@article{6089, abstract = {{The spatial distribution of visual attention is a yet unresolved question. One of the main topics is whether attention is distributed in a graded fashion around an attended location (e.g., Downing, 1988; Zimba & Hughes, 1987). The present experiments explore whether, and on which conditions, gradients of attention arise and contribute to perceptual facilitation. A masked or unmasked prime precedes one of two targets whose temporal order has to be judged. The prime captures attention, which shortens the perceptual latency of the primed target (perceptual latency priming; Scharlau & Neumann, 2003a; Shore, Spence, & Klein, 2001). No strong evidence for an attentional gradient was found. (1) Accuracy of temporal order judgements was independent of the distance between the two targets that were judged. That is, facilitation of the second target by the first target was spatially invariant. (2) With targets of short duration, facilitation was independent of prime-target distance. (3) With ta}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0272-4987}}, journal = {{The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology}}, keywords = {{visual attention, spatial distribution, perceptual latency priming, Attention, Priming, Spatial Organization, Visual Perception}}, number = {{8}}, pages = {{1411 -- 1436}}, title = {{{The spatial distribution of attention in perceptual latency priming.}}}, volume = {{57A}}, year = {{2004}}, } @inbook{32507, abstract = {{The chapter gives an overview on the development of the relationships of parents and their offspring. While the selection of issues addressed is not meant to be comprehensive, the chapter focuses on conceptualizations and findings of particular relevance: Individuality and relatedness, the active role that parents and their offspring play in shaping their relationship, the importance of a biographical perspective on relationship development, and contextual influences on child-parent relationships. The chapter concludes with consideration of directions for future research. Child-parent relationships are special. This is obviously true on an individual level. For example, children see their parents as outstanding people - at least up until the transition to adolescence. Likewise, some parents are infatuated with their children and expect much of their sons and daughters, sometimes to the point of overtaxing their abilities and patience. At the same time, child-parent relationships, in general, have features that give them a particular significance. As compared to other types of relationships, bonds between parents and their offspring are of an extremely long-standing nature. Moreover, when parents and children interact, aspects of socialization and education tend to play a more important role than is the case among siblings, friends, or romantic partners. Finally, it has to be recognized that child-parent relationships represent an intergenerational constellation. Relationships between children and parents surpass most other relationships in duration. We take Germany as a case in point.}}, author = {{Noack, Peter and Buhl, Heike M.}}, booktitle = {{Growing together. Personal relationships across lifespan}}, editor = {{Lang, Frieder R. and Fingerman, Karen L.}}, pages = {{45 -- 75}}, publisher = {{University Press}}, title = {{{Child-parent relationships}}}, year = {{2004}}, } @article{32508, abstract = {{Relative power, conflict, and intimacy in adolescents' and young adults' relations with mothers, fathers, and best friends were examined. Two hundred eighty-five students from German high-track (i.e., university bound schools 6th, 9th, 12th grade), undergraduate and graduate students completed the respective scales of the Network of Relationships Inventory (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985). Relations with friends were more symmetrical and had a better socio-emotional quality than relations with parents. Still, increases in relative power in relations with parents were accompanied by low absolute levels of conflict. A symmetrical distribution of power in the family was not reached before the end of the third decade of life. To explore the influence of the entry into worklife on close relations, an additional subsample of 55 working young adults was compared with the participating university students. Despite slight differences in age-related patterns of intimacy, similarities prevailed. Overall, findings mostly converge with observations in U.S. samples of high school and college students and point to a more general process of relationship development as suggested by individuation theory.}}, author = {{Noack, Peter and Buhl, Heike M.}}, journal = {{Marriage and Family Review}}, number = {{3/4}}, pages = {{31 -- 51}}, title = {{{Relations with parents and friends during adolescence and early adulthood}}}, volume = {{36}}, year = {{2004}}, } @inbook{30893, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich and Neumann, Odmar}}, booktitle = {{Psycholinguistik – Psycholinguistics}}, editor = {{Rickheit, Gert and Herrmann, Theo and Deutsch, Werner}}, pages = {{190 -- 202}}, publisher = {{de Gruyter}}, title = {{{Reaktionszeitmessung: Allgemeinpsychologische Grundlage und psycholinguistische Anwendungen}}}, year = {{2003}}, } @article{6065, abstract = {{In the direct parameter specification (DPS) mode of sensorimotor control, response parameters can be specified by stimuli that are not consciously perceived [Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung 52 (1990) 207]. DPS is contingent on the current intentions. The invisible stimuli can be processed for the purposes of sensorimotor control only if they match the actual intentions, for example, share task-relevant features. The present experiments explore whether attentional capture by masked abrupt-onset stimuli is mediated via DPS. Participants judged which of two visual targets appeared first. Masked primes preceded one of the targets. The primes were either similar to the targets or not, in shape, or in color. Target-like (task-relevant), but not distractor-like (task-irrelevant), primes facilitated perceptual latencies of targets trailing at their positions. Thus, the latency effects resulted from DPS of an attention shift, rather than from bottom-up capture or from top-down }}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich}}, issn = {{0042-6989}}, journal = {{Vision Research}}, keywords = {{direct parameter specification, DPS, attention shift, latency priming, sensorimotor control, stimuli, task-relevant features, visual targets, color, shape, latency effects, Adult, Attention, Discrimination (Psychology), Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Attention, Perceptual Motor Processes, Response Latency, Stimulus Onset, Visual Stimulation, Form and Shape Perception, Sensory Adaptation}}, number = {{12}}, pages = {{1351 -- 1363}}, title = {{{Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming.}}}, volume = {{43}}, year = {{2003}}, } @article{6078, abstract = {{Four experiments investigated the influence of a metacontrast-masked prime on temporal order judgments. The main results were (1) that a masked prime reduced the latency of the mask's conscious perception (perceptual latency priming), (2) that this effect was independent of whether the prime suffered strong or weak masking, (3) that it was unaffected by the degree of visual similarity between the prime and the mask, and that (4) there was no difference between congruent and incongruent primes. Finding (1) suggests that location cueing affects not only response times but also the latency of conscious perception. (2) The finding that priming was unaffected by the prime's detectability argues against a response bias interpretation of this effect. (3) Since visual similarity had no effect on the prime's efficiency, it is unlikely that sensory priming was involved. (4) The lack of a divergence between the effects of congruent and incongruent primes implies a functional difference between t}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Neumann, Odmar}}, issn = {{0340-0727}}, journal = {{Psychological Research}}, keywords = {{perceptual latency priming, temporal order judgments, masked stimuli, unmasked stimuli, attentional interpretation, response times, location cueing, visual perception, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Perceptual Masking, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Perception, Masking, Reaction Time, Response Latency, Stimulus Parameters, Visual Contrast, Attention, Cues, Priming, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}}, number = {{3}}, pages = {{184 -- 196}}, title = {{{Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional interpretation.}}}, volume = {{67}}, year = {{2003}}, } @article{6086, abstract = {{Visual stimuli (primes) reduce the perceptual latency of a target appearing at the same location (perceptual latency priming, PLP). Three experiments assessed the time course of PLP by masked and, in Experiment 3, unmasked primes. Experiments 1 (N=11; mean age 26.9) and 2 (N=12; mean age 25.6) investigated the temporal parameters that determine the size of priming. Stimulus onset asynchrony was found to exert the main influence accompanied by a small effect of prime duration. Experiment 3 (N=19; mean age 27.7) used a large range of priming onset asynchronies. We suggest to explain PLP by the Asynchronous Updating Model which relates it to the asynchrony of 2 central coding processes, preattentive coding of basic visual features and attentional orienting as a prerequisite for perceptual judgments and conscious perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Neumann, Odmar}}, issn = {{0001-6918}}, journal = {{Acta Psychologica}}, keywords = {{perceptual latency priming, temporal parameters, Asynchronous Updating Model, time course, stimulus onset asynchrony, visual masking, attention, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Priming, Stimulus Onset, Visual Masking, Visual Perception, Models, Time}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{185 -- 203}}, title = {{{Temporal parameters and time course of perceptual latency priming.}}}, volume = {{113}}, year = {{2003}}, } @inbook{32506, author = {{Buhl, Heike M.}}, booktitle = {{Jugendzeit - Time out? Die Ausgestaltung des Jugendalters als Moratorium}}, editor = {{Reinders, Heinz and Wild, Elke}}, pages = {{257 -- 276}}, publisher = {{Leske + Budrich}}, title = {{{Personale Bedingungen reziproker Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen}}}, year = {{2003}}, } @article{32505, abstract = {{Die Eltern-Kind-Beziehung im Erwachsenenalter kann in Anlehnung an individuationstheoretische Konzeptionen anhand der übergeordneten Faktoren Verbundenheit und Abgrenzung beschrieben werden. Zugleich postuliert der individuationstheoretische Ansatz Beziehungsdyamik, insbesondere im Bereich der Abgrenzung. Empirische Evidenzen sprechen darüber hinaus für Veränderungen auch im Bereich der Verbundenheit, die oft in Zusammenhang mit biographischen Übergängen beobachtet worden sind. In Weiterführung vorliegender Arbeiten, mit denen vor allem private Übergänge untersucht wurden, ist die Transition in den Beruf Gegenstand dieses Artikels. Dazu wurden Studierende und Berufstätige im frühen Erwachsenenalter sowie nach Möglichkeit beide Eltern befragt. Es nahmen 130 junge Erwachsene (Alter 21 bis 34 Jahre), 114 Mütter (40 bis 73 Jahre) und 89 Väter (43 bis 75 Jahre) teil. Abgrenzung und Verbundenheit wurden jeweils anhand eines Fragebogens hinsichtlich emotionaler, kognitiver und behavioraler Merkmale erfasst. In den Angaben der Kinder, nicht aber in denen der Eltern, zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen Studierenden und Berufstätigen, die sich als weniger verbunden und stärker abgegrenzt beschreiben. Es finden sich Generationen- und Geschlechtsunterschiede, letztere besonders zwischen Müttern und Vätern. Die Ergebnisse werden als Erweiterung individuationstheoretischer Arbeiten diskutiert.}}, author = {{Buhl, Heike M. and Wittmann, Simone and Noack, Peter}}, journal = {{Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie}}, number = {{3}}, pages = {{144 -- 152}}, title = {{{Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen studierender und berufstätiger junger Erwachsener}}}, doi = {{10.1026//0049-8637.35.3.144}}, volume = {{35}}, year = {{2003}}, } @article{6072, abstract = {{According to the concept of direct parameter specification, nonconsciously registered information can be processed to the extent that it matches currently active intentions of a person. This prediction was tested and confirmed in the current study. Masked visual information provided by peripheral cues led to reaction time (RT) effects only if the information specified one of the required responses (Experiments 1 and 3). Information delivered by the same masked cues that did not match the intentions was not used. However, the same information influenced RT if it was provided by visible cues (Experiments 2 and 3). The results suggest that the processing of nonconsciously registered information is flexible because it is susceptible to the changing intentions of a person. Yet, these processes are apparently restricted as nonconsciously registered information cannot be used as easily for purposes not corresponding to the currently active intentions as better visible information. (PsycINFO }}, author = {{Ansorge, Ulrich and Heumann, Manfred and Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{1053-8100}}, journal = {{Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal}}, keywords = {{active intentions, cues, direct parameter specification, nonconscious processing ability, Adult, Consciousness, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Perceptual Masking, Photic Stimulation, Visual Perception, Awareness, Cognitive Processes, Cues, Intention, Consciousness States, Probability}}, number = {{4}}, pages = {{528 -- 545}}, title = {{{Influences of visibility, intentions, and probability in a peripheral cuing task.}}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2002}}, } @inbook{30897, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich}}, booktitle = {{Dynamic Perception: Workshop of GI section 1.0.4 "Image Understanding" and the European Networks MUHCI and ECOVISION}}, editor = {{Würtz, Rolf P. and Lappe, Markus}}, isbn = {{978-3-89838-032-4}}, pages = {{89 -- 95}}, publisher = {{AKA IOS Press}}, title = {{{Exogenous and intention-dependent control of attention shifts in dynamic displays}}}, year = {{2002}}, } @article{6074, abstract = {{Presenting a masked prime leading a target influences the perceived onset of the masking target. This priming effect is explained by the asynchronous updating model: The prime initiates attentional allocation toward its location, which renders a trailing target at the same place consciously available earlier. In 3 experiments, this perceptual latency priming by leading primes was examined jointly with the effects of trailing primes in order to compare the explanation of the asynchronous updating model with the onset-averaging and the P-center hypotheses. Exp 1 (n=15, mean age 27.1 yrs) showed that an attended, as well as an unattended, prime leads to perceptual latency priming. In addition, a large effect of trailing primes on the onset of a target was found. As Exp 2 (n=13, mean age 26.5 yrs) demonstrated, this effect is quite robust, although smaller than that of a leading prime. In Exp 3 (n=13, mean age 24.8 yrs), masked primes were used. Under these conditions, no influence of tra}}, author = {{Scharlau, Ingrid}}, issn = {{0031-5117}}, journal = {{Perception & Psychophysics}}, keywords = {{attention, leading primes, trailing primes, temporal order perception, perceptual latency priming, Adult, Attention, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking, Random Allocation, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Attention, Masking, Priming, Stimulus Frequency, Temporal Frequency, Temporal Order (Judgment)}}, number = {{8}}, pages = {{1346 -- 1360}}, title = {{{Leading, but not trailing, primes influence temporal order perception: Further evidence for an attentional account of perceptual latency priming.}}}, volume = {{64}}, year = {{2002}}, } @inbook{32504, author = {{Papastefanou, Christiane and Buhl, Heike M.}}, booktitle = {{Lehrbuch Familienbeziehungen. Eltern und Kinder in der Entwicklung}}, editor = {{Hofer, Manfred and Wild, Elke and Noack, Peter}}, pages = {{265 -- 289}}, publisher = {{Hogrefe}}, title = {{{Familien mit Kindern im frühen Erwachsenenalter}}}, year = {{2002}}, } @article{28944, abstract = {{Visual conscious perception could be grounded in a nonconscious sensorimotor domain. Although invisible, information can be processed up to the level of response activation. Moreover, these nonconscious processes are modified by actual intentions. This notion bridges a gap in the theoretical framework of O'Regan & Noë.}}, author = {{Ansorge, Ulrich and Scharlau, Ingrid and Heumann, Manfred and Klotz, Werner}}, issn = {{0140-525X}}, journal = {{Behavioral and Brain Sciences}}, pages = {{974--975}}, title = {{{Visual conscious perception could be grounded in a nonconscious sensorimotor domain}}}, doi = {{10.1017/s0140525x01230118}}, volume = {{24}}, year = {{2001}}, } @article{32503, abstract = {{Two parameters of language production, the partner model and the mentally represented knowledge about a spatial constellation, are investigated with respect to their influence on spatial reference. At issue is whether the verbally expressed point of view in route directions is primarily influenced by the needs of the partner or by the underlying mental representation of the speaker stemming from his or her own experience with an object. Two experiments in which participants (N 5 90) were asked to produce a set of route directions are reported. The experimental situation was such that the point of view of the speaker did not correspond to the point of view of the partner. The results show that more participants localize from their own point of view than from the point of view of the partner. Discussion centers on the fact that speakers do not always behave in a truly partner-oriented manner.}}, author = {{Buhl, Heike M.}}, journal = {{Journal of Psycholinguistic Research}}, keywords = {{language production, partner model, mental representation, spatial point of view, route direction}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{549 -- 567}}, title = {{{Partner orientation and speaker’s knowledge as conflicting parameters in language production}}}, volume = {{30}}, year = {{2001}}, } @article{32502, author = {{Hofer, Manfred and Buhl, Heike M.}}, journal = {{Psychologische Beiträge}}, number = {{4}}, pages = {{709 -- 721}}, title = {{{Der Einfluss der sozialen Beziehung auf die Äußerung in einer Konfliktsituation. Ein experimenteller Beitrag zur Mutter-Tochter-Interaktion}}}, volume = {{43}}, year = {{2001}}, } @article{32501, author = {{Buhl, Heike M. and Noack, Peter}}, journal = {{Newsletter der Fachgruppe Entwicklungspsychologie in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie}}, pages = {{11 -- 13}}, title = {{{Die Beziehung zwischen Erwachsenen und ihren Eltern}}}, volume = {{1}}, year = {{2001}}, } @article{32499, abstract = {{Der Artikel befaßt sich mit Determinanten der Linearisierung beim Sprechen über Raum. Die bekannten Linearisierungsprinzipien, wie das Prinzip der natürlichen Ordnung, berücksichtigen in erster Linie Kennzeichen des zu sequenzierenden Materials und des Sprachproduktionsprozesses. Ausgangspunkt unserer Untersuchungen ist die Annahme, daß die sprachliche Linearisierung von Raumkomponenten zudem vom Wissenserwerb beeinflußt wird. Zur Prüfung dieser Annahme werden sechs Experimente vorgelegt (N = 272). Die Teilnehmenden erwarben dabei Wissen über eine räumliche Anordnung, über die sie anschließend sprachen. Die dabei verwendete Linearisierung wurde als abhängige Variable erhoben. In allen Experimenten zeigten sich Einflüsse des Wissenserwerbs, worauf wir als Geneseeffekt rekurrieren. Besondere Bedeutsamkeit kam der ersten Erfahrung mit einer Anordnung zu (Ankereffekt). Charakteristika beider Effekte werden dargestellt und vor dem Hintergrund von Gedächtnis- und Sprachpsychologie diskutiert.}}, author = {{Buhl, Heike M. and Katz, Steffi and Schweizer, Karin and Herrmann, Theo}}, journal = {{Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{17 -- 33}}, title = {{{Einflüsse des Wissenserwerbs auf die Linearisierung beim Sprechen über räumliche Anordnungen}}}, volume = {{47}}, year = {{2000}}, } @article{32500, abstract = {{Gegenstand des Artikels ist die Beziehung Erwachsener zu ihren Eltern, die vor dem Hintergrund individuationstheoretischer Konzeptionen hinsichtlich Abgrenzung und Verbundenheit sowie weiterer relevanter Beziehungsmerkmale untersucht wird. Annahme ist, daß sich die Beziehung im Erwachsenenalter mit dem Absolvieren biographischer Übergänge (Auszug aus dem Elternhaus, Partnerschaft, Erstelternschaft) hin zu mehr Abgrenzung verändert, während die Verbundenheit in der Beziehung unverändert hoch sein sollte. Zur Untersuchung dieser Hypothesen bearbeiteten 114 junge Erwachsene und 27 Erwachsene im mittleren Alter neun zentrale Skalen des Network of Relationships Inventory. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Einflüsse der Lebenssituation wie auch des Alters auf Abgrenzung, aber auch Verbundenheit. Dabei ist zwischen der Beziehung zu Mutter und Vater zu unterscheiden. Im mittleren Erwachsenenalter führt eine Verbesserung der Beziehung zum Vater zur Angleichung der Beziehung zum Vater an die zur Mutter.}}, author = {{Buhl, Heike M.}}, journal = {{Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation}}, pages = {{391 -- 409}}, title = {{{Biographische Übergänge und Alter als Determinanten der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung im Erwachsenenalter}}}, volume = {{4}}, year = {{2000}}, } @misc{32467, booktitle = {{Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation}}, editor = {{Masche, J. Gowert and Buhl, Heike M.}}, number = {{4}}, title = {{{Beziehungen Erwachsener zu ihren Eltern}}}, volume = {{20}}, year = {{2000}}, }