@article{63827, abstract = {{Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly important across various sectors of the lighting industry and are being used more frequently. In the field of symbolic projection, research is increasingly focusing on implementing light modulation using energy-efficient, incoherent LEDs rather than lasers. Since light modulation in micro- and nano-optics is typically achieved through phase modulation, Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations are employed for analysis. The objective of this article is to investigate different approaches for approximating incoherent monochromatic light sources within FDTD simulations. To this end, two approaches based on dipole sources are considered, as well as a method involving plane waves with modulated wavefronts based on Cosine–Fourier functions and a method based on the superposition of Gaussian beams. These methods are evaluated in terms of their accuracy using a two-dimensional double-slit configuration and are compared against a fully incoherent analytical reference.}}, author = {{Metzner, Dominik and Potthoff, Jens and Zentgraf, Thomas and Förstner, Jens}}, issn = {{2304-6732}}, journal = {{Photonics}}, keywords = {{tet_topic_opticalantenna, tet_topic_numerics, tet_topic_meta}}, number = {{2}}, publisher = {{MDPI AG}}, title = {{{Approximating Incoherent Monochromatic Light Sources in FDTD Simulations}}}, doi = {{10.3390/photonics13020128}}, volume = {{13}}, year = {{2026}}, } @article{64873, abstract = {{Continuous flow catalysis utilizing gel-bound organocatalysts within a microfluidic reactor represents a compelling strategy in the realm of organic synthesis. In this study, a quinuclidine-based catalytic monomer (QMA) was synthesized to create polymer gel dots through the process of photopolymerization that serve as a support for the catalyst. The resulting gel-bound organocatalysts were assembled within a continuous microfluidic reactor to facilitate the Baylis–Hillman reaction between various aldehydes and acrylonitrile at a temperature of 50 °C. The conversion of the product was assessed using 1H NMR spectroscopy as an offline analytical method over a duration of 8 h. The findings indicated that highly reactive aldehydes achieved conversion rates exceeding 90%, in contrast to their less reactive counterparts. Furthermore, these results were juxtaposed with previously published data derived from alternative synthetic methodologies, revealing that the continuous microfluidic reactions employing integrated organocatalysts within polymer networks exhibited significantly higher conversions with reduced reaction times (8 h) at the same temperature (50 °C). Additionally, the influence of different geometries (round, triangular, and square) of the gel dots on catalytic activity was investigated, with round and square gel dots demonstrating slightly superior performance compared with triangular gel dots, attributed to their increased surface area. Moreover, an extended reaction period of 6 days was conducted using 4-bromobenzaldehyde and acrylonitrile, resulting in a conversion rate exceeding 70%, which remained stable for 5 days before experiencing a slight decline due to product accumulation on the gel dots.}}, author = {{Killi, Naresh and Kumar, Amit and Nebhani, Leena and Obst, Franziska and Richter, Andreas and Reineke Matsudo, Bernhard and Zentgraf, Thomas and Kuckling, Dirk}}, issn = {{2470-1343}}, journal = {{ACS Omega}}, number = {{9}}, publisher = {{American Chemical Society (ACS)}}, title = {{{Integrating an Organocatalyst into a Polymeric Gel Framework for the Continuous Microflow Baylis–Hillman Reaction}}}, doi = {{10.1021/acsomega.5c09476}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2026}}, } @article{61523, abstract = {{AbstractMetasurface holography offers a powerful approach for manipulating wavefronts at the nano and micro scale. Extensive research has been conducted to enhance the multiplexing capacity for diverse wavefronts. However, the independence of multiplexed channels is fundamentally restricted in techniques using single‐layer metasurfaces, resulting in unavoidable crosstalk and the need for post‐filtering of the output wavefronts. Here, a universal wavefront multiplexing concept is presented based on non‐injective transformation. By employing joint optimization on two metasurfaces, different channels can be independently designed without any constraints on the output wavefronts. To validate this approach, ultra‐compact orbital angular momentum (OAM) sorters are designed. In these experiments, the output beams from different channels can be independently mapped to 2D positions with high fineness. In another application of wavefront‐multiplexed holography, 10‐channel multiplexing is experimentally achieved with minimal crosstalk and without the need for post‐processing. These results demonstrate the independence between channels enabled by the non‐injective transformation in the method. The precise wavefront control and high multiplexing capacity underscore its potential for scalable wavefront manipulation devices.}}, author = {{Jin, Xiao and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, issn = {{0935-9648}}, journal = {{Advanced Materials}}, publisher = {{Wiley}}, title = {{{Independent Wavefront Multiplexing with Metasurfaces via Non‐Injective Transformation}}}, doi = {{10.1002/adma.202511823}}, volume = {{38}}, year = {{2026}}, } @article{64978, abstract = {{The degrees of freedom (DoFs) of light determine the maximum number of independent signal channels an optical system can support. However, the polarization DoF is intrinsically limited to two by orthogonality, which causes unavoidable crosstalk and often forces position multiplexing, where different channels are assigned to distinct spatial locations to suppress crosstalk. This research introduces a multilayer synchronous polarization projection method that fundamentally increases the DoF for polarization multiplexing. The DoF equals twice the number of projection layers. We experimentally demonstrate six- channel polarization multiplexing holography without position multiplexing. The six-channel multiplexing results indicate that our approach exceeds the conventional polarization multiplexing method, yielding an average 3.79 dB improvement in extinction ratio across the six channels. Compared with the theoretical limit of traditional polarization multiplexing, our method reduces crosstalk by an average of 6.52 dB across all channels in a seven-channel design. The polarization projection method breaks the DoF limitation of polarization multiplexing, opening a path toward high-dimensional photonic information encoding for communication, encryption, and imaging.}}, author = {{Jin, Xiao and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, issn = {{2577-5421}}, journal = {{Advanced Photonics}}, number = {{02}}, publisher = {{SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng}}, title = {{{Increasing the design degree of freedom for polarization through multilayer synchronous polarization projection}}}, doi = {{10.1117/1.ap.8.2.026010}}, volume = {{8}}, year = {{2026}}, } @inproceedings{65357, author = {{Kim, Minjun and Devaraj, Vasanthan and Seo, Hyeon-Seok and Eom, Seongjae and Lee, Jeong-Su and Lee, Donghan and Zentgraf, Thomas and Lee, Jong-Min and Jeon, Min Yong}}, booktitle = {{Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XXII}}, editor = {{Razeghi, Manijeh and Khodaparast, Giti A. and Vitiello, Miriam S.}}, publisher = {{SPIE}}, title = {{{Fabrication of uniform, high-field-enhanced plasmonic satellite clusters using multidewetting}}}, doi = {{10.1117/12.3095416}}, year = {{2026}}, } @article{65460, abstract = {{Beamsplitters represent fundamental components in both classical and quantum optical systems, enabling the distribution of light, as well as the generation of interference, superposition, and entanglement. However, optical networks constructed from conventional bulk 2 × 2-beamsplitters encounter inherent scalability issues, as the number of required beamsplitters scales quadratically with the number of optical modes for a fully connected network. Metasurfaces offer a promising route to overcome these constraints. By manipulating light at the wavelength scale, compact optical components with advanced functionalities can be constructed, which address several modes simultaneously. In this work, we design and experimentally utilize a metasurface as a multiport beamsplitter. Furthermore, we realized a multimode interferometer composed of two cascaded metasurfaces. We characterize the individual and cascaded metasurfaces by using classical light, showing controllable splitting ratios through tunable phase relations. We then expand the approach to quantum light, employing single photons to demonstrate second- and third-order photon correlations as well as single photon interference across multiple spatial paths. These results establish metasurface-based multiport beamsplitters as a scalable and reconfigurable platform bridging classical and quantum photonics. }}, author = {{Aschwanden, Rebecca and Claro-Rodríguez, Nicolás and Zhao, Ruizhe and Kallert, Patricia Anna Maria and Krieger, Tobias and Buchinger, Quirin and Covre da Silva, Saimon F. and Stroj, Sandra and Rota, Michele and Höfling, Sven and Huber-Loyola, Tobias and Rastelli, Armando and Trotta, Rinaldo and Huang, Lingling and Bartley, Tim and Jöns, Klaus and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, issn = {{2330-4022}}, journal = {{ACS Photonics}}, keywords = {{metasurface, beamsplitter, interferometer, quantum network, single photons, nanophotonics}}, publisher = {{American Chemical Society (ACS)}}, title = {{{Cascaded Metasurface Interferometer for Multipath Interference with Classical and Quantum Light}}}, doi = {{10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096}}, year = {{2026}}, } @article{65316, abstract = {{Metasurfaces are powerful tools for manipulating light using small structures on the nanoscale. In most metasurfaces, near-field couplings are treated as being unfavorable perturbations. Here, we experimentally investigate a structure consisting of sinusoidally modulated silicon waveguides where near-field coupling of local resonances leads to negative coupling, i.e., a negative coupling constant. This gives rise to wave-vector-dependent eigenstates of elliptical, linear, and circular polarizations. In particular, fully circular polarization states are not only present at a single point in momentum space (k-space) but also along a line. This circular polarization line, as well as a linear polarization line, emanates from a polarization degeneracy at the Dirac point. We experimentally validate the existence of these eigenstates and demonstrate the energy-, polarization-, and wave vector dependence of this metasurface as well as its sensitivity to fabrication tolerances. By tuning the incident k-vector, certain polarization-energy eigenstates are strongly reflected, allowing for uses in angle-tunable polarization filters and light sources.}}, author = {{Wetter, Helene and Wingenbach, Jan and Rehberg, Falk and Gao, Wenlong and Schumacher, Stefan and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, issn = {{2330-4022}}, journal = {{ACS Photonics}}, keywords = {{metasurface, waveguides, Dirac point, polarization, negative coupling}}, pages = {{2128--2133}}, publisher = {{American Chemical Society (ACS)}}, title = {{{Polarization- and Wave-Vector Selective Optical Metasurface with Near-Field Coupling}}}, doi = {{10.1021/acsphotonics.5c02865}}, volume = {{13}}, year = {{2026}}, } @inproceedings{60022, author = {{Brauckmann, Michael and Narvaez Castaneda, Emmanuel and Siebert, Dustin and Brecht, Benjamin and Förstner, Jens and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of The 15th International Conference on Metamaterials, Photonic Crystals and Plasmonics}}, location = {{Malaga, Spain}}, title = {{{Enhancement Of Light-matter Interaction In Topological Waveguides And Resonators}}}, year = {{2025}}, } @article{58642, abstract = {{We present a cost-effective self-assembly method to fabricate low-density dimer NPs in an NPoM architecture, using the M13 phage as a spacer layer. This will enable the development of dynamic plasmonic devices and advanced sensing applications.}}, author = {{Devaraj, Vasanthan and Ruiz Alvarado, Isaac Azahel and Lee, Jong-Min and Oh, Jin-Woo and Gerstmann, Uwe and Schmidt, Wolf Gero and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, issn = {{2055-6756}}, journal = {{Nanoscale Horizons}}, pages = {{537--548}}, publisher = {{Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}}, title = {{{Self-assembly of isolated plasmonic dimers with sub-5 nm gaps on a metallic mirror}}}, doi = {{10.1039/d4nh00546e}}, volume = {{10}}, year = {{2025}}, } @article{62286, abstract = {{Optical tweezer arrays of laser-cooled and individually controlled particles have revolutionized atomic, molecular, and optical physics. They afford exquisite capabilities for applications in quantum simulation of many-body physics, quantum computation, and sensing. Underlying this development is the technical maturity of generating scalable optical beams, enabled by active components and a high numerical aperture objective. However, such a complex combination of bulk optics outside the vacuum chamber is very sensitive to any vibration and drift. Here, we demonstrate the generation of a 3 × 3 static tweezer array with a single chip-scale multifunctional metasurface element in vacuum, replacing the meter-long free space optics. Fluorescence counts on the camera validate the successful trapping of the atomic ensemble array and showcase a promising strategy for integrated photonics with cold atom systems. The introduction of a polarization independent dual-wavelength metasurface significantly enhances fluorescence collection efficiency while reducing experimental complexity. This approach paves the way for scalable neutral atom platforms and offers a compelling route towards the realization of next generation quantum metasurfaces.}}, author = {{Li, Donghao and Liao, Qiming and Xu, Beining and Zentgraf, Thomas and Narvaez Castaneda, Emmanuel and Zhou, Yaoting and Qin, Keyu and Xu, Zhongxiao and Shen, Heng and Huang, Lingling}}, issn = {{1094-4087}}, journal = {{Optics Express}}, number = {{24}}, publisher = {{Optica Publishing Group}}, title = {{{In vacuum metasurface for optical microtrap array}}}, doi = {{10.1364/oe.580201}}, volume = {{33}}, year = {{2025}}, } @inproceedings{61352, author = {{Devaraj, Vasanthan and Ruiz Alvarado, Isaac Azahel and Lee, Jongmin and Oh, Jin-Woo and Gerstmann, Uwe and Schmidt, Wolf Gero and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{2025 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Dynamic and Reversible Plasmonic Nanogaps From Isolated Dimer Nanoparticles via Self-Assembly}}}, doi = {{10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11109762}}, year = {{2025}}, } @article{58606, author = {{Mathew, Albert and Aschwanden, Rebecca and Tripathi, Aditya and Jangid, Piyush and Sain, Basudeb and Zentgraf, Thomas and Kruk, Sergey}}, issn = {{1530-6984}}, journal = {{Nano Letters}}, keywords = {{metasurfaces, nanophotonics, nonreciprocity, optical isolators, silicon photonics}}, publisher = {{American Chemical Society (ACS)}}, title = {{{Nonreciprocal Metasurfaces with Epsilon-Near-Zero Materials}}}, doi = {{10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c06188}}, year = {{2025}}, } @article{51519, author = {{Cui, Tie Jun and Zhang, Shuang and Alu, Andrea and Wegener, Martin and Pendry, John and Luo, Jie and Lai, Yun and Wang, Zuojia and Lin, Xiao and Chen, Hongsheng and Chen, Ping and Wu, Rui-Xin and Yin, Yuhang and Zhao, Pengfei and Chen, Huanyang and Li, Yue and Zhou, Ziheng and Engheta, Nader and Asadchy, V. S. and Simovski, Constantin and Tretyakov, Sergei A and Yang, Biao and Campbell, Sawyer D. and Hao, Yang and Werner, Douglas H and Sun, Shulin and Zhou, Lei and Xu, Su and Sun, Hong-Bo and Zhou, Zhou and Li, Zile and Zheng, Guoxing and Chen, Xianzhong and Li, Tao and Zhu, Shi-Ning and Zhou, Junxiao and Zhao, Junxiang and Liu, Zhaowei and Zhang, Yuchao and Zhang, Qiming and Gu, Min and Xiao, Shumin and Liu, Yongmin and Zhang, Xiaoyu and Tang, Yutao and Li, Guixin and Zentgraf, Thomas and Koshelev, Kirill and Kivshar, Yuri S. and Li, Xin and Badloe, Trevon and Huang, Lingling and Rho, Junsuk and Wang, Shuming and Tsai, Din Ping and Bykov, A. Yu. and Krasavin, Alexey V and Zayats, Anatoly V and McDonnell, Cormac and Ellenbogen, Tal and Luo, Xiangang and Pu, Mingbo and Garcia-Vidal, Francisco J and Liu, Liangliang and Li, Zhuo and Tang, Wenxuan and Ma, Hui Feng and Zhang, Jingjing and Luo, Yu and Zhang, Xuanru and Zhang, Hao Chi and He, Pei Hang and Zhang, Le Peng and Wan, Xiang and Wu, Haotian and Liu, Shuo and Jiang, Wei Xiang and Zhang, Xin Ge and Qiu, Chengwei and Ma, Qian and Liu, Che and Li, Long and Han, Jiaqi and Li, Lianlin and Cotrufo, Michele and Caloz, Christophe and Deck-Léger, Z.-L. and Bahrami, A. and Céspedes, O. and Galiffi, Emanuele and Huidobro, P. A. and Cheng, Qiang and Dai, Jun Yan and Ke, Jun Cheng and Zhang, Lei and Galdi, Vincenzo and Di Renzo, Marco}}, issn = {{2515-7647}}, journal = {{Journal of Physics: Photonics}}, keywords = {{Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials}}, publisher = {{IOP Publishing}}, title = {{{Roadmap on electromagnetic metamaterials and metasurfaces}}}, doi = {{10.1088/2515-7647/ad1a3b}}, year = {{2024}}, } @inproceedings{60023, author = {{Wetter, Helene and Gao, Wenlong and Rehberg, Falk and Wingenbach, Jan and Schumacher, Stefan and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of The 14th International Conference on Metamaterials, Photonic Crystals and Plasmonics}}, issn = {{2429-1390}}, location = {{Toyama, Japan}}, title = {{{Dielectric metasurface for wave-vector variant and circular polarization dependent transmission}}}, year = {{2024}}, } @article{49607, abstract = {{In this work, we utilize thin dielectric meta-atoms placed on a silver substrate to efficiently enhance and manipulate the third-harmonic generation. We theoretically and experimentally reveal that when the structural symmetry of the meta-atom is incompatible with the lattice symmetry of an array, some generalized nonlinear geometric phases appear, which offers new possibilities for harmonic generation control beyond the accessible symmetries governed by the selection rule. The underlying mechanism is attributed to the modified rotation of the effective principal axis of a dense meta-atom array, where the strong coupling among the units gives rise to a generalized linear geometric phase modulation of the pump light. Therefore, nonlinear geometric phases carried by third-harmonic emissions are the natural result of the wave-mixing process among the modes excited at the fundamental frequency. This mechanism further points out a new strategy to predict the nonlinear geometric phases delivered by the nanostructures according to their linear responses. Our design is simple and efficient and offers alternatives for the nonlinear meta-devices that are capable of flexible photon generation and manipulation.}}, author = {{Liu, Bingyi and Geromel, René and Su, Zhaoxian and Guo, Kai and Wang, Yongtian and Guo, Zhongyi and Huang, Lingling and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, issn = {{2330-4022}}, journal = {{ACS Photonics}}, keywords = {{Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Biotechnology, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials}}, number = {{12}}, pages = {{4357--4366}}, publisher = {{American Chemical Society (ACS)}}, title = {{{Nonlinear Dielectric Geometric-Phase Metasurface with Simultaneous Structure and Lattice Symmetry Design}}}, doi = {{10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01163}}, volume = {{10}}, year = {{2023}}, } @article{43421, abstract = {{The achievement of a flat metasurface has realized extraordinary control over light–matter interaction at the nanoscale, enabling widespread use in imaging, holography, and biophotonics. However, three-dimensional metasurfaces with the potential to provide additional light–matter manipulation flexibility attract only little interest. Here, we demonstrate a three-dimensional metasurface scheme capable of providing dual phase control through out-of-plane plasmonic resonance of L-shape antennas. Under circularly polarized excitation at a specific wavelength, the L-shape antennas with rotating orientation angle act as spatially variant three-dimensional tilted dipoles and are able to generate desire phase delay for different polarization components. Generalized Snell's law is achieved for both in-plane and out-of-plane dipole components through arranging such L-shape antennas into arrays. These three-dimensional metasurfaces suggest a route for wavefront modulation and a variety of nanophotonic applications.}}, author = {{Li, Tianyou and Chen, Yanjie and Wang, Yongtian and Zentgraf, Thomas and Huang, Lingling}}, issn = {{0003-6951}}, journal = {{Applied Physics Letters}}, keywords = {{Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)}}, number = {{14}}, publisher = {{AIP Publishing}}, title = {{{Three-dimensional dipole momentum analog based on L-shape metasurface}}}, doi = {{10.1063/5.0142389}}, volume = {{122}}, year = {{2023}}, } @article{44044, abstract = {{Dispersion is present in every optical setup and is often an undesired effect, especially in nonlinear-optical experiments where ultrashort laser pulses are needed. Typically, bulky pulse compressors consisting of gratings or prisms are used to address this issue by precompensating the dispersion of the optical components. However, these devices are only able to compensate for a part of the dispersion (second-order dispersion). Here, we present a compact pulse-shaping device that uses plasmonic metasurfaces to apply an arbitrarily designed spectral phase delay allowing for a full dispersion control. Furthermore, with specific phase encodings, this device can be used to temporally reshape the incident laser pulses into more complex pulse forms such as a double pulse. We verify the performance of our device by using an SHG-FROG measurement setup together with a retrieval algorithm to extract the dispersion that our device applies to an incident laser pulse.}}, author = {{Geromel, René and Georgi, Philip and Protte, Maximilian and Lei, Shiwei and Bartley, Tim and Huang, Lingling and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, issn = {{1530-6984}}, journal = {{Nano Letters}}, keywords = {{Mechanical Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, General Materials Science, General Chemistry, Bioengineering}}, number = {{8}}, pages = {{3196 -- 3201}}, publisher = {{American Chemical Society (ACS)}}, title = {{{Compact Metasurface-Based Optical Pulse-Shaping Device}}}, doi = {{10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04980}}, volume = {{23}}, year = {{2023}}, } @article{45868, abstract = {{Perfect vector vortex beams (PVVBs) have attracted considerable interest due to their peculiar optical features. PVVBs are typically generated through the superposition of perfect vortex beams, which suffer from the limited number of topological charges (TCs). Furthermore, dynamic control of PVVBs is desirable and has not been reported. We propose and experimentally demonstrate hybrid grafted perfect vector vortex beams (GPVVBs) and their dynamic control. Hybrid GPVVBs are generated through the superposition of grafted perfect vortex beams with a multifunctional metasurface. The generated hybrid GPVVBs possess spatially variant rates of polarization change due to the involvement of more TCs. Each hybrid GPVVB includes different GPVVBs in the same beam, adding more design flexibility. Moreover, these beams are dynamically controlled with a rotating half waveplate. The generated dynamic GPVVBs may find applications in the fields where dynamic control is in high demand, including optical encryption, dense data communication, and multiple particle manipulation.}}, author = {{Ahmed, Hammad and Ansari, Muhammad Afnan and Li, Yan and Zentgraf, Thomas and Mehmood, Muhammad Qasim and Chen, Xianzhong}}, issn = {{2041-1723}}, journal = {{Nature Communications}}, keywords = {{General Physics and Astronomy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, General Chemistry, Multidisciplinary}}, number = {{1}}, publisher = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}}, title = {{{Dynamic control of hybrid grafted perfect vector vortex beams}}}, doi = {{10.1038/s41467-023-39599-8}}, volume = {{14}}, year = {{2023}}, } @inproceedings{46485, abstract = {{We present a miniaturized pulse shaping device that creates an arbitrary dispersion through the interaction of multiple metasurfaces on less than 2 mm3 volume. For this, a metalens and a grating-metasurface between two silver mirrors are fabricated. The grating contains further phase information to achieve the device's pulse shaping functionality.}}, author = {{Geromel, René and Georgi, Philip and Protte, Maximilian and Bartley, Tim and Huang, Lingling and Zentgraf, Thomas}}, booktitle = {{CLEO: Fundamental Science 2023}}, location = {{San Jose, USA}}, publisher = {{Optica Publishing Group}}, title = {{{Dispersion control with integrated plasmonic metasurfaces}}}, doi = {{10.1364/cleo_fs.2023.fth4d.3}}, year = {{2023}}, } @inbook{47543, author = {{Zentgraf, Thomas and Sain, Basudeb and Zhang, Shuang}}, booktitle = {{Fundamentals and Applications of Nonlinear Nanophotonics}}, editor = {{Panoiu, Nicoae C.}}, isbn = {{978-0-323-90614-2}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, title = {{{Symmetry governed nonlinear selection rules in nanophotonics }}}, doi = {{10.1016/B978-0-323-90614-2.00011-0}}, year = {{2023}}, }