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By developing a microscopic model of spin-dependent optical gain derived from an accurate electronic structure in a quantum-well-based laser, we study how its operation properties can be modified by spin-polarized carriers, carrier density, and resonant cavity design. We reveal that by applying a uniaxial strain, it is possible to attain a large birefringence. While such birefringence is viewed as detrimental in conventional lasers, it could enable fast polarization oscillations of the emitted light in spin lasers, which can be exploited for optical communication and high-performance interconnects. 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By developing a microscopic model of spin-dependent optical gain derived from an accurate electronic structure in a quantum-well-based laser, we study how its operation properties can be modified by spin-polarized carriers, carrier density, and resonant cavity design. We reveal that by applying a uniaxial strain, it is possible to attain a large birefringence. While such birefringence is viewed as detrimental in conventional lasers, it could enable fast polarization oscillations of the emitted light in spin lasers, which can be exploited for optical communication and high-performance interconnects. The resulting oscillation frequency (>200 GHz) would significantly exceed the frequency range possible in conventional lasers."}],"date_created":"2025-04-25T10:21:05Z","department":[{"_id":"977"}],"type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1098-0121","1550-235X"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Faria Junior, Paulo E.","last_name":"Faria Junior","first_name":"Paulo E."},{"full_name":"Xu, Gaofeng","first_name":"Gaofeng","last_name":"Xu"},{"last_name":"Lee","first_name":"Jeongsu","full_name":"Lee, Jeongsu"},{"id":"115298","first_name":"Nils Christopher","last_name":"Gerhardt","orcid":"0009-0002-5538-231X","full_name":"Gerhardt, Nils Christopher"},{"first_name":"Guilherme M.","last_name":"Sipahi","full_name":"Sipahi, Guilherme M."},{"full_name":"Žutić, Igor","last_name":"Žutić","first_name":"Igor"}],"year":"2015","title":"Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers","article_type":"original","intvolume":"        92","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-02-20T11:02:52Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"075311","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.92.075311","citation":{"mla":"Faria Junior, Paulo E., et al. “Toward High-Frequency Operation of Spin Lasers.” <i>Physical Review B</i>, vol. 92, no. 7, 075311, American Physical Society (APS), 2015, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>.","ama":"Faria Junior PE, Xu G, Lee J, Gerhardt NC, Sipahi GM, Žutić I. Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers. <i>Physical Review B</i>. 2015;92(7). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>","bibtex":"@article{Faria Junior_Xu_Lee_Gerhardt_Sipahi_Žutić_2015, title={Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers}, volume={92}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>}, number={7075311}, journal={Physical Review B}, publisher={American Physical Society (APS)}, author={Faria Junior, Paulo E. and Xu, Gaofeng and Lee, Jeongsu and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Sipahi, Guilherme M. and Žutić, Igor}, year={2015} }","apa":"Faria Junior, P. E., Xu, G., Lee, J., Gerhardt, N. C., Sipahi, G. M., &#38; Žutić, I. (2015). Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers. <i>Physical Review B</i>, <i>92</i>(7), Article 075311. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>","ieee":"P. E. Faria Junior, G. Xu, J. Lee, N. C. Gerhardt, G. M. Sipahi, and I. Žutić, “Toward high-frequency operation of spin lasers,” <i>Physical Review B</i>, vol. 92, no. 7, Art. no. 075311, 2015, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>.","short":"P.E. Faria Junior, G. Xu, J. Lee, N.C. Gerhardt, G.M. Sipahi, I. Žutić, Physical Review B 92 (2015).","chicago":"Faria Junior, Paulo E., Gaofeng Xu, Jeongsu Lee, Nils Christopher Gerhardt, Guilherme M. Sipahi, and Igor Žutić. “Toward High-Frequency Operation of Spin Lasers.” <i>Physical Review B</i> 92, no. 7 (2015). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.075311</a>."},"quality_controlled":"1","status":"public","publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","_id":"59693","volume":92,"user_id":"15911"},{"user_id":"15911","_id":"64444","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-25T09:58:12Z","author":[{"first_name":"Markus","last_name":"Lindemann","full_name":"Lindemann, Markus"},{"last_name":"Gerhardt","orcid":"0009-0002-5538-231X","first_name":"Nils Christopher","full_name":"Gerhardt, Nils Christopher","id":"115298"},{"full_name":"Hofmann, Martin","first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Hofmann"},{"full_name":"Pusch, Tobias","last_name":"Pusch","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Rainer","last_name":"Michalzik","full_name":"Michalzik, Rainer"}],"title":"Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge","year":"2015","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"977"}],"type":"conference","date_created":"2026-02-20T10:04:17Z","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Lindemann_Gerhardt_Hofmann_Pusch_Michalzik_2015, title={Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge}, booktitle={The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015}, author={Lindemann, Markus and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Hofmann, Martin and Pusch, Tobias and Michalzik, Rainer}, year={2015} }","ama":"Lindemann M, Gerhardt NC, Hofmann M, Pusch T, Michalzik R. Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge. In: <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>. ; 2015.","short":"M. Lindemann, N.C. Gerhardt, M. Hofmann, T. Pusch, R. Michalzik, in: The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015, 2015.","chicago":"Lindemann, Markus, Nils Christopher Gerhardt, Martin Hofmann, Tobias Pusch, and Rainer Michalzik. “Tu­ning the Fre­quen­cy of Po­la­riza­t­i­on Oscil­la­ti­ons in Spin VC­SELs by Me­cha­ni­cal Strain In­duc­tion in GHz-Ran­ge.” In <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>, 2015.","ieee":"M. Lindemann, N. C. Gerhardt, M. Hofmann, T. Pusch, and R. Michalzik, “Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge,” 2015.","mla":"Lindemann, Markus, et al. “Tu­ning the Fre­quen­cy of Po­la­riza­t­i­on Oscil­la­ti­ons in Spin VC­SELs by Me­cha­ni­cal Strain In­duc­tion in GHz-Ran­ge.” <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>, 2015.","apa":"Lindemann, M., Gerhardt, N. C., Hofmann, M., Pusch, T., &#38; Michalzik, R. (2015). Tu­ning the fre­quen­cy of po­la­riza­t­i­on oscil­la­ti­ons in spin VC­SELs by me­cha­ni­cal strain in­duc­tion in GHz-ran­ge. <i>The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015</i>."},"publication":"The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2015"},{"department":[{"_id":"977"}],"type":"conference","date_created":"2026-02-20T10:04:16Z","citation":{"ieee":"M. Lindemann, N. C. Gerhardt, M. Hofmann, T. Pusch, and R. 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Ad­in­da-Oug­ba, N. Koukourakis, N. C. Gerhardt, and M. Hofmann, “Simple concept for a wide-field lensless digital holographic microscope using a laser diode,” <i>Current directions in biomedical engineering</i>, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 261–264, 2015, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0065\">10.1515/cdbme-2015-0065</a>.","mla":"Ad­in­da-Oug­ba, Adamou, et al. “Simple Concept for a Wide-Field Lensless Digital Holographic Microscope Using a Laser Diode.” <i>Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering</i>, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015, pp. 261–64, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0065\">10.1515/cdbme-2015-0065</a>.","apa":"Ad­in­da-Oug­ba, A., Koukourakis, N., Gerhardt, N. C., &#38; Hofmann, M. (2015). 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Laser-diode-based photoacoustic setup to analyze Grüneisen relaxation-effect induced signal enhancement. In: <i>Opto-Acoustic Methods and Applications in Biophotonics II</i>. ; 2015. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2183957\">10.1117/12.2183957</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Cherkashin_Brenner_Schnitzler_Döpke_Gerhardt_Hofmann_2015, title={Laser-diode-based photoacoustic setup to analyze Grüneisen relaxation-effect induced signal enhancement}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2183957\">10.1117/12.2183957</a>}, booktitle={Opto-acoustic methods and applications in biophotonics II}, author={Cherkashin, Maxim N. and Brenner, Carsten and Schnitzler, Lena and Döpke, Benjamin and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Hofmann, Martin}, year={2015} }","mla":"Cherkashin, Maxim N., et al. “Laser-Diode-Based Photoacoustic Setup to Analyze Grüneisen Relaxation-Effect Induced Signal Enhancement.” <i>Opto-Acoustic Methods and Applications in Biophotonics II</i>, 2015, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2183957\">10.1117/12.2183957</a>.","chicago":"Cherkashin, Maxim N., Carsten Brenner, Lena Schnitzler, Benjamin Döpke, Nils Christopher Gerhardt, and Martin Hofmann. “Laser-Diode-Based Photoacoustic Setup to Analyze Grüneisen Relaxation-Effect Induced Signal Enhancement.” In <i>Opto-Acoustic Methods and Applications in Biophotonics II</i>, 2015. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2183957\">https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2183957</a>.","short":"M.N. 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Hofmann, “Laser-diode-based photoacoustic setup to analyze Grüneisen relaxation-effect induced signal enhancement,” 2015, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2183957\">10.1117/12.2183957</a>."}},{"year":"2015","title":"Ultrafast polarization dynamics with controlled polarization oscillations in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers","status":"public","author":[{"full_name":"Lindemann, Markus","last_name":"Lindemann","first_name":"Markus"},{"full_name":"Höpfner, Henning","last_name":"Höpfner","first_name":"Henning"},{"first_name":"Nils Christopher","orcid":"0009-0002-5538-231X","last_name":"Gerhardt","full_name":"Gerhardt, Nils Christopher","id":"115298"},{"first_name":"Martin R.","last_name":"Hofmann","full_name":"Hofmann, Martin R."},{"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Pusch","full_name":"Pusch, Tobias"},{"full_name":"Michalzik, Rainer","first_name":"Rainer","last_name":"Michalzik"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-25T10:00:37Z","page":"1 - 7","_id":"64436","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"15911","doi":"10.1117/12.2076920","publication":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers XIX","citation":{"mla":"Lindemann, Markus, et al. “Ultrafast Polarization Dynamics with Controlled Polarization Oscillations in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers.” <i>Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers XIX</i>, 2015, pp. 1–7, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076920\">10.1117/12.2076920</a>.","ama":"Lindemann M, Höpfner H, Gerhardt NC, Hofmann MR, Pusch T, Michalzik R. Ultrafast polarization dynamics with controlled polarization oscillations in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. In: <i>Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers XIX</i>. ; 2015:1-7. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076920\">10.1117/12.2076920</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Lindemann_Höpfner_Gerhardt_Hofmann_Pusch_Michalzik_2015, title={Ultrafast polarization dynamics with controlled polarization oscillations in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076920\">10.1117/12.2076920</a>}, booktitle={Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers XIX}, author={Lindemann, Markus and Höpfner, Henning and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Hofmann, Martin R. and Pusch, Tobias and Michalzik, Rainer}, year={2015}, pages={1–7} }","apa":"Lindemann, M., Höpfner, H., Gerhardt, N. C., Hofmann, M. R., Pusch, T., &#38; Michalzik, R. (2015). 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