1297--1316}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley}},
  title        = {{{Frontal theta reveals further information about neural valence‐dependent processing of augmented feedback in extensive motor practice - A secondary analysis}}},
  doi          = {{10.1111/ejn.15951}},
  volume       = {{57}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}