[{"citation":{"short":"D. Weber, D. Schmies, J.H. Lange, M. Schenke, O. Wallscheid, IEEE Access 14 (2026) 38517–38535.","chicago":"Weber, Daniel, Dominik Schmies, Jarren H. Lange, Maximilian Schenke, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning.” <i>IEEE Access</i> 14 (2026): 38517–35. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>.","apa":"Weber, D., Schmies, D., Lange, J. H., Schenke, M., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2026). Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning. <i>IEEE Access</i>, <i>14</i>, 38517–38535. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>","ieee":"D. Weber, D. Schmies, J. H. Lange, M. Schenke, and O. Wallscheid, “Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning,” <i>IEEE Access</i>, vol. 14, pp. 38517–38535, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>.","ama":"Weber D, Schmies D, Lange JH, Schenke M, Wallscheid O. Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning. <i>IEEE Access</i>. 2026;14:38517-38535. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>","bibtex":"@article{Weber_Schmies_Lange_Schenke_Wallscheid_2026, title={Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>}, journal={IEEE Access}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Weber, Daniel and Schmies, Dominik and Lange, Jarren H. and Schenke, Maximilian and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2026}, pages={38517–38535} }","mla":"Weber, Daniel, et al. “Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning.” <i>IEEE Access</i>, vol. 14, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026, pp. 38517–35, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670948\">10.1109/access.2026.3670948</a>."},"publication":"IEEE Access","date_created":"2026-03-23T16:37:18Z","department":[{"_id":"34"},{"_id":"52"}],"type":"journal_article","author":[{"full_name":"Weber, Daniel","last_name":"Weber","first_name":"Daniel"},{"last_name":"Schmies","first_name":"Dominik","full_name":"Schmies, Dominik"},{"last_name":"Lange","first_name":"Jarren H.","full_name":"Lange, Jarren H."},{"first_name":"Maximilian","last_name":"Schenke","full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian"},{"full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","last_name":"Wallscheid","first_name":"Oliver"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2169-3536"]},"status":"public","title":"Optimal Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters by Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning","year":"2026","intvolume":"        14","date_updated":"2026-03-23T16:37:24Z","publication_status":"published","_id":"65099","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"38517-38535","volume":14,"doi":"10.1109/access.2026.3670948","user_id":"24041"},{"doi":"10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784","user_id":"24041","page":"1-12","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"65098","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","date_updated":"2026-03-23T16:35:24Z","publication_status":"published","year":"2026","title":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2687-9735","2687-9743"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Weber","full_name":"Weber, Daniel"},{"full_name":"Lange, Jarren","first_name":"Jarren","last_name":"Lange"},{"full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Wallscheid"}],"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"34"},{"_id":"52"}],"date_created":"2026-03-23T16:35:16Z","publication":"IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics","citation":{"apa":"Weber, D., Lange, J., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2026). Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads. <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>, 1–12. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>","ieee":"D. Weber, J. Lange, and O. Wallscheid, “Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads,” <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>, pp. 1–12, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>.","short":"D. Weber, J. Lange, O. Wallscheid, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics (2026) 1–12.","chicago":"Weber, Daniel, Jarren Lange, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads.” <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>, 2026, 1–12. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>.","mla":"Weber, Daniel, et al. “Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads.” <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026, pp. 1–12, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>.","ama":"Weber D, Lange J, Wallscheid O. Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads. <i>IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics</i>. Published online 2026:1-12. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>","bibtex":"@article{Weber_Lange_Wallscheid_2026, title={Reinforcement Learning-Based Control of Voltage-Forming Grid Inverters With Arbitrary Loads}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784\">10.1109/jestie.2026.3654784</a>}, journal={IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Weber, Daniel and Lange, Jarren and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2026}, pages={1–12} }"}},{"doi":"10.21105/jose.00306","article_number":"306","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-03-31T07:32:23Z","intvolume":"         9","year":"2026","title":"Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2577-3569"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Abdelwanis, Ali Hassan Ali","first_name":"Ali Hassan Ali","last_name":"Abdelwanis"},{"full_name":"Haucke-Korber, Barnabas","last_name":"Haucke-Korber","first_name":"Barnabas","orcid":"0000-0003-0862-2069","id":"93461"},{"first_name":"Darius","last_name":"Jakobeit","full_name":"Jakobeit, Darius"},{"id":"49265","full_name":"Kirchgässner, Wilhelm","last_name":"Kirchgässner","orcid":"0000-0001-9490-1843","first_name":"Wilhelm"},{"first_name":"Marvin","last_name":"Meyer","full_name":"Meyer, Marvin"},{"id":"52638","full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian","last_name":"Schenke","orcid":"0000-0001-5427-9527","first_name":"Maximilian"},{"last_name":"Vater","first_name":"Hendrik","full_name":"Vater, Hendrik","id":"63220"},{"first_name":"Oliver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-8777","last_name":"Wallscheid","full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","id":"11291"},{"id":"24041","first_name":"Daniel","orcid":"0000-0003-3367-5998","last_name":"Weber","full_name":"Weber, Daniel"}],"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"date_created":"2026-03-31T07:30:04Z","issue":"97","publication":"Journal of Open Source Education","user_id":"93461","volume":9,"_id":"65253","publisher":"The Open Journal","status":"public","citation":{"mla":"Abdelwanis, Ali Hassan Ali, et al. “Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course.” <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i>, vol. 9, no. 97, 306, The Open Journal, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">10.21105/jose.00306</a>.","apa":"Abdelwanis, A. H. A., Haucke-Korber, B., Jakobeit, D., Kirchgässner, W., Meyer, M., Schenke, M., Vater, H., Wallscheid, O., &#38; Weber, D. (2026). Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course. <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i>, <i>9</i>(97), Article 306. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306</a>","ieee":"A. H. A. Abdelwanis <i>et al.</i>, “Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course,” <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i>, vol. 9, no. 97, Art. no. 306, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">10.21105/jose.00306</a>.","chicago":"Abdelwanis, Ali Hassan Ali, Barnabas Haucke-Korber, Darius Jakobeit, Wilhelm Kirchgässner, Marvin Meyer, Maximilian Schenke, Hendrik Vater, Oliver Wallscheid, and Daniel Weber. “Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course.” <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i> 9, no. 97 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306</a>.","ama":"Abdelwanis AHA, Haucke-Korber B, Jakobeit D, et al. Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course. <i>Journal of Open Source Education</i>. 2026;9(97). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">10.21105/jose.00306</a>","short":"A.H.A. Abdelwanis, B. Haucke-Korber, D. Jakobeit, W. Kirchgässner, M. Meyer, M. Schenke, H. Vater, O. Wallscheid, D. Weber, Journal of Open Source Education 9 (2026).","bibtex":"@article{Abdelwanis_Haucke-Korber_Jakobeit_Kirchgässner_Meyer_Schenke_Vater_Wallscheid_Weber_2026, title={Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Open-Source Course}, volume={9}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00306\">10.21105/jose.00306</a>}, number={97306}, journal={Journal of Open Source Education}, publisher={The Open Journal}, author={Abdelwanis, Ali Hassan Ali and Haucke-Korber, Barnabas and Jakobeit, Darius and Kirchgässner, Wilhelm and Meyer, Marvin and Schenke, Maximilian and Vater, Hendrik and Wallscheid, Oliver and Weber, Daniel}, year={2026} }"}},{"type":"journal_article","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"date_created":"2026-06-02T07:29:20Z","publication":"IEEE Access","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Schenke_Haucke-Korber_Wallscheid_2026, title={Safe Reinforcement Learning Direct Torque Control for Continuous Control Set Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696042\">10.1109/access.2026.3696042</a>}, journal={IEEE Access}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Schenke, Maximilian and Haucke-Korber, Barnabas and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2026}, pages={1–1} }","ama":"Schenke M, Haucke-Korber B, Wallscheid O. Safe Reinforcement Learning Direct Torque Control for Continuous Control Set Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives. <i>IEEE Access</i>. Published online 2026:1-1. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696042\">10.1109/access.2026.3696042</a>","mla":"Schenke, Maximilian, et al. “Safe Reinforcement Learning Direct Torque Control for Continuous Control Set Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives.” <i>IEEE Access</i>, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026, pp. 1–1, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696042\">10.1109/access.2026.3696042</a>.","short":"M. Schenke, B. Haucke-Korber, O. Wallscheid, IEEE Access (2026) 1–1.","chicago":"Schenke, Maximilian, Barnabas Haucke-Korber, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Safe Reinforcement Learning Direct Torque Control for Continuous Control Set Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives.” <i>IEEE Access</i>, 2026, 1–1. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696042\">https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696042</a>.","ieee":"M. Schenke, B. Haucke-Korber, and O. Wallscheid, “Safe Reinforcement Learning Direct Torque Control for Continuous Control Set Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives,” <i>IEEE Access</i>, pp. 1–1, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696042\">10.1109/access.2026.3696042</a>.","apa":"Schenke, M., Haucke-Korber, B., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2026). Safe Reinforcement Learning Direct Torque Control for Continuous Control Set Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives. <i>IEEE Access</i>, 1–1. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696042\">https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3696042</a>"},"doi":"10.1109/access.2026.3696042","user_id":"93461","page":"1-1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"65753","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","date_updated":"2026-06-16T09:37:03Z","publication_status":"published","status":"public","title":"Safe Reinforcement Learning Direct Torque Control for Continuous Control Set Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives","year":"2026","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2169-3536"]},"author":[{"id":"52638","first_name":"Maximilian","orcid":"0000-0001-5427-9527","last_name":"Schenke","full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian"},{"full_name":"Haucke-Korber, Barnabas","orcid":"0000-0003-0862-2069","last_name":"Haucke-Korber","first_name":"Barnabas","id":"93461"},{"orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-8777","first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Wallscheid","full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","id":"11291"}]},{"status":"public","publisher":"MDPI AG","_id":"59805","volume":14,"user_id":"34289","citation":{"mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple.” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, 1517, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>.","ama":"Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple. <i>Electronics</i>. 2025;14(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>","bibtex":"@article{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2025, title={Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>}, number={81517}, journal={Electronics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2025} }","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (2025). Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple. <i>Electronics</i>, <i>14</i>(8), Article 1517. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517</a>","ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple,” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 14, no. 8, Art. no. 1517, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">10.3390/electronics14081517</a>.","short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, Electronics 14 (2025).","chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple.” <i>Electronics</i> 14, no. 8 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-9292"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Unruh","first_name":"Roland","full_name":"Unruh, Roland","id":"34289"},{"last_name":"Böcker","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295","first_name":"Joachim","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","id":"66"},{"id":"71291","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister","first_name":"Frank"}],"year":"2025","title":"Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple","intvolume":"        14","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-05-05T12:34:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"1517","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/8/1517"}],"doi":"10.3390/electronics14081517","publication":"Electronics","issue":"8","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The LLC converter achieves the highest efficiency in resonant operation. Conventionally, the input DC-link voltage is controlled to operate the LLC converter at resonance for the given operating point. However, the DC-link capacitor voltage shows a low-frequency voltage ripple (typically the second harmonic of grid frequency) in cascaded converters so that the LLC has to adapt its switching frequency within the grid period. Conventionally, the LLC converter operates 50% of the time above the resonant frequency of 40 kHz and 50% below resonance. Both operating conditions cause additional losses. However, experimental measurements indicate that the below-resonance operation causes significantly higher losses than above-resonance operation due to much higher primary and secondary transformer currents. It is better to increase the DC-link voltage by 30% of the peak-to-peak low-frequency voltage ripple to mostly avoid below-resonance operation (i.e., from 650 V to 680 V in this case). With the proposed control, the LLC converter operates about 75% of time over resonance and only 25% of time below resonance. The overall efficiency increases from 97.66% to 97.7% for the average operating point with an 80% load current. This corresponds to a 2% total loss reduction. Finally, the peak resonance capacitor voltage decreases from 910 V to 790 V (−13%)."}],"date_created":"2025-05-05T12:27:39Z","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"type":"journal_article","keyword":["adaptive DC-link voltage","cascaded H-bridge","resonant operation","Full-Bridge Converter","loss minimization","LLC Resonant Converter","peak capacitor voltage reduction"]},{"conference":{"end_date":"2025-09-04","start_date":"2025-09-01","name":"2025 Energy Conversion Congress & Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)","location":"Birmingham, United Kingdom"},"author":[{"full_name":"Unruh, Roland","first_name":"Roland","last_name":"Unruh","id":"34289"},{"id":"66","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim","last_name":"Böcker","first_name":"Joachim","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295"},{"id":"71291","first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank"}],"year":"2025","title":"Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters","status":"public","date_updated":"2025-12-16T15:25:38Z","publication_status":"published","_id":"63157","publisher":"IEEE","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11238538"}],"doi":"10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538","user_id":"34289","citation":{"ama":"Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters. In: <i>2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2025, title={Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>}, booktitle={2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2025} }","mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters.” <i>2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)</i>, IEEE, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>.","short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, in: 2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe), IEEE, 2025.","chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters.” In <i>2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>.","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (2025). Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters. <i>2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38;amp;Amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)</i>. 2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe), Birmingham, United Kingdom. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>","ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Three-Phase Instantaneous Current Controller for Unbalanced Grid Inductors Without DQ Transform for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters,” presented at the 2025 Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe), Birmingham, United Kingdom, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538\">10.1109/ecce-europe62795.2025.11238538</a>."},"publication":"2025 Energy Conversion Congress &amp;amp; Expo Europe (ECCE Europe)","abstract":[{"text":"Three-phase cascaded H-bridge converters (CHBs) in star configuration require reliable current controllers to evenly charge the module DC-link capacitors. Conventionally, a current control in dq-coordinates is utilized. At steady state, the resulting calculated reference arm voltages are sinusoidal, have identical amplitudes and show a phase shift of 120 degree to each other. For balanced grid inductors, the resulting grid currents also have the same amplitude. However, own simulations show that unbalanced grid inductors always lead to different grid current amplitudes (4% difference in this case). As a result, the averaged charging module powers differ and the peak DC-link capacitor voltage rises as well. In the first step, an adaptation of an existing zero-sequence voltage injection is proposed. For balanced grid inductors, it converges to the 3rd harmonic voltage injection which can reduce the peak-to-peak DC-link voltage ripple up by to 50% and balances the power between the phases. However, unbalanced grid inductors still lead to the same unbalanced grid currents of 4%. Therefore, a new method with 4 integrators based on linear regression is proposed to achieve sinusoidal grid currents for unbalanced inductors. The proposed method has a similar transient dynamic as the conventional dq control, but balances the grid currents nearly ideally. Simulation results of a 1MW cascaded H bridge and a scaled-down prototype verify the proposed method.","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-12-16T15:20:55Z","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"type":"conference","keyword":["Cascaded H-Bridge","Current Control","dq Transformation","Linear Regression","Unbalanced Inductors"]},{"citation":{"mla":"Jakobeit, Darius, et al. “Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-Based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors.” <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>, IEEE, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Jakobeit_Peña López_Schenke_Haucke-Korber_Wallscheid_2025, title={Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>}, booktitle={2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Jakobeit, Darius and Peña López, Mario and Schenke, Maximilian and Haucke-Korber, Barnabas and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2025} }","ama":"Jakobeit D, Peña López M, Schenke M, Haucke-Korber B, Wallscheid O. Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. In: <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>","ieee":"D. Jakobeit, M. Peña López, M. Schenke, B. Haucke-Korber, and O. Wallscheid, “Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors,” 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>.","apa":"Jakobeit, D., Peña López, M., Schenke, M., Haucke-Korber, B., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2025). Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>","short":"D. Jakobeit, M. Peña López, M. Schenke, B. Haucke-Korber, O. Wallscheid, in: 2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC), IEEE, 2025.","chicago":"Jakobeit, Darius, Mario Peña López, Maximilian Schenke, Barnabas Haucke-Korber, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-Based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors.” In <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. IEEE, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179\">https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179</a>."},"publication":"2025 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC)","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"type":"conference","date_created":"2025-07-25T12:26:51Z","date_updated":"2025-12-19T12:42:54Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"last_name":"Jakobeit","first_name":"Darius","full_name":"Jakobeit, Darius"},{"full_name":"Peña López, Mario","last_name":"Peña López","first_name":"Mario","orcid":"0000-0001-5381-3660","id":"82862"},{"first_name":"Maximilian","orcid":"0000-0001-5427-9527","last_name":"Schenke","full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian","id":"52638"},{"full_name":"Haucke-Korber, Barnabas","first_name":"Barnabas","last_name":"Haucke-Korber","orcid":"0000-0003-0862-2069","id":"93461"},{"last_name":"Wallscheid","first_name":"Oliver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-8777","full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","id":"11291"}],"title":"Structural Optimization of Meta-Reinforcement Learning-based Finite-Control-Set Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors","year":"2025","status":"public","doi":"10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061179","user_id":"93461","publisher":"IEEE","_id":"60746","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"_id":"60745","publisher":"IEEE","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"93461","doi":"10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093","author":[{"last_name":"Haucke-Korber","first_name":"Barnabas","orcid":"0000-0003-0862-2069","full_name":"Haucke-Korber, Barnabas","id":"93461"},{"last_name":"Aung","first_name":"Nyi Nyi","full_name":"Aung, Nyi Nyi"},{"id":"52638","last_name":"Schenke","orcid":"0000-0001-5427-9527","first_name":"Maximilian","full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian"},{"id":"82862","orcid":"0000-0001-5381-3660","first_name":"Mario","last_name":"Peña López","full_name":"Peña López, Mario"},{"last_name":"Jakobeit","first_name":"Darius","full_name":"Jakobeit, Darius"},{"id":"11291","first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Wallscheid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-8777","full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver"}],"status":"public","title":"Reinforcement Learning-based Direct Torque Control of Externally Excited Synchronous Motors: a Proof of Concept","year":"2025","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-12-19T12:43:17Z","date_created":"2025-07-25T12:26:35Z","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"type":"conference","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Haucke-Korber_Aung_Schenke_Peña López_Jakobeit_Wallscheid_2025, title={Reinforcement Learning-based Direct Torque Control of Externally Excited Synchronous Motors: a Proof of Concept}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093</a>}, booktitle={2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Haucke-Korber, Barnabas and Aung, Nyi Nyi and Schenke, Maximilian and Peña López, Mario and Jakobeit, Darius and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2025} }","ama":"Haucke-Korber B, Aung NN, Schenke M, Peña López M, Jakobeit D, Wallscheid O. Reinforcement Learning-based Direct Torque Control of Externally Excited Synchronous Motors: a Proof of Concept. In: <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093</a>","mla":"Haucke-Korber, Barnabas, et al. “Reinforcement Learning-Based Direct Torque Control of Externally Excited Synchronous Motors: A Proof of Concept.” <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>, IEEE, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093</a>.","chicago":"Haucke-Korber, Barnabas, Nyi Nyi Aung, Maximilian Schenke, Mario Peña López, Darius Jakobeit, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Reinforcement Learning-Based Direct Torque Control of Externally Excited Synchronous Motors: A Proof of Concept.” In <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. IEEE, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093\">https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093</a>.","short":"B. Haucke-Korber, N.N. Aung, M. Schenke, M. Peña López, D. Jakobeit, O. Wallscheid, in: 2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC), IEEE, 2025.","ieee":"B. Haucke-Korber, N. N. Aung, M. Schenke, M. Peña López, D. Jakobeit, and O. Wallscheid, “Reinforcement Learning-based Direct Torque Control of Externally Excited Synchronous Motors: a Proof of Concept,” 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093</a>.","apa":"Haucke-Korber, B., Aung, N. N., Schenke, M., Peña López, M., Jakobeit, D., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2025). Reinforcement Learning-based Direct Torque Control of Externally Excited Synchronous Motors: a Proof of Concept. <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093\">https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061093</a>"},"publication":"2025 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC)"},{"date_updated":"2025-12-19T12:43:37Z","publication_status":"published","status":"public","title":"Reinforcement Learning Control of Three-Level Converter Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives","year":"2025","author":[{"id":"82862","first_name":"Mario","last_name":"Peña López","orcid":"0000-0001-5381-3660","full_name":"Peña López, Mario"},{"id":"52638","last_name":"Schenke","first_name":"Maximilian","orcid":"0000-0001-5427-9527","full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian"},{"full_name":"Jakobeit, Darius","last_name":"Jakobeit","first_name":"Darius"},{"id":"93461","first_name":"Barnabas","last_name":"Haucke-Korber","orcid":"0000-0003-0862-2069","full_name":"Haucke-Korber, Barnabas"},{"id":"11291","full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","first_name":"Oliver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9362-8777","last_name":"Wallscheid"}],"doi":"10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032","user_id":"93461","_id":"60744","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"IEEE","publication":"2025 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC)","citation":{"chicago":"Peña López, Mario, Maximilian Schenke, Darius Jakobeit, Barnabas Haucke-Korber, and Oliver Wallscheid. “Reinforcement Learning Control of Three-Level Converter Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives.” In <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. IEEE, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032\">https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032</a>.","short":"M. Peña López, M. Schenke, D. Jakobeit, B. Haucke-Korber, O. Wallscheid, in: 2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC), IEEE, 2025.","apa":"Peña López, M., Schenke, M., Jakobeit, D., Haucke-Korber, B., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2025). Reinforcement Learning Control of Three-Level Converter Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives. <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032\">https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032</a>","ieee":"M. Peña López, M. Schenke, D. Jakobeit, B. Haucke-Korber, and O. Wallscheid, “Reinforcement Learning Control of Three-Level Converter Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives,” 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032</a>.","ama":"Peña López M, Schenke M, Jakobeit D, Haucke-Korber B, Wallscheid O. Reinforcement Learning Control of Three-Level Converter Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives. In: <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>. IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Peña López_Schenke_Jakobeit_Haucke-Korber_Wallscheid_2025, title={Reinforcement Learning Control of Three-Level Converter Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032</a>}, booktitle={2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Peña López, Mario and Schenke, Maximilian and Jakobeit, Darius and Haucke-Korber, Barnabas and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2025} }","mla":"Peña López, Mario, et al. “Reinforcement Learning Control of Three-Level Converter Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives.” <i>2025 IEEE International Electric Machines &#38; Drives Conference (IEMDC)</i>, IEEE, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032\">10.1109/iemdc60492.2025.11061032</a>."},"type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"date_created":"2025-07-25T12:26:05Z"},{"_id":"63498","page":"3326-3335","volume":40,"doi":"10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174","user_id":"83383","author":[{"last_name":"Kirchgässner","first_name":"Wilhelm","full_name":"Kirchgässner, Wilhelm"},{"last_name":"Förster","first_name":"Nikolas","full_name":"Förster, Nikolas"},{"full_name":"Piepenbrock, Till","last_name":"Piepenbrock","first_name":"Till"},{"full_name":"Schweins, Oliver","first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Schweins"},{"full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Wallscheid"}],"year":"2025","status":"public","title":"HARDCORE: H-Field and Power Loss Estimation for Arbitrary Waveforms With Residual, Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks in Ferrite Cores","intvolume":"        40","date_updated":"2026-01-06T08:08:01Z","date_created":"2026-01-06T08:07:13Z","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"keyword":["Mathematical models","Estimation","Data models","Convolutional neural networks","Accuracy","Magnetic hysteresis","Magnetic cores","Temperature measurement","Magnetic domains","Temperature distribution","Convolutional neural network (CNN)","machine learning (ML)","magnetics"],"type":"journal_article","citation":{"ama":"Kirchgässner W, Förster N, Piepenbrock T, Schweins O, Wallscheid O. HARDCORE: H-Field and Power Loss Estimation for Arbitrary Waveforms With Residual, Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks in Ferrite Cores. <i>IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics</i>. 2025;40(2):3326-3335. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174\">10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174</a>","bibtex":"@article{Kirchgässner_Förster_Piepenbrock_Schweins_Wallscheid_2025, title={HARDCORE: H-Field and Power Loss Estimation for Arbitrary Waveforms With Residual, Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks in Ferrite Cores}, volume={40}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174\">10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174</a>}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics}, author={Kirchgässner, Wilhelm and Förster, Nikolas and Piepenbrock, Till and Schweins, Oliver and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2025}, pages={3326–3335} }","mla":"Kirchgässner, Wilhelm, et al. “HARDCORE: H-Field and Power Loss Estimation for Arbitrary Waveforms With Residual, Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks in Ferrite Cores.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics</i>, vol. 40, no. 2, 2025, pp. 3326–35, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174\">10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174</a>.","chicago":"Kirchgässner, Wilhelm, Nikolas Förster, Till Piepenbrock, Oliver Schweins, and Oliver Wallscheid. “HARDCORE: H-Field and Power Loss Estimation for Arbitrary Waveforms With Residual, Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks in Ferrite Cores.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics</i> 40, no. 2 (2025): 3326–35. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174\">https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174</a>.","short":"W. Kirchgässner, N. Förster, T. Piepenbrock, O. Schweins, O. Wallscheid, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 40 (2025) 3326–3335.","apa":"Kirchgässner, W., Förster, N., Piepenbrock, T., Schweins, O., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2025). HARDCORE: H-Field and Power Loss Estimation for Arbitrary Waveforms With Residual, Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks in Ferrite Cores. <i>IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics</i>, <i>40</i>(2), 3326–3335. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174\">https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174</a>","ieee":"W. Kirchgässner, N. Förster, T. Piepenbrock, O. Schweins, and O. Wallscheid, “HARDCORE: H-Field and Power Loss Estimation for Arbitrary Waveforms With Residual, Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks in Ferrite Cores,” <i>IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics</i>, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 3326–3335, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174\">10.1109/TPEL.2024.3488174</a>."},"publication":"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics","issue":"2"},{"_id":"63496","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"2881-2890","user_id":"83383","doi":"10.30420/566541386","author":[{"last_name":"Foerster","first_name":"Nikolas","full_name":"Foerster, Nikolas"},{"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Urbaneck","full_name":"Urbaneck, Daniel"},{"full_name":"Schenke, Maximilian","first_name":"Maximilian","last_name":"Schenke"},{"first_name":"Anastacia","last_name":"Ebers","full_name":"Ebers, Anastacia"},{"first_name":"Nicolas","last_name":"Schoenlau","full_name":"Schoenlau, Nicolas"},{"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Wallscheid","full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver"},{"full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister","first_name":"Frank"}],"status":"public","year":"2025","title":"Improving the Usability of Calorimetric Measuring Chambers for Reliable Thermal Measurements","date_updated":"2026-01-06T08:05:25Z","date_created":"2026-01-06T08:04:10Z","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"type":"conference","citation":{"apa":"Foerster, N., Urbaneck, D., Schenke, M., Ebers, A., Schoenlau, N., Wallscheid, O., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (2025). Improving the Usability of Calorimetric Measuring Chambers for Reliable Thermal Measurements. <i>PCIM Conference 2025; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management</i>, 2881–2890. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.30420/566541386\">https://doi.org/10.30420/566541386</a>","ieee":"N. Foerster <i>et al.</i>, “Improving the Usability of Calorimetric Measuring Chambers for Reliable Thermal Measurements,” in <i>PCIM Conference 2025; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management</i>, 2025, pp. 2881–2890, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.30420/566541386\">10.30420/566541386</a>.","chicago":"Foerster, Nikolas, Daniel Urbaneck, Maximilian Schenke, Anastacia Ebers, Nicolas Schoenlau, Oliver Wallscheid, and Frank Schafmeister. “Improving the Usability of Calorimetric Measuring Chambers for Reliable Thermal Measurements.” In <i>PCIM Conference 2025; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management</i>, 2881–90, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.30420/566541386\">https://doi.org/10.30420/566541386</a>.","short":"N. Foerster, D. Urbaneck, M. Schenke, A. Ebers, N. Schoenlau, O. Wallscheid, F. Schafmeister, in: PCIM Conference 2025; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, 2025, pp. 2881–2890.","mla":"Foerster, Nikolas, et al. “Improving the Usability of Calorimetric Measuring Chambers for Reliable Thermal Measurements.” <i>PCIM Conference 2025; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management</i>, 2025, pp. 2881–90, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.30420/566541386\">10.30420/566541386</a>.","ama":"Foerster N, Urbaneck D, Schenke M, et al. Improving the Usability of Calorimetric Measuring Chambers for Reliable Thermal Measurements. In: <i>PCIM Conference 2025; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management</i>. ; 2025:2881-2890. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.30420/566541386\">10.30420/566541386</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Foerster_Urbaneck_Schenke_Ebers_Schoenlau_Wallscheid_Schafmeister_2025, title={Improving the Usability of Calorimetric Measuring Chambers for Reliable Thermal Measurements}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.30420/566541386\">10.30420/566541386</a>}, booktitle={PCIM Conference 2025; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, author={Foerster, Nikolas and Urbaneck, Daniel and Schenke, Maximilian and Ebers, Anastacia and Schoenlau, Nicolas and Wallscheid, Oliver and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2025}, pages={2881–2890} }"},"publication":"PCIM Conference 2025; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management"},{"_id":"65097","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"IEEE","user_id":"24041","doi":"10.1109/powertech59965.2025.11180230","status":"public","year":"2025","title":"Safe Reinforcement Learning-based Control for a Voltage Source Inverter Operating in an Unbalanced Grid","author":[{"last_name":"Weber","first_name":"Daniel","full_name":"Weber, Daniel"},{"full_name":"Lange, Jarren","last_name":"Lange","first_name":"Jarren"},{"full_name":"Wallscheid, Oliver","last_name":"Wallscheid","first_name":"Oliver"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-03-23T15:33:16Z","date_created":"2026-03-23T15:32:40Z","type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"34"},{"_id":"52"}],"publication":"2025 IEEE Kiel PowerTech","citation":{"mla":"Weber, Daniel, et al. “Safe Reinforcement Learning-Based Control for a Voltage Source Inverter Operating in an Unbalanced Grid.” <i>2025 IEEE Kiel PowerTech</i>, IEEE, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/powertech59965.2025.11180230\">10.1109/powertech59965.2025.11180230</a>.","ama":"Weber D, Lange J, Wallscheid O. Safe Reinforcement Learning-based Control for a Voltage Source Inverter Operating in an Unbalanced Grid. In: <i>2025 IEEE Kiel PowerTech</i>. IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/powertech59965.2025.11180230\">10.1109/powertech59965.2025.11180230</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Weber_Lange_Wallscheid_2025, title={Safe Reinforcement Learning-based Control for a Voltage Source Inverter Operating in an Unbalanced Grid}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/powertech59965.2025.11180230\">10.1109/powertech59965.2025.11180230</a>}, booktitle={2025 IEEE Kiel PowerTech}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Weber, Daniel and Lange, Jarren and Wallscheid, Oliver}, year={2025} }","apa":"Weber, D., Lange, J., &#38; Wallscheid, O. (2025). 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Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter. In: <i>ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe</i>. IEEE. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister, place={Darmstadt}, title={Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>}, booktitle={ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim and Schafmeister, Frank} }","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (n.d.). Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter. <i>ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe</i>. ECCE Europe 2024, Darmstadt, Germany. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>","ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter,” presented at the ECCE Europe 2024, Darmstadt, Germany, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Experimentally Verified 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with New Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter.” In <i>ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe</i>. Darmstadt: IEEE, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, in: ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Exposition Europe, IEEE, Darmstadt, n.d."},"place":"Darmstadt","date_updated":"2024-11-28T14:16:05Z","publication_status":"accepted","title":"Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter","year":"2024","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["979-8-3503-6444-6"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Roland","last_name":"Unruh","full_name":"Unruh, Roland","id":"34289"},{"id":"66","orcid":"0000-0002-8480-7295","last_name":"Böcker","first_name":"Joachim","full_name":"Böcker, Joachim"},{"id":"71291","first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank"}],"doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10751954"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Although there are numerous design and control methodologies for the LLC resonant converter,\r\nthey often do not consider decentralized control strategies to operate them as isolated DC-DC converters within a\r\ncascaded H-bridge. The total output power of all LLC converters must be constant to supply a load such as a wa-\r\nter electrolyzer. However, each individual LLC converter can vary its output power as long as the total output\r\npower remains constant. This opens new possibilities in increasing the system efficiency and robustness. Usually,\r\nthe DC-link voltage of each module capacitor shows a 2nd harmonic voltage ripple. However, the total stored energy\r\nin all DC-link capacitors is constant within a grid period for a balanced three-phase system. By controlling each\r\nLLC converter’s output power locally to be proportional to the energy stored in its DC-link capacitor, modules with\r\na lower instantaneous DC-link voltage transfer less power to the load than modules with a higher DC-link voltage.\r\nAs a result, a higher efficiency, voltage gain and lower peak resonant capacitor voltage can be achieved with the\r\nsame components. The 22.2kW experimental prototype of the LLC converter reaches an efficiency of over 97% at\r\nresonance which is similar to the precalculated value.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"ECCE Europe 2024; IEEE Energy Conversion Congress & Exposition Europe","keyword":["Cascaded H-Bridge","Converter Losses","Decentralized Control","Full-Bridge Converter","LLC Resonant Converter"],"type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"date_created":"2024-05-19T14:26:29Z"},{"citation":{"chicago":"Unruh, Roland, Joachim  Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Experimentally Verified 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with New Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter.” In <i>Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","short":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, in: Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe), IEEE, 2024.","apa":"Unruh, R., Böcker, J., &#38; Schafmeister, F. (2024). Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter. <i>Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)</i>.  Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe), Darmstadt. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>","ieee":"R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter,” presented at the  Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe), Darmstadt, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>.","ama":"Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter. In: <i>Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)</i>. IEEE; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2024, title={Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim  and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2024} }","mla":"Unruh, Roland, et al. “Experimentally Verified 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with New Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter.” <i>Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress &#38; Expo (ECCE Europe)</i>, IEEE, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954\">10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954</a>."},"file_date_updated":"2025-02-14T15:32:17Z","has_accepted_license":"1","conference":{"name":" Energy Conversion Congress & Expo (ECCE Europe)","start_date":"2024-09-02","location":"Darmstadt","end_date":"2024-09-06"},"status":"public","ddc":["620"],"user_id":"71291","publisher":"IEEE","_id":"58648","publication":"Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress & Expo (ECCE Europe)","department":[{"_id":"52"}],"type":"conference","date_created":"2025-02-14T15:30:36Z","file":[{"creator":"schafmei","date_created":"2025-02-14T15:32:17Z","file_name":"EPE_2024_09_02-Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter.pdf","file_size":3829411,"access_level":"closed","relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-02-14T15:32:17Z","file_id":"58649","success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf"}],"date_updated":"2025-02-14T15:33:10Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"last_name":"Unruh","first_name":"Roland","full_name":"Unruh, Roland","id":"34289"},{"full_name":"Böcker, Joachim ","first_name":"Joachim ","last_name":"Böcker"},{"id":"71291","full_name":"Schafmeister, Frank","first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Schafmeister"}],"year":"2024","title":"Experimentally Verified 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Design with new Control for a 1 MW Cascaded H-Bridge Converter","doi":"10.1109/ECCEEurope62508.2024.10751954","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]}]