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By developing a microscopic model of spin-dependent optical gain derived from an accurate electronic structure in a quantum-well-based laser, we study how its operation properties can be modified by spin-polarized carriers, carrier density, and resonant cavity design. We reveal that by applying a uniaxial strain, it is possible to attain a large birefringence. While such birefringence is viewed as detrimental in conventional lasers, it could enable fast polarization oscillations of the emitted light in spin lasers, which can be exploited for optical communication and high-performance interconnects. The resulting oscillation frequency (>200 GHz) would significantly exceed the frequency range possible in conventional lasers.","lang":"eng"}],"publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","_id":"59691","user_id":"15911","volume":92,"status":"public","citation":{"chicago":"Faria Junior, Paulo E., Gaofeng Xu, Jeongsu Lee, Nils Christopher Gerhardt, Guilherme M. 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Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers. <i>Physical Review B</i>. 2015;92(7). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>","bibtex":"@article{Faria Junior_Xu_Lee_Gerhardt_Sipahi_Žutić_2015, title={Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers}, volume={92}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>}, number={7075311}, journal={Physical Review B}, publisher={American Physical Society (APS)}, author={Faria Junior, Paulo E. and Xu, Gaofeng and Lee, Jeongsu and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Sipahi, Guilherme M. and Žutić, Igor}, year={2015} }","mla":"Faria Junior, Paulo E., et al. “Toward High-Frequency Operation of Spin Lasers.” <i>Physical Review B</i>, vol. 92, no. 7, 075311, American Physical Society (APS), 2015, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>."},"quality_controlled":"1"},{"citation":{"chicago":"Olfert, Sergei, and Bernd Henning. <i>Schallfeldcharakterisierung Mittels Schlierentechnik</i>. Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V, 2015.","short":"S. Olfert, B. Henning, Schallfeldcharakterisierung Mittels Schlierentechnik, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V, Berlin, 2015.","apa":"Olfert, S., &#38; Henning, B. (2015). <i>Schallfeldcharakterisierung mittels Schlierentechnik</i> (pp. 1560–1561). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V.","ieee":"S. Olfert and B. Henning, <i>Schallfeldcharakterisierung mittels Schlierentechnik</i>. Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V, 2015, pp. 1560–1561.","ama":"Olfert S, Henning B. <i>Schallfeldcharakterisierung Mittels Schlierentechnik</i>. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V; 2015:1560-1561.","bibtex":"@book{Olfert_Henning_2015, place={Berlin}, title={Schallfeldcharakterisierung mittels Schlierentechnik}, publisher={Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V}, author={Olfert, Sergei and Henning, Bernd}, year={2015}, pages={1560–1561} }","mla":"Olfert, Sergei, and Bernd Henning. <i>Schallfeldcharakterisierung Mittels Schlierentechnik</i>. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V, 2015, pp. 1560–61."},"department":[{"_id":"49"}],"type":"misc","date_created":"2019-10-16T14:30:35Z","place":"Berlin","date_updated":"2026-02-19T12:36:54Z","author":[{"first_name":"Sergei","last_name":"Olfert","full_name":"Olfert, Sergei"},{"full_name":"Henning, Bernd","first_name":"Bernd","last_name":"Henning","id":"213"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-939296-08-9"]},"status":"public","year":"2015","title":"Schallfeldcharakterisierung mittels Schlierentechnik","user_id":"15911","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"13896","publisher":"Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V","page":"1560-1561"},{"abstract":[{"text":"Injecting spin-polarized carriers into semiconductor lasers provides important opportunities to extend what is known about spintronic devices, as well as to overcome many limitations of conventional (spin-unpolarized) lasers. By developing a microscopic model of spin-dependent optical gain derived from an accurate electronic structure in a quantum-well-based laser, we study how its operation properties can be modified by spin-polarized carriers, carrier density, and resonant cavity design. We reveal that by applying a uniaxial strain, it is possible to attain a large birefringence. While such birefringence is viewed as detrimental in conventional lasers, it could enable fast polarization oscillations of the emitted light in spin lasers, which can be exploited for optical communication and high-performance interconnects. The resulting oscillation frequency (>200 GHz) would significantly exceed the frequency range possible in conventional lasers.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1","issue":"7","publication":"Physical Review B","type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"977"}],"date_created":"2025-04-25T10:21:05Z","date_updated":"2026-02-20T11:02:52Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        92","article_type":"original","title":"Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers","year":"2015","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1098-0121","1550-235X"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Faria Junior","first_name":"Paulo E.","full_name":"Faria Junior, Paulo E."},{"first_name":"Gaofeng","last_name":"Xu","full_name":"Xu, Gaofeng"},{"last_name":"Lee","first_name":"Jeongsu","full_name":"Lee, Jeongsu"},{"first_name":"Nils Christopher","last_name":"Gerhardt","orcid":"0009-0002-5538-231X","full_name":"Gerhardt, Nils Christopher","id":"115298"},{"last_name":"Sipahi","first_name":"Guilherme M.","full_name":"Sipahi, Guilherme M."},{"full_name":"Žutić, Igor","first_name":"Igor","last_name":"Žutić"}],"doi":"10.1103/physrevb.92.075311","article_number":"075311","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ama":"Faria Junior PE, Xu G, Lee J, Gerhardt NC, Sipahi GM, Žutić I. Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers. <i>Physical Review B</i>. 2015;92(7). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>","bibtex":"@article{Faria Junior_Xu_Lee_Gerhardt_Sipahi_Žutić_2015, title={Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers}, volume={92}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>}, number={7075311}, journal={Physical Review B}, publisher={American Physical Society (APS)}, author={Faria Junior, Paulo E. and Xu, Gaofeng and Lee, Jeongsu and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Sipahi, Guilherme M. and Žutić, Igor}, year={2015} }","mla":"Faria Junior, Paulo E., et al. “Toward High-Frequency Operation of Spin Lasers.” <i>Physical Review B</i>, vol. 92, no. 7, 075311, American Physical Society (APS), 2015, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>.","chicago":"Faria Junior, Paulo E., Gaofeng Xu, Jeongsu Lee, Nils Christopher Gerhardt, Guilherme M. Sipahi, and Igor Žutić. “Toward High-Frequency Operation of Spin Lasers.” <i>Physical Review B</i> 92, no. 7 (2015). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>.","short":"P.E. Faria Junior, G. Xu, J. Lee, N.C. Gerhardt, G.M. Sipahi, I. Žutić, Physical Review B 92 (2015).","apa":"Faria Junior, P. E., Xu, G., Lee, J., Gerhardt, N. C., Sipahi, G. M., &#38; Žutić, I. (2015). Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers. <i>Physical Review B</i>, <i>92</i>(7), Article 075311. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>","ieee":"P. E. Faria Junior, G. Xu, J. Lee, N. C. Gerhardt, G. M. Sipahi, and I. Žutić, “Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers,” <i>Physical Review B</i>, vol. 92, no. 7, Art. no. 075311, 2015, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>."},"status":"public","user_id":"15911","volume":92,"_id":"59693","publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)"},{"date_created":"2026-02-20T10:04:17Z","department":[{"_id":"977"}],"type":"conference","citation":{"chicago":"Lindemann, Markus, Nils Christopher Gerhardt, Martin Hofmann, Tobias Pusch, and Rainer Michalzik. “Tu­ning the Fre­quen­cy of Po­la­riza­t­i­on Oscil­la­ti­ons in Spin VC­SELs by Me­cha­ni­cal Strain In­duc­tion in GHz-Ran­ge.” In <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>, 2015.","short":"M. Lindemann, N.C. Gerhardt, M. Hofmann, T. Pusch, R. Michalzik, in: The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015, 2015.","ama":"Lindemann M, Gerhardt NC, Hofmann M, Pusch T, Michalzik R. Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge. In: <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>. ; 2015.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Lindemann_Gerhardt_Hofmann_Pusch_Michalzik_2015, title={Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge}, booktitle={The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015}, author={Lindemann, Markus and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Hofmann, Martin and Pusch, Tobias and Michalzik, Rainer}, year={2015} }","apa":"Lindemann, M., Gerhardt, N. C., Hofmann, M., Pusch, T., &#38; Michalzik, R. (2015). Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge. <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>.","mla":"Lindemann, Markus, et al. “Tu­ning the Fre­quen­cy of Po­la­riza­t­i­on Oscil­la­ti­ons in Spin VC­SELs by Me­cha­ni­cal Strain In­duc­tion in GHz-Ran­ge.” <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>, 2015.","ieee":"M. Lindemann, N. C. Gerhardt, M. Hofmann, T. Pusch, and R. Michalzik, “Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge,” 2015."},"publication":"The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"64444","user_id":"15911","author":[{"full_name":"Lindemann, Markus","first_name":"Markus","last_name":"Lindemann"},{"id":"115298","full_name":"Gerhardt, Nils Christopher","first_name":"Nils Christopher","orcid":"0009-0002-5538-231X","last_name":"Gerhardt"},{"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Hofmann","full_name":"Hofmann, Martin"},{"full_name":"Pusch, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Pusch"},{"full_name":"Michalzik, Rainer","last_name":"Michalzik","first_name":"Rainer"}],"status":"public","year":"2015","title":"Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge","date_updated":"2026-02-25T09:58:12Z"},{"date_created":"2026-02-20T10:04:16Z","type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"977"}],"publication":"The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015","citation":{"ieee":"M. Lindemann, N. C. Gerhardt, M. Hofmann, T. Pusch, and R. Michalzik, “Increasing the birefringence of VCSELs beyond 250 GHz,” 2015.","mla":"Lindemann, Markus, et al. “Increasing the Birefringence of VCSELs beyond 250 GHz.” <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>, 2015.","apa":"Lindemann, M., Gerhardt, N. C., Hofmann, M., Pusch, T., &#38; Michalzik, R. (2015). Increasing the birefringence of VCSELs beyond 250 GHz. <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Lindemann_Gerhardt_Hofmann_Pusch_Michalzik_2015, title={Increasing the birefringence of VCSELs beyond 250 GHz}, booktitle={The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015}, author={Lindemann, Markus and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Hofmann, Martin and Pusch, T. and Michalzik, Rainer}, year={2015} }","chicago":"Lindemann, Markus, Nils Christopher Gerhardt, Martin Hofmann, T. Pusch, and Rainer Michalzik. “Increasing the Birefringence of VCSELs beyond 250 GHz.” In <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>, 2015.","short":"M. Lindemann, N.C. Gerhardt, M. Hofmann, T. Pusch, R. Michalzik, in: The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015, 2015.","ama":"Lindemann M, Gerhardt NC, Hofmann M, Pusch T, Michalzik R. Increasing the birefringence of VCSELs beyond 250 GHz. In: <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>. ; 2015."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"64441","user_id":"15911","title":"Increasing the birefringence of VCSELs beyond 250 GHz","year":"2015","status":"public","author":[{"full_name":"Lindemann, Markus","last_name":"Lindemann","first_name":"Markus"},{"id":"115298","orcid":"0009-0002-5538-231X","first_name":"Nils Christopher","last_name":"Gerhardt","full_name":"Gerhardt, Nils Christopher"},{"last_name":"Hofmann","first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Hofmann, Martin"},{"first_name":"T.","last_name":"Pusch","full_name":"Pusch, T."},{"full_name":"Michalzik, Rainer","first_name":"Rainer","last_name":"Michalzik"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-25T09:59:12Z"},{"citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Schellenberg_Finkeldey_Richter_Gerhardt_Hofmann_Paar_Schäpers_2015, title={On the complexity reduction of laser fault injection campaigns using OBIC measurements}, author={Schellenberg, Falk and Finkeldey, Markus and Richter, Bastian and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Hofmann, Martin R. and Paar, Christof and Schäpers, Maximilian}, year={2015} }","chicago":"Schellenberg, Falk, Markus Finkeldey, Bastian Richter, Nils Christopher Gerhardt, Martin R. Hofmann, Christof Paar, and Maximilian Schäpers. “On the Complexity Reduction of Laser Fault Injection Campaigns Using OBIC Measurements,” 2015.","short":"F. Schellenberg, M. Finkeldey, B. Richter, N.C. Gerhardt, M.R. Hofmann, C. Paar, M. Schäpers, (2015).","ama":"Schellenberg F, Finkeldey M, Richter B, et al. On the complexity reduction of laser fault injection campaigns using OBIC measurements. Published online 2015.","ieee":"F. Schellenberg <i>et al.</i>, “On the complexity reduction of laser fault injection campaigns using OBIC measurements.” 2015.","apa":"Schellenberg, F., Finkeldey, M., Richter, B., Gerhardt, N. C., Hofmann, M. R., Paar, C., &#38; Schäpers, M. (2015). <i>On the complexity reduction of laser fault injection campaigns using OBIC measurements</i>.","mla":"Schellenberg, Falk, et al. <i>On the Complexity Reduction of Laser Fault Injection Campaigns Using OBIC Measurements</i>. 2015."},"department":[{"_id":"977"}],"type":"preprint","date_created":"2026-02-20T10:04:16Z","date_updated":"2026-02-25T09:59:30Z","author":[{"last_name":"Schellenberg","first_name":"Falk","full_name":"Schellenberg, Falk"},{"full_name":"Finkeldey, Markus","last_name":"Finkeldey","first_name":"Markus"},{"full_name":"Richter, Bastian","last_name":"Richter","first_name":"Bastian"},{"orcid":"0009-0002-5538-231X","first_name":"Nils Christopher","last_name":"Gerhardt","full_name":"Gerhardt, Nils Christopher","id":"115298"},{"full_name":"Hofmann, Martin R.","last_name":"Hofmann","first_name":"Martin R."},{"last_name":"Paar","first_name":"Christof","full_name":"Paar, Christof"},{"full_name":"Schäpers, Maximilian","first_name":"Maximilian","last_name":"Schäpers"}],"year":"2015","status":"public","title":"On the complexity reduction of laser fault injection campaigns using OBIC measurements","user_id":"15911","_id":"64442","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]}]