TY - JOUR AB - In the present study, we examined whether the detection advantage for negative-face targets in crowds of positive-face distractors over positive-face targets in crowds of negative faces can be explained by differentially efficient distractor rejection. Search Condition A demonstrated more efficient distractor rejection with negative-face targets in positive-face crowds than vice versa. Search Condition B showed that target identity alone is not sufficient to account for this effect, because there was no difference in processing efficiency for positive- and negative-face targets within neutral crowds. Search Condition C showed differentially efficient processing with neutral-face targets among positive- or negative-face distractors. These results were obtained with both a within-participants (Experiment 1) and a between-participants (Experiment 2) design. The pattern of results is consistent with the assumption that efficient rejection of positive (more homogenous) distractors is an im AU - Horstmann, Gernot AU - Scharlau, Ingrid AU - Ansorge, Ulrich ID - 6076 IS - 6 JF - Psychonomic Bulletin & Review KW - angry face distractors KW - visual search KW - negative face distractors KW - Adult KW - Anger KW - Attention KW - Face KW - Female KW - Happiness KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Rejection (Psychology) KW - Visual Perception KW - Distraction KW - Face Perception KW - Visual Perception KW - Visual Search SN - 1069-9384 TI - More efficient rejection of happy than of angry face distractors in visual search. VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the current study, we tested whether search for a visual motion singleton presented among several coherently moving distractors can be more efficient than search for a motion stimulus presented with a single distractor. Under a variety of conditions, multiple spatially distributed and coherently moving distractors facilitated search for a uniquely moving target relative to a single-motion-distractor condition (Experiments 1,3, and 4). Color coherencies among static distractors were not equally effective (Experiments 1 and 2). These results confirm that humans are highly sensitive to antagonistically directed motion signals in backgrounds compared with spatially more confined regions of visual images. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) AU - Ansorge, Ulrich AU - Scharlau, Ingrid AU - Labudda, Kirsten ID - 6094 IS - 2 JF - Psychological Research KW - visual search KW - motion singleton KW - visual images KW - visual motion KW - coherently moving distractors KW - Adult KW - Attention KW - Exploratory Behavior KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Motion Perception KW - Visual Perception KW - Motion Perception KW - Stimulus Salience KW - Visual Search KW - Distraction KW - Retinal Image SN - 0340-0727 TI - Visual search for a motion singleton among coherently moving distractors. VL - 70 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The phenomena of illusory line motion and perceptual latency priming are both assumed to reflect a facilitation of perceptual latency. The explanation of illusory line motion presupposes that attention is distributed in a gradient fashion whereas this is not a necessary part of the explanation of perceptual latency priming. Two experiments test whether an attentional gradient is present in perceptual latency priming. Evidence for a gradient was found within 2.5° of visual angle around the attended location, but not at a distance of 5° and more. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) AU - Scharlau, Ingrid AU - Horstmann, Gernot ID - 6077 IS - 1 JF - Advances in Cognitive Psychology KW - perceptual latency priming KW - illusory line motion KW - attention KW - visual angle KW - Illusions (Perception) KW - Priming KW - Visual Field KW - Visual Perception KW - Visual Attention KW - Spatial Orientation (Perception) SN - 1895-1171 TI - Perceptual latency priming and illusory line motion: Facilitation by gradients of attention? VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Most models of visuospatial attention include the notion that attention is dedicated to a single location in space. However, several researchers have found evidence that under appropriate circumstances, attention may be allocated to noncontiguous locations (e.g., Awn & Pashler, 2000; Bichot, Cave, & Pashler, 1999; Kramer & Hahn, 1995). In the present experiments, the spatial distribution of attention was assessed by a novel method, perceptual latency priming: the latency benefit of an attended visual stimulus, as compared with a nonattended stimulus. Experiment 1 assessed whether observers are able to attend to two nonadjacent regions or a region of variable size. Experiment 2 tested whether, when two distant locations are attended to, the region between them is necessarily also in the focus of attention. Two further experiments controlled for objections against the method used and replicated the main results of the first two experiments. The experiments showed a robust attentional pr AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ID - 6069 IS - 6 JF - Perception & Psychophysics KW - visuospatial attention KW - priming paradigm KW - spatial distribution KW - Adult KW - Attention KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Attention KW - Priming KW - Spatial Perception KW - Visuospatial Ability SN - 0031-5117 TI - Evidence for split foci of attention in a priming paradigm. VL - 66 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ED - Würtz, Rolf P. ED - Lappe, Michael ID - 31685 T2 - Dynamic Perception 2004: Workshop of GI section 1.0.4 "Image Understanding" and the European Networks MUHCI and ECOVISION TI - Illusory line motion and perceptual latency priming: Two alternative measures for attentional facilitation ER - TY - JOUR AB - Attending to a location shortens the perceptual latency of stimuli appearing at this location (perceptual latency priming). According to attentional explanations, perceptual latency priming relies on the speeded transfer of attended visual information into an internal model. However, doubts about the attentional origin have repeatedly been raised because efforts to minimize response bias have been insufficient in most studies. Five experiments investigated the contribution of a response bias to perceptual latency priming (judgment bias due to the two-alternative forced-choice method and due to the existence of the prime, criterion effects or second-order bias, sensorimotor priming). If any, only small response biases were found. The results thus support the attentional explanation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ID - 6068 IS - 4 JF - Psychological Research KW - response bias KW - temporal order tasks KW - attention manipulation KW - masked primes KW - perceptual latency priming KW - Adult KW - Attention KW - Discrimination Learning KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Memory KW - Short-Term KW - Orientation KW - Pattern Recognition KW - Visual KW - Perceptual Masking KW - Psychomotor Performance KW - Psychophysics KW - Reaction Time KW - Serial Learning KW - Attention KW - Latent Learning KW - Priming KW - Response Bias KW - Visual Perception KW - Response Latency KW - Temporal Order (Judgment) SN - 0340-0727 TI - Evidence against response bias in temporal order tasks with attention manipulation by masked primes. VL - 68 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The spatial distribution of visual attention is a yet unresolved question. One of the main topics is whether attention is distributed in a graded fashion around an attended location (e.g., Downing, 1988; Zimba & Hughes, 1987). The present experiments explore whether, and on which conditions, gradients of attention arise and contribute to perceptual facilitation. A masked or unmasked prime precedes one of two targets whose temporal order has to be judged. The prime captures attention, which shortens the perceptual latency of the primed target (perceptual latency priming; Scharlau & Neumann, 2003a; Shore, Spence, & Klein, 2001). No strong evidence for an attentional gradient was found. (1) Accuracy of temporal order judgements was independent of the distance between the two targets that were judged. That is, facilitation of the second target by the first target was spatially invariant. (2) With targets of short duration, facilitation was independent of prime-target distance. (3) With ta AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ID - 6089 IS - 8 JF - The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology KW - visual attention KW - spatial distribution KW - perceptual latency priming KW - Attention KW - Priming KW - Spatial Organization KW - Visual Perception SN - 0272-4987 TI - The spatial distribution of attention in perceptual latency priming. VL - 57A ER - TY - CHAP AU - Scharlau, Ingrid AU - Ansorge, Ulrich AU - Neumann, Odmar ED - Rickheit, Gert ED - Herrmann, Theo ED - Deutsch, Werner ID - 30893 T2 - Psycholinguistik – Psycholinguistics TI - Reaktionszeitmessung: Allgemeinpsychologische Grundlage und psycholinguistische Anwendungen ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the direct parameter specification (DPS) mode of sensorimotor control, response parameters can be specified by stimuli that are not consciously perceived [Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung 52 (1990) 207]. DPS is contingent on the current intentions. The invisible stimuli can be processed for the purposes of sensorimotor control only if they match the actual intentions, for example, share task-relevant features. The present experiments explore whether attentional capture by masked abrupt-onset stimuli is mediated via DPS. Participants judged which of two visual targets appeared first. Masked primes preceded one of the targets. The primes were either similar to the targets or not, in shape, or in color. Target-like (task-relevant), but not distractor-like (task-irrelevant), primes facilitated perceptual latencies of targets trailing at their positions. Thus, the latency effects resulted from DPS of an attention shift, rather than from bottom-up capture or from top-down AU - Scharlau, Ingrid AU - Ansorge, Ulrich ID - 6065 IS - 12 JF - Vision Research KW - direct parameter specification KW - DPS KW - attention shift KW - latency priming KW - sensorimotor control KW - stimuli KW - task-relevant features KW - visual targets KW - color KW - shape KW - latency effects KW - Adult KW - Attention KW - Discrimination (Psychology) KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Judgment KW - Male KW - Perceptual Masking KW - Reaction Time KW - Visual Perception KW - Attention KW - Perceptual Motor Processes KW - Response Latency KW - Stimulus Onset KW - Visual Stimulation KW - Form and Shape Perception KW - Sensory Adaptation SN - 0042-6989 TI - Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming. VL - 43 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Four experiments investigated the influence of a metacontrast-masked prime on temporal order judgments. The main results were (1) that a masked prime reduced the latency of the mask's conscious perception (perceptual latency priming), (2) that this effect was independent of whether the prime suffered strong or weak masking, (3) that it was unaffected by the degree of visual similarity between the prime and the mask, and that (4) there was no difference between congruent and incongruent primes. Finding (1) suggests that location cueing affects not only response times but also the latency of conscious perception. (2) The finding that priming was unaffected by the prime's detectability argues against a response bias interpretation of this effect. (3) Since visual similarity had no effect on the prime's efficiency, it is unlikely that sensory priming was involved. (4) The lack of a divergence between the effects of congruent and incongruent primes implies a functional difference between t AU - Scharlau, Ingrid AU - Neumann, Odmar ID - 6078 IS - 3 JF - Psychological Research KW - perceptual latency priming KW - temporal order judgments KW - masked stimuli KW - unmasked stimuli KW - attentional interpretation KW - response times KW - location cueing KW - visual perception KW - Adult KW - Attention KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Models KW - Psychological KW - Perceptual Masking KW - Psychometrics KW - Reaction Time KW - Task Performance and Analysis KW - Time Perception KW - Masking KW - Reaction Time KW - Response Latency KW - Stimulus Parameters KW - Visual Contrast KW - Attention KW - Cues KW - Priming KW - Temporal Frequency KW - Temporal Order (Judgment) SN - 0340-0727 TI - Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional interpretation. VL - 67 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Visual stimuli (primes) reduce the perceptual latency of a target appearing at the same location (perceptual latency priming, PLP). Three experiments assessed the time course of PLP by masked and, in Experiment 3, unmasked primes. Experiments 1 (N=11; mean age 26.9) and 2 (N=12; mean age 25.6) investigated the temporal parameters that determine the size of priming. Stimulus onset asynchrony was found to exert the main influence accompanied by a small effect of prime duration. Experiment 3 (N=19; mean age 27.7) used a large range of priming onset asynchronies. We suggest to explain PLP by the Asynchronous Updating Model which relates it to the asynchrony of 2 central coding processes, preattentive coding of basic visual features and attentional orienting as a prerequisite for perceptual judgments and conscious perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) AU - Scharlau, Ingrid AU - Neumann, Odmar ID - 6086 IS - 2 JF - Acta Psychologica KW - perceptual latency priming KW - temporal parameters KW - Asynchronous Updating Model KW - time course KW - stimulus onset asynchrony KW - visual masking KW - attention KW - Adult KW - Attention KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Perceptual Masking KW - Reaction Time KW - Time Perception KW - Visual Perception KW - Attention KW - Priming KW - Stimulus Onset KW - Visual Masking KW - Visual Perception KW - Models KW - Time SN - 0001-6918 TI - Temporal parameters and time course of perceptual latency priming. VL - 113 ER - TY - JOUR AB - According to the concept of direct parameter specification, nonconsciously registered information can be processed to the extent that it matches currently active intentions of a person. This prediction was tested and confirmed in the current study. Masked visual information provided by peripheral cues led to reaction time (RT) effects only if the information specified one of the required responses (Experiments 1 and 3). Information delivered by the same masked cues that did not match the intentions was not used. However, the same information influenced RT if it was provided by visible cues (Experiments 2 and 3). The results suggest that the processing of nonconsciously registered information is flexible because it is susceptible to the changing intentions of a person. Yet, these processes are apparently restricted as nonconsciously registered information cannot be used as easily for purposes not corresponding to the currently active intentions as better visible information. (PsycINFO AU - Ansorge, Ulrich AU - Heumann, Manfred AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ID - 6072 IS - 4 JF - Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal KW - active intentions KW - cues KW - direct parameter specification KW - nonconscious processing ability KW - Adult KW - Consciousness KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mental Processes KW - Perceptual Masking KW - Photic Stimulation KW - Visual Perception KW - Awareness KW - Cognitive Processes KW - Cues KW - Intention KW - Consciousness States KW - Probability SN - 1053-8100 TI - Influences of visibility, intentions, and probability in a peripheral cuing task. VL - 11 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Scharlau, Ingrid AU - Ansorge, Ulrich ED - Würtz, Rolf P. ED - Lappe, Markus ID - 30897 SN - 978-3-89838-032-4 T2 - Dynamic Perception: Workshop of GI section 1.0.4 "Image Understanding" and the European Networks MUHCI and ECOVISION TI - Exogenous and intention-dependent control of attention shifts in dynamic displays ER - TY - JOUR AB - Presenting a masked prime leading a target influences the perceived onset of the masking target. This priming effect is explained by the asynchronous updating model: The prime initiates attentional allocation toward its location, which renders a trailing target at the same place consciously available earlier. In 3 experiments, this perceptual latency priming by leading primes was examined jointly with the effects of trailing primes in order to compare the explanation of the asynchronous updating model with the onset-averaging and the P-center hypotheses. Exp 1 (n=15, mean age 27.1 yrs) showed that an attended, as well as an unattended, prime leads to perceptual latency priming. In addition, a large effect of trailing primes on the onset of a target was found. As Exp 2 (n=13, mean age 26.5 yrs) demonstrated, this effect is quite robust, although smaller than that of a leading prime. In Exp 3 (n=13, mean age 24.8 yrs), masked primes were used. Under these conditions, no influence of tra AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ID - 6074 IS - 8 JF - Perception & Psychophysics KW - attention KW - leading primes KW - trailing primes KW - temporal order perception KW - perceptual latency priming KW - Adult KW - Attention KW - Female KW - Fixation KW - Ocular KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Perceptual Masking KW - Random Allocation KW - Time Perception KW - Visual Perception KW - Attention KW - Masking KW - Priming KW - Stimulus Frequency KW - Temporal Frequency KW - Temporal Order (Judgment) SN - 0031-5117 TI - Leading, but not trailing, primes influence temporal order perception: Further evidence for an attentional account of perceptual latency priming. VL - 64 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Papastefanou, Christiane AU - Buhl, Heike M. ED - Hofer, Manfred ED - Wild, Elke ED - Noack, Peter ID - 32504 T2 - Lehrbuch Familienbeziehungen. Eltern und Kinder in der Entwicklung TI - Familien mit Kindern im frühen Erwachsenenalter ER - TY - JOUR AB - Visual conscious perception could be grounded in a nonconscious sensorimotor domain. Although invisible, information can be processed up to the level of response activation. Moreover, these nonconscious processes are modified by actual intentions. This notion bridges a gap in the theoretical framework of O'Regan & Noë. AU - Ansorge, Ulrich AU - Scharlau, Ingrid AU - Heumann, Manfred AU - Klotz, Werner ID - 28944 JF - Behavioral and Brain Sciences SN - 0140-525X TI - Visual conscious perception could be grounded in a nonconscious sensorimotor domain VL - 24 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ID - 29080 TI - Erkenntnistheorie als Wissenschaft: Streitpunkte zwischen Husserl, Gurwitsch, Merleau-Ponty und Piaget ER - TY - CHAP AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ED - Jamme, Christoph ID - 30891 T2 - Grundlinien der Vernunftkritik TI - Die genetische Epistemologie Jean Piagets in der Perspektive der Vernunftkritik ER - TY - CHAP AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ED - Schaffner, Ingrid ED - Winzen, Matthias ID - 30879 SN - 9783791318479 T2 - Deep Storage - Arsenale der Erinnerung - Sammeln, Speichern, Archivieren in der Kunst TI - Cyberspace ER - TY - JOUR AU - Scharlau, Ingrid ID - 30890 IS - 3 JF - Information Philosophie TI - Piaget lesen ER -