TY - JOUR
AB - Individual cognitive functioning declines over time. We seek to understand how adverse physical health shocks in older ages contribute to this development. By use of event-study methods and data from the USA, England, and several countries in Continental Europe, we find evidence that health shocks lead to an immediate and persistent decline in cognitive functioning. This robust finding holds in all regions representing different health insurance systems and seems to be independent of underlying individual demographic characteristics such as sex and age. We also ask whether variables that are susceptible to policy action can reduce the negative consequences of a health shock. Our results suggest that neither compulsory education nor retirement regulations moderate the effects, thus emphasizing the importance for cognitive functioning of maintaining good physical health in old age.
AU - Schiele, Valentin
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
ID - 35637
JF - European Economic Review
TI - Understanding cognitive decline in older ages: The role of health shocks
VL - 151
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We propose a new method to estimate and isolate the localization of knowledge spillovers due to the physical presence of a person, using after-application but pre-grant deaths of differently located coinventors of the same patent. The approach estimates the differences in local citations between the deceased and still-living inventors at increasingly distant radii. Patents receive 26 percent fewer citations from within a radius of 20 miles around the deceased, relative to still-living coinventors. Differences attenuate with time and distance, are stronger when still-living coinventors live farther from the deceased, and hold for a subsample of possibly premature deaths. (JEL O31, O33, O34, R32)
AU - Balsmeier, Benjamin
AU - Fleming, Lee
AU - Lück, Sonja
ID - 42638
IS - 1
JF - American Economic Review: Insights
KW - Management
KW - Monitoring
KW - Policy and Law
KW - Geography
KW - Planning and Development
SN - 2640-205X
TI - Isolating Personal Knowledge Spillovers: Coinventor Deaths and Spatial Citation Differentials
VL - 5
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - We study the effect of education on health (hospital stays, number of diagnosed conditions, self-rated poor health, and obesity) over the life-cycle in Germany, using compulsory schooling reforms as a source of exogenous variation. Our results suggest a positive correlation of health and education which increases over the life-cycle. We do not, however, find any positive local average treatment effects of an additional year of schooling on health or health care utilization for individuals up to age 79. An exception is obesity, where positive effects of schooling start to be visible around age 60 and become very large in age group 75-79. The results in age group 75-79 need to be interpreted with caution, however, due to small sample size and possible problems of attrition.
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
AU - Tawiah, Beatrice Baaba
ID - 46534
KW - Education
KW - health
KW - life-cycle effects
KW - compulsory schooling
TI - Life-cycle health effects of compulsory schooling
VL - 1006
ER -
TY - GEN
AU - Freise, Diana
AU - Schiele, Valentin
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
ID - 46521
KW - General Earth and Planetary Sciences
KW - General Environmental Science
SN - 1556-5068
TI - Housing Situations and Local COVID-19 Infection Dynamics – A Case Study With Small-Area Data
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - We study the effect of education on vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza in Germany and Europe. Our identification strategy makes use of changes in compulsory schooling laws and allows to estimate local average treatment effects for individuals between 59 and 91 years of age. We find no significant effect of an additional year of schooling on vaccination status in Germany. Pooling data from Europe, we conclude that schooling increases the likelihood to vaccinate against COVID by an economically negligible effect of one percentage point (zero for influenza). However, we find indications that additional schooling increases fear of side effects from COVID vaccination.
AU - Monsees, Daniel
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
ID - 46536
KW - COVID
KW - influenza
KW - vaccination
KW - education
KW - compulsory schooling
TI - The effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination against COVID and Influenza
VL - 1011
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Tawiah, Beatrice Baaba
ID - 35647
IS - 58
JF - Applied Economics
TI - Does education have an impact on patience and risk willingness?
VL - 54
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - We study the effect of unemployment on cognitive abilities among individuals aged between 50 and 65 in Europe. To this end, we exploit plant closures and use flexible event-study estimations together with an experimentally elicited measure of fluid intelligence, namely word recall. We find that, within a time period of around eight years after the event of unemployment, cognitive abilities only deteriorate marginally — the effects are insignificant both in statistical and economic terms. We do, however, find significant effects of late-career unemployment on the likelihood to leave the labor force, and short-term effects on mental health problems such as depression and sleep problems.
AU - Freise, Diana
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
AU - Westphal, Matthias
ID - 33458
JF - Journal of Health Economics
TI - Late-Career Unemployment and Cognitive Abilities
VL - 86
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Westphal, Matthias
AU - Kamhöfer, Daniel A.
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
ID - 30235
IS - 646
JF - Economic Journal
TI - Marginal College Wage Premium under Selection into Employment
VL - 132
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - Compulsory schooling reforms are often used to estimate monetary returns to education. Such reforms are unrelated to individual characteristics and preferences and thus arguably able to eliminate selection bias. However, as these reforms affect a large number of individuals in the relevant age groups, they might have spillover effects on individuals not directly affected by the reform. Such spillover effects constitute a problem for identification and estimation of returns to schooling. As they are difficult to address, they are mostly ignored in the empirical literature. I show that the introduction of the compulsory ninth grade in Germany led to a labor supply shock that might have increased wages and employment of individuals who were not directly subject to the reform and were assumed not to be affected in previous research. To investigate in this kinds of spillover effects, I exploit the staggered introduction of the compulsory ninth grade across German federal states in a difference-in-differences approach. Based on large scale register and survey data, I find no evidence for persistent spillover effects for men. For women, however, my results suggest that the labor supply shock resulting from the reform may have led to a persistent increase in employment and wages.
AU - Schiele, Valentin
ID - 46531
KW - Compulsory schooling
KW - Education
KW - Spillover effects
KW - Cohort size
KW - Wages
KW - Employment
TI - Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory schooling reform in Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - In this paper, we analyze the effect of light conditions on road accidents and estimate the long run consequences of different time regimes for road safety. Identification is based on variation in light conditions induced by differences in sunrise and sunset times across space and time. We estimate that darkness causes annual costs of more than £500 million in Great Britain. By setting daylight saving time year-round 8 percent of these costs could be saved. Thus, focusing solely on the short run costs related to the transition itself underestimates the total costs of the current time regime.
AU - Bünnings, Christian
AU - Schiele, Valentin
ID - 15073
IS - 1
JF - The Review of Economics and Statistics
SN - 0034-6535
TI - Spring Forward, Don't Fall Back: The Effect of Daylight Saving Time on Road Safety
VL - 103
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - Individual cognitive functioning declines over time. We seek to understand how adverse physical health shocks in older ages contribute to this development. By use of event-study methods and data from the USA, England and several countries in Continental Europe we find evidence that health shocks lead to an immediate and persistent decline in cognitive functioning. This robust finding holds in all regions representing different health insurance systems and seems to be independent of underlying individual demographic characteristics such as sex and age. We also ask whether variables that are susceptible to policy action can reduce the negative consequences of a health shock. Our results suggest that neither compulsory education nor retirement regulations moderate the effects, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining good physical health in old age for cognitive functioning.
AU - Schiele, Valentin
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
ID - 46540
KW - Cognitive decline
KW - health shocks
KW - retirement
KW - education
KW - event study
TI - Understanding cognitive decline in older ages: The role of health shocks
VL - 919
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - We study effects of retirement on cognitive abilities (up to ten years after retirement) using data from 21 countries in Continental Europe, England, and the US, and exploiting early-retirement thresholds for identification. For this purpose, combines event-study estimations with the marginal treatment effect framework to allow for effect heterogeneity. This helps to decompose event-study estimates into true medium-run effects of retirement and effects driven by differential retirement preferences. Our results suggest considerable negative effects of retirement on cognitive abilities. We also detect substantial effect heterogeneity: Those who retire as early as possible are not affected while those who retire later exhibit negative effects.
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
AU - Westphal, Matthias
ID - 46537
KW - Cognitive abilities
KW - retirement
KW - event study
KW - marginal treatment effects
TI - The dynamic and heterogeneous effects of retirement on cognitive decline
VL - 918
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
AU - Stroka‐Wetsch, Magdalena A.
ID - 30234
IS - 7
JF - Health Economics
KW - Health Policy
SN - 1057-9230
TI - Determinants of nursing home choice: Does reported quality matter?
VL - 29
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Much work on innovation strategy assumes or theorizes that competition in innovation elicits duplication of research and that disclosure decreases such duplication. We validate this empirically using the American Inventors Protection Act (AIPA), three complementary identification strategies, and a new measure of blocked future patent applications. We show that AIPA—intended to reduce duplication, through default disclosure of patent applications 18 months after filing—reduced duplication in the U.S. and European patent systems. The blocking measure provides a clear and micro measure of technological competition that can be aggregated to facilitate the empirical investigation of innovation, firm strategy, and the positive and negative externalities of patenting. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.
AU - Lück, Sonja
AU - Balsmeier, Benjamin
AU - Seliger, Florian
AU - Fleming, Lee
ID - 31802
IS - 6
JF - Management Science
KW - Management Science and Operations Research
KW - Strategy and Management
SN - 0025-1909
TI - Early Disclosure of Invention and Reduced Duplication: An Empirical Test
VL - 66
ER -
TY - GEN
AB - Theoretical papers show that optimal prevention decisions in the sense of selfprotection (i.e., primary prevention) depend not only on the level of (second-order) risk aversion but also on higher-order risk preferences such as prudence (third-order risk aversion). We study empirically whether these theoretical results hold and whether prudent individuals show less preventive (self-protection) effort than non-prudent individuals. We use a unique dataset that combines data on higher-order risk preferences and various measures of observed real-world prevention behavior. We find that prudent individuals indeed invest less in self-protection as measured by influenza vaccination. This result is driven by high risk individuals such as individuals >60 years of age or chronically ill. We do not find a clear empirical relationship between riskpreferences and prevention in the sense of self-insurance (i.e. secondary prevention). Neither risk aversion nor prudence is related to cancer screenings such as mammograms, Pap smears or X-rays of the lung.
AU - Mayrhofer, Thomas
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
ID - 46541
KW - prudence
KW - risk preferences
KW - prevention
KW - vaccination
KW - screening
TI - Prudence and prevention: Empirical evidence
VL - 863
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Bünnings, Christian
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
AU - Tauchmann, Harald
AU - Ziebarth, Nicolas R.
ID - 15075
IS - 2
JF - Journal of Risk and Insurance
SN - 0022-4367
TI - The Role of Prices Relative to Supplemental Benefits and Service Quality in Health Plan Choice
VL - 86
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Kolodziej, Ingo WK
AU - Reichert, Arndt R
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
ID - 3081
IS - 4
JF - Health services research
TI - New Evidence on Employment Effects of Informal Care Provision in Europe
VL - 53
ER -
TY - GEN
AU - Schmitz, Hendrik
AU - Winkler, Svenja
ID - 5235
T2 - Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance
TI - Information, Risk Aversion, and Health Care Economics
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - Drawing upon recent advances in machine learning and natural language processing, we introduce new tools that automatically ingest, parse, disambiguate, and build an updated database using U.S. patent data. The tools identify unique inventor, assignee, and location entities mentioned on each granted U.S. patent from 1976 to 2016. We describe data flow, algorithms, user interfaces, descriptive statistics, and a novelty measure based on the first appearance of a word in the patent corpus. We illustrate an automated coinventor network mapping tool and visualize trends in patenting over the last 40 years.
AU - Balsmeier, Benjamin
AU - Assaf, Mohamad
AU - Chesebro, Tyler
AU - Fierro, Gabe
AU - Johnson, Kevin
AU - Johnson, Scott
AU - Li, Guan‐Cheng
AU - Lück, Sonja
AU - O'Reagan, Doug
AU - Yeh, Bill
AU - Zang, Guangzheng
AU - Fleming, Lee
ID - 31807
IS - 3
JF - Journal of Economics & Management Strategy
KW - Management of Technology and Innovation
KW - Strategy and Management
KW - Economics and Econometrics
KW - General Business
KW - Management and Accounting
KW - General Medicine
SN - 1058-6407
TI - Machine learning and natural language processing on the patent corpus: Data, tools, and new measures
VL - 27
ER -
TY - GEN
AU - Bünnings, Christian
AU - Schiele, Valentin
ID - 46544
KW - road accidents
KW - light conditions
KW - daylight saving time
TI - Spring forward, don’t fall back: The effect of daylight saving time on road safety
VL - 768
ER -