[{"volume":14,"date_created":"2026-03-23T16:37:18Z","author":[{"full_name":"Weber, Daniel","last_name":"Weber","first_name":"Daniel"},{"last_name":"Schmies","full_name":"Schmies, Dominik","first_name":"Dominik"},{"first_name":"Jarren H.","last_name":"Lange","full_name":"Lange, Jarren H."},{"first_name":"Maximilian","full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian","last_name":"Schenke"},{"last_name":"Wallscheid","full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","first_name":"Oliver"}],"date_updated":"2026-03-23T16:37:24Z","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","doi":"10.1109/access.2026.3670948","title":"Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2169-3536"]},"publication_status":"published","page":"38517-38535","intvolume":"        14","citation":{"ama":"Weber D, Schmies D, Lange JH, Schenke M, Wallscheid O. Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning. <i>IEEE Access</i>. 2026;14:38517-38535. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>","chicago":"Weber, Daniel, Dominik Schmies, Jarren H. Lange, Maximilian Schenke, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning.” <i>IEEE Access</i> 14 (2026): 38517–35. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>.","ieee":"D. Weber, D. Schmies, J. H. Lange, M. Schenke, and O. Wallscheid, “Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning,” <i>IEEE Access</i>, vol. 14, pp. 38517–38535, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>.","apa":"Weber, D., Schmies, D., Lange, J. H., Schenke, M., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2026). Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning. <i>IEEE Access</i>, <i>14</i>, 38517–38535. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>","bibtex":"@article{Weber_Schmies_Lange_Schenke_Wallscheid_2026, title={Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>}, journal={IEEE Access}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Weber, Daniel and Schmies, Dominik and Lange, Jarren H. and Schenke, Maximilian and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2026}, pages={38517–38535} }","short":"D. Weber, D. Schmies, J.H. Lange, M. Schenke, O. Wallscheid, IEEE Access 14 (2026) 38517–38535.","mla":"Weber, Daniel, et al. “Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning.” <i>IEEE Access</i>, vol. 14, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026, pp. 38517–35, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>."},"year":"2026","department":[{"_id":"34"},{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"24041","_id":"65099","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"IEEE Access","type":"journal_article","status":"public"},{"year":"2026","page":"1-12","citation":{"ama":"Weber D, Lange J, Wallscheid O. Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads. <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>. Published online 2026:1-12. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>","chicago":"Weber, Daniel, Jarren Lange, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads.” <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>, 2026, 1–12. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>.","ieee":"D. Weber, J. Lange, and O. Wallscheid, “Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads,” <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>, pp. 1–12, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>.","short":"D. Weber, J. Lange, O. Wallscheid, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics (2026) 1–12.","bibtex":"@article{Weber_Lange_Wallscheid_2026, title={Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>}, journal={IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Weber, Daniel and Lange, Jarren and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2026}, pages={1–12} }","mla":"Weber, Daniel, et al. “Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads.” <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026, pp. 1–12, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>.","apa":"Weber, D., Lange, J., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2026). Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads. <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>, 1–12. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2687-9735","2687-9743"]},"publication_status":"published","title":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads","doi":"10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784","date_updated":"2026-03-23T16:35:24Z","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","date_created":"2026-03-23T16:35:16Z","author":[{"last_name":"Weber","full_name":"Weber, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel"},{"first_name":"Jarren","last_name":"Lange","full_name":"Lange, Jarren"},{"last_name":"Wallscheid","full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","first_name":"Oliver"}],"status":"public","publication":"IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"65098","department":[{"_id":"34"},{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"24041"},{"publication":"Journal of Open Source Education","type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"65253","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"93461","article_number":"306","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2577-3569"]},"publication_status":"published","issue":"97","year":"2026","intvolume":"         9","citation":{"chicago":"Abdelwanis, Ali Hassan Ali, Barnabas Haucke-Korber, Darius Jakobeit, Wilhelm Kirchgässner, Marvin Meyer, Maximilian Schenke, Hendrik Vater, Oliver Wallscheid, and Daniel Weber. “Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course.” <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i> 9, no. 97 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306</a>.","ieee":"A. H. A. Abdelwanis <i>et al.</i>, “Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course,” <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i>, vol. 9, no. 97, Art. no. 306, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">10.21105/jose.00306</a>.","ama":"Abdelwanis AHA, Haucke-Korber B, Jakobeit D, et al. Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course. <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i>. 2026;9(97). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">10.21105/jose.00306</a>","apa":"Abdelwanis, A. H. A., Haucke-Korber, B., Jakobeit, D., Kirchgässner, W., Meyer, M., Schenke, M., Vater, H., Wallscheid, O., &#38; Weber, D. (2026). Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course. <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i>, <i>9</i>(97), Article 306. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306</a>","short":"A.H.A. Abdelwanis, B. Haucke-Korber, D. Jakobeit, W. Kirchgässner, M. Meyer, M. Schenke, H. Vater, O. Wallscheid, D. Weber, Journal of Open Source Education 9 (2026).","bibtex":"@article{Abdelwanis_Haucke-Korber_Jakobeit_Kirchgässner_Meyer_Schenke_Vater_Wallscheid_Weber_2026, title={Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course}, volume={9}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">10.21105/jose.00306</a>}, number={97306}, journal={Journal of Open Source Education}, publisher={The Open Journal}, author={Abdelwanis, Ali Hassan Ali and Haucke-Korber, Barnabas and Jakobeit, Darius and Kirchgässner, Wilhelm and Meyer, Marvin and Schenke, Maximilian and Vater, Hendrik and Wallscheid, Oliver and Weber, Daniel}, year={2026} }","mla":"Abdelwanis, Ali Hassan Ali, et al. “Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course.” <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i>, vol. 9, no. 97, 306, The Open Journal, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">10.21105/jose.00306</a>."},"date_updated":"2026-03-31T07:32:23Z","publisher":"The Open Journal","volume":9,"date_created":"2026-03-31T07:30:04Z","author":[{"first_name":"Ali Hassan Ali","full_name":"Abdelwanis, Ali Hassan Ali","last_name":"Abdelwanis"},{"full_name":"Haucke-Korber, Barnabas","id":"93461","last_name":"Haucke-Korber","orcid":"0000-0003-0862-2069","first_name":"Barnabas"},{"last_name":"Jakobeit","full_name":"Jakobeit, Darius","first_name":"Darius"},{"id":"49265","full_name":"Kirchgässner, Wilhelm","orcid":"0000-0001-9490-1843","last_name":"Kirchgässner","first_name":"Wilhelm"},{"first_name":"Marvin","last_name":"Meyer","full_name":"Meyer, Marvin"},{"full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian","id":"52638","last_name":"Schenke","orcid":"0000-0001-5427-9527","first_name":"Maximilian"},{"first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Vater","id":"63220","full_name":"Vater, Hendrik"},{"full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","id":"11291","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-8777","last_name":"Wallscheid","first_name":"Oliver"},{"id":"24041","full_name":"Weber, Daniel","last_name":"Weber","orcid":"0000-0003-3367-5998","first_name":"Daniel"}],"title":"Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course","doi":"10.21105/jose.00306"},{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The LLC converter achieves the highest efficiency in resonant operation. Conventionally, the input DC-link voltage is controlled to operate the LLC converter at resonance for the given operating point. However, the DC-link capacitor voltage shows a low-frequency voltage ripple (typically the second harmonic of grid frequency) in cascaded converters so that the LLC has to adapt its switching frequency within the grid period. Conventionally, the LLC converter operates 50% of the time above the resonant frequency of 40 kHz and 50% below resonance. Both operating conditions cause additional losses. However, experimental measurements indicate that the below-resonance operation causes significantly higher losses than above-resonance operation due to much higher primary and secondary transformer currents. It is better to increase the DC-link voltage by 30% of the peak-to-peak low-frequency voltage ripple to mostly avoid below-resonance operation (i.e., from 650 V to 680 V in this case). With the proposed control, the LLC converter operates about 75% of time over resonance and only 25% of time below resonance. The overall efficiency increases from 97.66% to 97.7% for the average operating point with an 80% load current. This corresponds to a 2% total loss reduction. Finally, the peak resonance capacitor voltage decreases from 910 V to 790 V (−13%)."}],"publication":"Electronics","keyword":["adaptive DC-link voltage","cascaded H-bridge","resonant operation","Full-Bridge Converter","loss minimization","LLC Resonant Converter","peak capacitor voltage reduction"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2025","issue":"8","title":"Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple","publisher":"MDPI AG","date_created":"2025-05-05T12:27:39Z","status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_number":"1517","_id":"59805","user_id":"34289","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2025, title={Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>}, number={81517}, journal={Electronics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2025} }","mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple.” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, 1517, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>.","short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, Electronics 14 (2025).","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (2025). Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple. <i>Electronics</i>, <i>14</i>(8), Article 1517. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517</a>","chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple.” <i>Electronics</i> 14, no. 8 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517</a>.","ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple,” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, Art. no. 1517, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>.","ama":"Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple. <i>Electronics</i>. 2025;14(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>"},"intvolume":"        14","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-9292"]},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/8/1517"}],"doi":"10.3390/electronics14081517","date_updated":"2025-05-05T12:34:00Z","author":[{"full_name":"Unruh, Roland","id":"34289","last_name":"Unruh","first_name":"Roland"},{"last_name":"Böcker","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","id":"66","first_name":"Joachim"},{"full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","id":"71291","last_name":"Schafmeister","first_name":"Frank"}],"volume":14},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Cascaded H-Bridge","Current Control","dq Transformation","Linear Regression","Unbalanced Inductors"],"department":[{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"34289","_id":"63157","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Three-phase cascaded H-bridge converters (CHBs) in star configuration require reliable current controllers to evenly charge the module DC-link capacitors. Conventionally, a current control in dq-coordinates is utilized. At steady state, the resulting calculated reference arm voltages are sinusoidal, have identical amplitudes and show a phase shift of 120 degree to each other. For balanced grid inductors, the resulting grid currents also have the same amplitude. However, own simulations show that unbalanced grid inductors always lead to different grid current amplitudes (4% difference in this case). As a result, the averaged charging module powers differ and the peak DC-link capacitor voltage rises as well. In the first step, an adaptation of an existing zero-sequence voltage injection is proposed. For balanced grid inductors, it converges to the 3rd harmonic voltage injection which can reduce the peak-to-peak DC-link voltage ripple up by to 50% and balances the power between the phases. However, unbalanced grid inductors still lead to the same unbalanced grid currents of 4%. Therefore, a new method with 4 integrators based on linear regression is proposed to achieve sinusoidal grid currents for unbalanced inductors. The proposed method has a similar transient dynamic as the conventional dq control, but balances the grid currents nearly ideally. Simulation results of a 1MW cascaded H bridge and a scaled-down prototype verify the proposed method."}],"publication":"2025 Energy Conversion Congress &amp;amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)","type":"conference","doi":"10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538","conference":{"end_date":"2025-09-04","location":"Birmingham, United Kingdom","name":"2025 Energy Conversion Congress & Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)","start_date":"2025-09-01"},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11238538"}],"title":"Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters","author":[{"last_name":"Unruh","id":"34289","full_name":"Unruh, Roland","first_name":"Roland"},{"last_name":"Böcker","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","id":"66","first_name":"Joachim"},{"last_name":"Schafmeister","id":"71291","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","first_name":"Frank"}],"date_created":"2025-12-16T15:20:55Z","publisher":"IEEE","date_updated":"2025-12-16T15:25:38Z","citation":{"ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters,” presented at the 2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe), Birmingham, United Kingdom, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>.","chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters.” In <i>2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>.","ama":"Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters. In: <i>2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (2025). Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters. <i>2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)</i>. 2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe), Birmingham, United Kingdom. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2025, title={Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>}, booktitle={2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2025} }","short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, in: 2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe), IEEE, 2025.","mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters.” <i>2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)</i>, IEEE, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>."},"year":"2025","publication_status":"published"},{"citation":{"chicago":"Jakobeit, Darius, Mario Peña López, Maximilian Schenke, Barnabas Haucke-Korber, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-Based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors.” In <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. IEEE, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>.","ieee":"D. Jakobeit, M. Peña López, M. Schenke, B. Haucke-Korber, and O. Wallscheid, “Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors,” 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>.","ama":"Jakobeit D, Peña López M, Schenke M, Haucke-Korber B, Wallscheid O. Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. In: <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>","apa":"Jakobeit, D., Peña López, M., Schenke, M., Haucke-Korber, B., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2025). Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>","short":"D. Jakobeit, M. Peña López, M. Schenke, B. Haucke-Korber, O. Wallscheid, in: 2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC), IEEE, 2025.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Jakobeit_Peña López_Schenke_Haucke-Korber_Wallscheid_2025, title={Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>}, booktitle={2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Jakobeit, Darius and Peña López, Mario and Schenke, Maximilian and Haucke-Korber, Barnabas and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2025} }","mla":"Jakobeit, Darius, et al. “Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-Based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors.” <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>, IEEE, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>."},"year":"2025","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179","title":"Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors","date_created":"2025-07-25T12:26:51Z","author":[{"first_name":"Darius","last_name":"Jakobeit","full_name":"Jakobeit, Darius"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-5381-3660","last_name":"Peña López","id":"82862","full_name":"Peña López, Mario","first_name":"Mario"},{"last_name":"Schenke","orcid":"0000-0001-5427-9527","full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian","id":"52638","first_name":"Maximilian"},{"full_name":"Haucke-Korber, Barnabas","id":"93461","last_name":"Haucke-Korber","orcid":"0000-0003-0862-2069","first_name":"Barnabas"},{"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Wallscheid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-8777","id":"11291","full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver"}],"date_updated":"2025-12-19T12:42:54Z","publisher":"IEEE","status":"public","type":"conference","publication":"2025 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC)","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"93461","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"_id":"60746"},{"citation":{"ieee":"B. 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Insights and Challenges of Co-Simulation-Based Optimal Pulse Pattern Evaluation for Electric Drives. <i>IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion</i>, 1–12. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2024.3374962\">https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2024.3374962</a>","bibtex":"@article{Hölsch_Brosch_Steckel_Braun_Wendel_Böcker_Wallscheid_2024, title={Insights and Challenges of Co-Simulation-Based Optimal Pulse Pattern Evaluation for Electric Drives}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2024.3374962\">10.1109/tec.2024.3374962</a>}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Hölsch, Lukas and Brosch, Anian and Steckel, Richard and Braun, Tristan and Wendel, Sebastian and Böcker, Joachim and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2024}, pages={1–12} }","mla":"Hölsch, Lukas, et al. “Insights and Challenges of Co-Simulation-Based Optimal Pulse Pattern Evaluation for Electric Drives.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion</i>, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024, pp. 1–12, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2024.3374962\">10.1109/tec.2024.3374962</a>.","short":"L. Hölsch, A. Brosch, R. Steckel, T. Braun, S. Wendel, J. Böcker, O. Wallscheid, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion (2024) 1–12.","ama":"Hölsch L, Brosch A, Steckel R, et al. Insights and Challenges of Co-Simulation-Based Optimal Pulse Pattern Evaluation for Electric Drives. <i>IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion</i>. Published online 2024:1-12. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2024.3374962\">10.1109/tec.2024.3374962</a>","ieee":"L. Hölsch <i>et al.</i>, “Insights and Challenges of Co-Simulation-Based Optimal Pulse Pattern Evaluation for Electric Drives,” <i>IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion</i>, pp. 1–12, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2024.3374962\">10.1109/tec.2024.3374962</a>.","chicago":"Hölsch, Lukas, Anian Brosch, Richard Steckel, Tristan Braun, Sebastian Wendel, Joachim Böcker, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Insights and Challenges of Co-Simulation-Based Optimal Pulse Pattern Evaluation for Electric Drives.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion</i>, 2024, 1–12. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2024.3374962\">https://doi.org/10.1109/tec.2024.3374962</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0885-8969","1558-0059"]},"publication_status":"published","keyword":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering","Energy Engineering and Power Technology"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"53309","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"66","status":"public","publication":"IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion","type":"journal_article"},{"related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"confirmation","url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10609111"}]},"publication_status":"inpress","citation":{"short":"T. Piepenbrock, F. Schafmeister, J. Böcker, in: SPEEDAM 2024; 27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, Ischia, n.d.","mla":"Piepenbrock, Till, et al. “FEM Modelling of Dimensional-Resonant Inductors for LLC Converters in MHz Range.” <i>SPEEDAM 2024; 27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion</i>, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111\">10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Piepenbrock_Schafmeister_Böcker, place={Ischia}, title={FEM Modelling of Dimensional-Resonant Inductors for LLC Converters in MHz Range}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111\">10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111</a>}, booktitle={SPEEDAM 2024; 27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion}, author={Piepenbrock, Till and Schafmeister, Frank and Böcker, Joachim} }","apa":"Piepenbrock, T., Schafmeister, F., &#38; Böcker, J. (n.d.). FEM Modelling of Dimensional-Resonant Inductors for LLC Converters in MHz Range. <i>SPEEDAM 2024; 27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion</i>. 27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, Ischia, near Naples, Italy. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111\">https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111</a>","ama":"Piepenbrock T, Schafmeister F, Böcker J. FEM Modelling of Dimensional-Resonant Inductors for LLC Converters in MHz Range. In: <i>SPEEDAM 2024; 27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111\">10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111</a>","ieee":"T. Piepenbrock, F. Schafmeister, and J. Böcker, “FEM Modelling of Dimensional-Resonant Inductors for LLC Converters in MHz Range,” presented at the 27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, Ischia, near Naples, Italy, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111\">10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111</a>.","chicago":"Piepenbrock, Till, Frank Schafmeister, and Joachim Böcker. “FEM Modelling of Dimensional-Resonant Inductors for LLC Converters in MHz Range.” In <i>SPEEDAM 2024; 27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion</i>. Ischia, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111\">https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111</a>."},"year":"2024","place":"Ischia","author":[{"first_name":"Till","last_name":"Piepenbrock","full_name":"Piepenbrock, Till"},{"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","id":"71291"},{"first_name":"Joachim","id":"66","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295","last_name":"Böcker"}],"date_created":"2024-05-19T14:33:36Z","date_updated":"2024-09-11T06:33:24Z","doi":"10.1109/SPEEDAM61530.2024.10609111","conference":{"start_date":"2024-06-19","name":"27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion","location":"Ischia, near Naples, Italy","end_date":"2024-06-21"},"title":"FEM Modelling of Dimensional-Resonant Inductors for LLC Converters in MHz Range","type":"conference","publication":"SPEEDAM 2024; 27th International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion","status":"public","user_id":"66","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"_id":"54357","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"publication":"ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress & Exposition Europe","abstract":[{"text":"Although there are numerous design and control methodologies for the LLC resonant converter,\r\nthey often do not consider decentralized control strategies to operate them as isolated DC-DC converters within a\r\ncascaded H-bridge. The total output power of all LLC converters must be constant to supply a load such as a wa-\r\nter electrolyzer. However, each individual LLC converter can vary its output power as long as the total output\r\npower remains constant. This opens new possibilities in increasing the system efficiency and robustness. Usually,\r\nthe DC-link voltage of each module capacitor shows a 2nd harmonic voltage ripple. However, the total stored energy\r\nin all DC-link capacitors is constant within a grid period for a balanced three-phase system. By controlling each\r\nLLC converter’s output power locally to be proportional to the energy stored in its DC-link capacitor, modules with\r\na lower instantaneous DC-link voltage transfer less power to the load than modules with a higher DC-link voltage.\r\nAs a result, a higher efficiency, voltage gain and lower peak resonant capacitor voltage can be achieved with the\r\nsame components. The 22.2kW experimental prototype of the LLC converter reaches an efficiency of over 97% at\r\nresonance which is similar to the precalculated value.","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["Cascaded H-Bridge","Converter Losses","Decentralized Control","Full-Bridge Converter","LLC Resonant Converter"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2024","publisher":"IEEE","date_created":"2024-05-19T14:26:29Z","title":"Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter","type":"conference","status":"public","_id":"54356","user_id":"34289","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"publication_status":"accepted","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["979-8-3503-6444-6"]},"place":"Darmstadt","citation":{"chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Experimentally Verified 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with New Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter.” In <i>ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe</i>. Darmstadt: IEEE, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter,” presented at the ECCE Europe 2024, Darmstadt, Germany, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","ama":"Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter. In: <i>ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe</i>. IEEE. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>","short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, in: ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe, IEEE, Darmstadt, n.d.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister, place={Darmstadt}, title={Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>}, booktitle={ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim and Schafmeister, Frank} }","mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “Experimentally Verified 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with New Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter.” <i>ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe</i>, IEEE, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (n.d.). Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter. <i>ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe</i>. ECCE Europe 2024, Darmstadt, Germany. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>"},"date_updated":"2024-11-28T14:16:05Z","author":[{"first_name":"Roland","last_name":"Unruh","id":"34289","full_name":"Unruh, Roland"},{"last_name":"Böcker","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295","id":"66","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","first_name":"Joachim"},{"first_name":"Frank","id":"71291","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10751954"}],"conference":{"end_date":"2024-09-06","location":"Darmstadt, Germany","name":"ECCE Europe 2024","start_date":"2024-09-02"},"doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954"},{"year":"2024","citation":{"short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, in: Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe), IEEE, 2024.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2024, title={Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim  and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2024} }","mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “Experimentally Verified 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with New Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter.” <i>Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)</i>, IEEE, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (2024). Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter. <i>Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)</i>.  Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe), Darmstadt. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>","ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter,” presented at the  Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe), Darmstadt, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim  Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Experimentally Verified 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with New Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter.” In <i>Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","ama":"Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter. In: <i>Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>"},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","title":"Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter","doi":"10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954","conference":{"name":" Energy Conversion Congress & Expo (ECCE Europe)","start_date":"2024-09-02","end_date":"2024-09-06","location":"Darmstadt"},"publisher":"IEEE","date_updated":"2025-02-14T15:33:10Z","author":[{"first_name":"Roland","last_name":"Unruh","full_name":"Unruh, Roland","id":"34289"},{"first_name":"Joachim ","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim ","last_name":"Böcker"},{"first_name":"Frank","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","id":"71291","last_name":"Schafmeister"}],"date_created":"2025-02-14T15:30:36Z","status":"public","file":[{"date_updated":"2025-02-14T15:32:17Z","creator":"schafmei","date_created":"2025-02-14T15:32:17Z","file_size":3829411,"access_level":"closed","file_name":"EPE_2024_09_02-Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter.pdf","file_id":"58649","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress & Expo (ECCE Europe)","type":"conference","ddc":["620"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file_date_updated":"2025-02-14T15:32:17Z","_id":"58648","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"71291"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"71353","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"_id":"58756","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Der Permanentmagnet-Synchronmotor (PMSM) ist aufgrund seiner hohen Leistungs- und Drehmomentdichte bezogen auf Volumen und Gewicht ein häufig verwendeter Traktionsmotor in Automobilanwendungen. Jene Charakteristika werden jedoch maßgeblich durch Temperaturhöchstwerte begrenzt. Hinzu kommt, dass die Temperatur wichtiger Rotorkomponenten nicht wirtschaftlich messbar ist. Temperaturschätzverfahren wie modellbasierte Ansätze sind potentiell in der Lage, das Problem der fehlenden Temperaturinformation zu relativieren, ohne zusätzliche Geräte zu erfordern. Diese Arbeit stellt ein Portfolio von thermischen Modellen aus dem Bereich des maschinellen Lernens zusammen. Die Untersuchung basiert auf einem PMSM-Datensatz, der auf einem Prüfstand aufgezeichnet wurde. Neben dem durchschnittlichen Schätzfehler diktiert die erforderliche Anzahl von Modellparametern zahlreiche Auslegungsentscheidungen. Der gesamte Entwurfsprozess eines Modells aus dem maschinellen Lernen wird beleuchtet und für verschiedene lineare, sowie baumbasierte Modelle; vorschiebende, rekurrente und faltende neuronale Netze als auch für verschiedene hybride Modellierungsansätze durchgeführt. Desweiteren wird der hybride Modellierungsansatz über thermische neuronale Netze besonders hervorgehoben. Sie setzen sich aus neuronalen Netzen und einem thermischen Ersatzschaltbild zusammen und wurden erstmals vom Autor dieser Arbeit veröffentlicht. Schließlich wird ein von Experten entworfenes, datengetriebenes thermisches Netz mit konzentrierten Parametern über verschiedene Algorithmen optimiert und als Stand der Technik herangezogen."},{"text":"The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is a commonly used traction motor in automotive applications due to its high power and torque density with respect to volume and weight. These characteristics are constrained by the maximum temperature at which vital components can still operate without harm. Moreover, important rotor component temperatures cannot be measured economically. Temperature estimation methods such as model-based approaches can alleviate the problem of missing thermal information at potentially no additionally required equipment. This work collates a portfolio of data-driven thermal models from the domain of machine learning and investigates their feasibility for the task of accurate thermal modeling on the example of a PMSM data set recorded on a test bench. Aside from the average estimation error, the required amount of model parameters as an approximation for the computational demand dictates design decisions throughout. The whole process of designing a machine learning model is illuminated and carried out for varying linear models; tree-based models; feed-forward, recurrent, and convolutional neural networks, as well as various hybrid gray-box modeling approaches. Moreover, a hybrid modeling paradigm with thermal neural networks is highlighted, which was first introduced by this work's author. Eventually, an expert-designed, data-driven lumped-parameter thermal network is optimized under different algorithms in order to put machine learning models to the test against the state of the art of thermal modeling.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"dissertation","doi":"10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068","title":"Data-driven thermal modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor with machine learning","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-9490-1843","last_name":"Kirchgässner","full_name":"Kirchgässner, Wilhelm","id":"49265","first_name":"Wilhelm"}],"date_created":"2025-02-21T11:38:22Z","publisher":"LibreCat University","date_updated":"2025-02-21T11:41:01Z","citation":{"apa":"Kirchgässner, W. (2024). <i>Data-driven thermal modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor with machine learning</i>. LibreCat University. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068\">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068</a>","mla":"Kirchgässner, Wilhelm. <i>Data-Driven Thermal Modeling of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Machine Learning</i>. LibreCat University, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068</a>.","bibtex":"@book{Kirchgässner_2024, title={Data-driven thermal modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor with machine learning}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068</a>}, publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Kirchgässner, Wilhelm}, year={2024} }","short":"W. Kirchgässner, Data-Driven Thermal Modeling of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Machine Learning, LibreCat University, 2024.","ama":"Kirchgässner W. <i>Data-Driven Thermal Modeling of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Machine Learning</i>. LibreCat University; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068</a>","chicago":"Kirchgässner, Wilhelm. <i>Data-Driven Thermal Modeling of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Machine Learning</i>. LibreCat University, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068\">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2068</a>.","ieee":"W. Kirchgässner, <i>Data-driven thermal modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor with machine learning</i>. LibreCat University, 2024."},"year":"2024"},{"department":[{"_id":"52"}],"user_id":"71353","_id":"58757","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"dissertation","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"On-bord DC-DC-Konverter sind das Bindeglied zwischen der Traktionsbatterie und der Hilfsbatterie und versorgen wichtige Komponenten des Elektrofahrzeugs. Diese Arbeit adressiert den weiten Spannungsbereich des Wandlers, der eine Folge der variierenden Spannungen der Batterien ist. Als potentielle Topologien werden der LLC Resonanzwandler, der aktiv geklemmte Flusswandler und der isolierte Vollbrücken-Konverter untersucht.Zunächst wird hierbei der LLC untersucht und verschiedene Modulationstechniken zur Abdeckung des weiten Spannungsbereichs gegenübergestellt, um zu zeigen, dass die Frequenzverdoppler-Modulation und die alternierende Phasenverschiebungsmodulation die maximale Temperatur der Halbleiter deutlich senken. Zum Wechsel zwischen Voll- und Halbbrückenmodulation wird eine Modulationstechnik vorgeschlagen, welche den transienten Magnetisierungsfluss um über 70 % respektive des konventionellen Konzept senkt. Für den aktiv geklemmten Flusswandler wird ein verbessertes Modell vorgestellt, das die Blockierspannung sehr genau modelliert. Zudem wird eine Snubber-Schaltung vorgeschlagen, welche die sekundärseitige transiente Blockierspannung deutlich reduziert. Für den isolierten Vollbrücken-Konverter werden hart- und weichschaltende Modulationstechniken analysiert und eine hartschaltende Frequenz-Verdoppler-Modulationstechnik vorgeschlagen, welche die maximale Schaltertemperatur deutlich reduziert und eine Modulationstechnik mit Beschaltung vorgestellt, um zwischen dem Voll- und Halbbrückenmodus zu wechseln. Die zuvor erarbeiteten Konverter werden unter Anwendung einer vorgestellten Designmethodik verglichen und messtechnisch evaluiert."},{"lang":"eng","text":"On-board DC-DC converters are the connecting link between the traction battery and the auxiliary battery and supply energy to the crucial components of an electrical vehicle. This work addresses DC-DC converters of a wide conversion range necessary to cover the voltage-transfer ratio resulting from the varying state of charge of the traction and auxiliary battery and investigates three topologies for this application: the LLC resonant converter, the active-clamp forward converter and the isolated full-bridge converter. At first, the LLC resonant converter is analyzed and several operating modes are investigated and proposed to better cover the wide transfer ratio. The operating modes are benchmarked showing that the alternating-asymmetrical phase shift modulation and the frequency-doubler modulations can significantly reduce the MOSFET temperature. To switch from full-bridge mode to half-bridge mode, an improved morphing modulation is proposed that reduces the flux by about 70 % compared to the conventional concept. Finally, an integrated planar transformer is proposed to increase the power density of the LLC.The active-clamp forward converter is investigated to propose an accurate steady-state model. A snubber circuitry is presented to limit the voltage overshoot of the synchronous rectifier. The isolated full-bridge converter is investigated in its hard- and soft-switching operation. A hard-switched frequency-doubler modulation is proposed to reduce the maximum temperature significantly. Additionally, a steady-state model is derived to accurately calculate the current shape of the converter and a topology morphing concept is proposed to limit the blocking voltage of the secondary-side semiconductors during mode transition. Finally, a topology comparison and design methodology is proposed that enables a fair topology comparison. The three aforementioned topologies are experimentally evaluated."}],"author":[{"last_name":"Rehlaender","id":"69469","full_name":"Rehlaender, Philipp","first_name":"Philipp"}],"date_created":"2025-02-21T11:40:18Z","date_updated":"2025-02-21T11:40:59Z","publisher":"LibreCat University","doi":"10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148","title":"Single-stage DC-DC converters for a wide input &amp; output voltage range","citation":{"apa":"Rehlaender, P. (2024). <i>Single-stage DC-DC converters for a wide input &#38;amp; output voltage range</i>. LibreCat University. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148\">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148</a>","mla":"Rehlaender, Philipp. <i>Single-Stage DC-DC Converters for a Wide Input &#38;amp; Output Voltage Range</i>. LibreCat University, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148</a>.","bibtex":"@book{Rehlaender_2024, title={Single-stage DC-DC converters for a wide input &#38;amp; output voltage range}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148</a>}, publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Rehlaender, Philipp}, year={2024} }","short":"P. Rehlaender, Single-Stage DC-DC Converters for a Wide Input &#38;amp; Output Voltage Range, LibreCat University, 2024.","chicago":"Rehlaender, Philipp. <i>Single-Stage DC-DC Converters for a Wide Input &#38;amp; Output Voltage Range</i>. LibreCat University, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148\">https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148</a>.","ieee":"P. Rehlaender, <i>Single-stage DC-DC converters for a wide input &#38;amp; output voltage range</i>. LibreCat University, 2024.","ama":"Rehlaender P. <i>Single-Stage DC-DC Converters for a Wide Input &#38;amp; Output Voltage Range</i>. LibreCat University; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148\">10.17619/UNIPB/1-2148</a>"},"year":"2024"}]