@inproceedings{60304,
  abstract     = {{The focus towards multi-material and lightweight assemblies, driven by legal requirements on reducing emissions and energy consumptions, reveals important drawbacks and disadvantages of established joining processes, such as welding. In this context, mechanical joining technologies, such as clinching, are becoming more and more relevant especially in the automotive industry. However, the availability of only few standards and almost none systematic design methods causes a still very time- and cost-intensive assembly development process considering mainly expert knowledge and a considerable amount of experimental studies. Motivated by this, the presented work introduces a novel approach for the methodical design and dimensioning of mechanically clinched assemblies. Therefore, the utilization of regression models, such as machine learning algorithms, combined with manufacturing knowledge ensures a reliable estimation of individual clinched joint characteristics. In addition, the implementation of an engineering workbench enables the following data-driven and knowledge-based generation of high-quality initial assembly designs already in early product development phases. In a subsequent analysis and adjustment, these designs are being improved while guaranteeing joining safety and loading conformity. The presented results indicate that the methodological approach can pave the way to a more systematic design process of mechanical joining assemblies, which can significantly shorten the required number of iteration loops and therefore the product development time.}},
  author       = {{Zirngibl, Christoph and Martin, Sven and Steinfelder, Christian and Schleich, Benjamin and Tröster, Thomas and Brosius, Alexander and Wartzack, Sandro}},
  booktitle    = {{Materials Research Proceedings}},
  issn         = {{2474-395X}},
  keywords     = {{Joining, Structural Analysis, Machine Learning}},
  location     = {{Erlangen-Nürnberg}},
  publisher    = {{Materials Research Forum LLC}},
  title        = {{{Methodical approach for the design and dimensioning of mechanical clinched assemblies}}},
  doi          = {{10.21741/9781644902417-23}},
  volume       = {{25}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{60302,
  abstract     = {{The combination of the mechanical properties of a clinched joint and of the material surrounding the joint determine the resulting properties of the component and joint. The cause and effect relationships between the joint and the joint environment offers the possibility of a specific modification through an adaptation in the design process. In order to identify these cause and effect relationships and resulting interactions experimentally, numerous of experiments are required. In this publication, a concept for the automated manufacturing of head tensile test and shear tensile test specimens – from cutting to clinching – by using a punch laser machine is presented. Based on a full-factorial experimental design, the parameters change of the properties of the joint environment by beading and change of the punch displacement are addressed. The influence on the properties of the clinched specimen is evaluated based on the variables Stiffness, force at the beginning of yielding and maximum force at head tensile loading and shear tensile loading. In addition, the geometric quality parameters of neck thickness, interlock and bottom thickness are evaluated. The relationships can be used to apply uniform loads to joints in joined structures to counteract oversizing.}},
  author       = {{Steinfelder, Christian and Brosius, Alexander}},
  booktitle    = {{Materials Research Proceedings}},
  issn         = {{2474-395X}},
  keywords     = {{Sheet Metal, Joining, Stiffness}},
  location     = {{Erlangen-Nürnberg}},
  publisher    = {{Materials Research Forum LLC}},
  title        = {{{Experimental investigation of the cause and effect relationships between the joint and the component during clinching}}},
  doi          = {{10.21741/9781644902417-19}},
  volume       = {{25}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{60647,
  abstract     = {{Das umformtechnische Fügeverfahren Clinchen ermöglicht ein energiearmes Fügen von Blechen und dient traditionell der Übertragung mechanischer Kräfte. Neue Einsatzgebiete erfordern eine elektrische oder thermische Leitfähigkeit, sodass es notwendig ist, das Clinchen entsprechend zu qualifizieren. Es wurden Untersuchungen an Aluminiumverbindungen durchgeführt, welche mit hohen Kurzzeitströmen belastet wurden. Der Einfluss verschiedener Oberflächenvorbehandlungen wurde betrachtet. Als Charakterisierungsmethode für die Bauteile und die geclinchten Fügeverbindungen wird die Messung des elektrischen Widerstandes herangezogen. Die untersuchten Clinchverbindungen sind fähig, die im Fehlerfall auftretenden Kurzzeitströme zu übertragen. Der Oberflächenzustand übt dabei einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Clinchpunktausbildung und damit auf deren elektrische Eigenschaften aus. Durch Messung des elektrischen Widerstandes vor und nach dem Fügen sowie nach einer Bestromung mit Fehlerströmen, kann das Kontaktverhalten qualifiziert werden.}},
  author       = {{Reschke, Gregor and Kalich, Jan and Füssel, Uwe}},
  booktitle    = {{Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2022: Werkstoffe und Bauteile auf dem Prüfstand, Prüftechnik – Kennwertermittlung – Schadensvermeidung}},
  editor       = {{Zimmermann, Martina}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-88355-430-3}},
  keywords     = {{Clinchen, Bindemechanismen, elektrische Eigenschaften, Aluminium, Kurzzeitbestromung}},
  location     = {{Dresden}},
  pages        = {{374--379}},
  title        = {{{Methoden zur Charakterisierung der Bindemechanismen bei geclinchten elektrischen Kontakten}}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{30626,
  abstract     = {{Clinching is a very cost-efficient method for joining two or more sheets made of identical or different materials. However, the current evaluation methods cannot confirm the critical geometrical features of joints such as neck thickness, undercut, and bottom thickness. Furthermore, the effects caused by joining process such as elastic deformation and crack-closure are significant for the joining quality, but often earn insufficient attention. Therefore, computed tomography (CT) and Transient Dynamic Analysis (TDA) as an ultrasonic testing and evaluation procedure are combined to overcome the obstacles mentioned above. In order to have a well-defined and reproducible typical geometrical error in clinching, specimens with a pre-specified lateral offset of the punch with 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm are as well as with no lateral offset are investigated using CT. The specimens are treated with conductive copper varnish in varying intensities to support the two sheets' distinguishability in the CT measurement. The subsequently extracted surfaces from CT-scan data are used to create three-dimensional models for a numerical Transient Dynamic Analysis. Hereby, a harmonic force is applied to one sheet and the transferred energy is determined at the opposite side of the clinch point on the other sheet. The transmitted energy can be used as a quantitative measure for the joining quality. This setup is simulated by means of Finite-Element-Method and the specimens are investigated experimentally using a piezo actuator and a piezo sensor. The novelty of the results presented here is the completely non-destructive investigation of joint specimen by CT of similar materials with a contrast given foil in between the sheets and the subsequent TDA, which can easily detect difference between the specimens by evaluation of the energy dissipation of the joints.}},
  author       = {{Köhler, D. and Sadeghian, B. and Troschitz, J. and Kupfer, R. and Gude, M. and Brosius, A.}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}},
  pages        = {{100089}},
  title        = {{{Characterisation of lateral offsets in clinch points with computed tomography and transient dynamic analysis}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100089}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{30625,
  abstract     = {{Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRT)/steel hybrid parts offer promising properties and possibilities, which can exceed the capabilities of both individual materials. In this case, the joining operation presents the main challenge. This paper studies the direct pin pressing where metallic pins with undercutting geometries, protruding from the metal component, are inserted into a locally infrared heated CFRT component. The aim is to investigate the joining process with a focus on the filling of the undercut features with matrix and fibers to create a primarily form-fitting joint. For good mechanical properties of the joint, it is crucial, that the undercutting features are filled and do not lead to significant deconsolidations. The pin structures are manufactured from 42CrMo4 steel on a cnc-lathe and are joined via welding with HCT600+Zn sheet metal. The CFRT samples are manufactured from polypropylene and approximately 45% vol. unidirectional glass fibers. In the scope of this study, different pin geometries are joined with varying process settings and micro sections of the joints are investigated via reflected light microscopy. It could be shown that the undercuts can be completely filled with matrix and fiber material using the described process route. Based on the optical investigations a suitable setting of joining parameters is defined and lap shear as well as cross head samples are manufactured and experimentally tested. It could be seen that independently from the pin geometry the lap shear strength was primarily limited due to shear failure of the pin structures and it is assumed that the base diameter and pin strength predominantly determine the joint strength. Cross head samples failed due to pin extraction. Here, a significant increase of the joint strength with undercutting features could be shown in comparison to cylindrical reference pins.}},
  author       = {{Popp, J. and Drummer, D.}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}},
  pages        = {{100084}},
  title        = {{{Joining of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic/steel hybrid parts via undercutting pin structures and infrared heating}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100084}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{30624,
  abstract     = {{In addition to brazing and welding processes, mechanical joining processes such as clinching are increasingly being used. Clinch joints offer an advantage over metallurgical joining processes by giving the possibility of joining different material combinations without typical drawbacks. Thereby clinching offers an enormous advantage for lightweight construction. An additional benefit is a great variability in the geometric shapes of the toolsets, which ensure optimum adaptation of the clinching process on variations of the joining elements such as e.g. the sheet thickness. However, the vast variability is also one of the major challenges regarding the prediction of the joint reliability. In the work presented, the effect of different toolset geometries was investigated with a particular focus on the interaction between geometrical features and deformation-induced microstructural changes. Light optical and electron microscopy techniques, as well as micro-hardness measurements, were performed. The results were evaluated and discussed concerning the material's deformation behavior, the change in geometrical shape and the microstructural evolution due to the different tool geometries. The findings point out the main influence factors regarding the mechanical properties in general and the fatigue behavior in particular.}},
  author       = {{Ewenz, L. and Kuczyk, M. and Zimmermann, M.}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}},
  title        = {{{Effect of the tool geometry on microstructure and geometrical features of clinched aluminum}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100091}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{30622,
  author       = {{Gröger, B. and Würfel, V. and Hornig, A. and Gude, M.}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}},
  title        = {{{Forming process induced material structure of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics - Experimental and numerical investigation of a bladder-assisted moulding process}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100100}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{30717,
  abstract     = {{To achieve the climate objectives, various measures are taken to increase the efficiency of raw materials and energies used. A sector with a large proportion of the global consumption of resources is the mobility sector. To increase the efficiency in this field, large efforts are made to reduce the weight of moving masses. One approach is the use of multi-material systems, which utilises different materials and their specific properties depending on the local requirements. Multi-material systems consist often of materials which differ in strength and density, for example, high-strength steels, aluminium alloys or polymers. Additionally, such a system can utilise different geometries of the components to be joined, characterised for example by varying sheet thicknesses. A central challenge of producing these systems is the joining of the individual components. This requires robust joining processes capable of covering the entire spectrum of possible variants and is feasible for different physical properties of the materials. Since conventional joining processes are rather rigid and have difficulty reacting to changing process and disturbance variables, new joining processes are necessary. With the objective of being able to react versatile to varying parameters, a process combination consisting of a semi-tubular self-piercing riveting process and orbital forming process with adjustable tumbling kinematic is introduced. Due to the process combination of tumbling and self-piercing riveting, mutual influences of the two process components are analysed in regard to material flow and process forces. Further, the investigations show the influence of a varying tumbling angle on the joining process itself and how the characteristic properties undercut, rivet head end position and residual sheet thickness of the joint are affected. The material used for the joining partners is an aluminium alloy EN AW-6014 typical for multi-material systems in the automotive industry and the rivets are from type Rivset C produced by the Böllhoff company.}},
  author       = {{Wituschek, S. and Lechner, M.}},
  journal      = {{Production Engineering}},
  title        = {{{Investigation of the influence of the tumbling angle on a tumbling self-piercing riveting process}}},
  doi          = {{10.1177/14644207221080068}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{30629,
  abstract     = {{Clinching is a joining process that is becoming more and more important in industry due to the increasing use of multi-material designs. Despite the already widespread use of the process, there is still a need for research to understand the mechanisms and design of clinched joints. In contrast to the tool parameters, process and material disturbances have not yet been investigated to a relatively large extent. However, these also have a great influence on the properties and applicability of clinching. The effect of process disturbances on the clinched joint are investigated with numerical and experimental methods. The investigated process variations are the history of the sheets using the pre-hardening of the material, different sheet thicknesses, sheet arrangements and punch strokes. For the consideration of the material history, a specimen geometry for pre-stretching specimens in uniaxial tension is used, from which the pre-stretched secondary specimens are taken. A finite element model is set up for the numerical investigations. Suitable clinching tools are selected. With the simulation, selected process influences can be examined. The effort of the numerical investigations is considerably reduced with the help of a statistical experimental design according to Taguchi. To confirm the simulation results, experimental investigations of the clinch point geometry by using micrographs and the shear strength of the clinched joint are performed. The analysis of the influence of difference disturbance factors on the clinching process demonstrate the importance of the holistic view of the clinching process.}},
  author       = {{Steinfelder, C. and Acksteiner, J. and Guilleaume, C. and Brosius, A.}},
  journal      = {{Production Engineering}},
  title        = {{{Analysis of the interactions between joint and component properties during clinching}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s11740-021-01102-x}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{30640,
  abstract     = {{Surface determination is an essential step of the measurement process in industrial X-ray computed tomography (XCT). The starting point of the surface determination process step is a single grey value threshold within a voxel volume in conventional surface determination methods. However, this value is not always found in the reconstructed volume in the local environment of the surface of the measurement object due to various artefacts, so that none or incorrect surfaces are determined. In order to find surfaces independently of a single grey value, a three-dimensional approach of the initial contour determination based on a Prewitt edge detection algorithm is presented in this work. This method is applied to different test specimens and specimen compositions which, due to their material or material constellation, their geometric properties with regard to surfaces and interfaces as well as their calibrated size and length dimensions, embody relevant properties in the examination of joining connections. It is shown that by using the surface determination method in the measurement process, both a higher metrological structure resolution and interface structure resolution can be achieved. Surface artefacts can be reduced by the application and it is also an approach to improved surface finding for the multi-material components that are challenging for XCT.}},
  author       = {{Busch, M. and Hausotte, T.}},
  journal      = {{Production Engineering}},
  title        = {{{Application of an edge detection algorithm for surface determination in industrial X-ray computed tomography}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s11740-021-01100-z}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{30628,
  abstract     = {{The work carried out is based on the thesis properties of clinched joints are determined by the proportions of binding mechanisms form-closure, force-closure and material-closure. To describe the acting binding mechanisms and thus to derive the joint properties, detailed knowledge of the local effect of the individual binding mechanisms is necessary to ensure their targeted adjustment by the joining process. The targeted setting of different proportions of the binding mechanisms is achieved firstly via tool geometry and secondly via surface condition of the joined parts. An introduced form-closure component can be quantified by metallographic cross section with subsequent measurement of the quality-determining parameters such as undercut, penetration depth and neck thickness. To qualify the force-closure component, a torsional load can be applied mechanically at rotationally symmetrical clinch joints. This also allows the influence of different surface conditions on the tribological system to be quantified. Measurement of electrical resistance can reveal the binding mechanisms of force- and material-closure. These investigations are carried out on an aluminum joining part combination of the same type. As a result of these investigations, the clinched joints can be designed according to the load occurring in the later life cycle in the form of an optimum and compromise variant with regard to minimum loads to be transmitted mechanically, electrically with regard to low resistance or manufacturing with minimum energy input.}},
  author       = {{Kalich, J. and Füssel, U.}},
  journal      = {{Production Engineering}},
  title        = {{{Design of clinched joints on the basis of binding mechanisms}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s11740-022-01108-z}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{30627,
  abstract     = {{Additive plasticity in the logarithmic strain space is compared to multiplicative plasticity for various loading cases including coaxial and non-coaxial plastic deformations. Even though both finite plasticity approaches are based on total Lagrangian descriptions, the former is popular due to its inherent similarity to the infinitesimal theory and its easy extensibility. However, since its introduction several limitations of additive plasticity in the logarithmic strain space have been discovered. In this study, these problems such as stress rotation and softening are considered, revealing that fundamental differences compared to multiplicative plasticity occur for non-coaxial plastic deformations. We focus in particular on the observed softer response of the additive based approach, which is analysed in depth using three numerical examples including two well-known benchmarks for finite plasticity. By means of these finite element simulations the softer and possibly even localising response of additive plasticity in the logarithmic strain space is confirmed.}},
  author       = {{Friedlein, J. and Mergheim, J. and Steinmann, P.}},
  journal      = {{International Journal of Solids and Structures}},
  pages        = {{111416}},
  title        = {{{Observations on additive plasticity in the logarithmic strain space at excessive strains}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111416}},
  volume       = {{239-240}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34253,
  abstract     = {{Lightweight construction has increasingly become the focus of scientific research in recent years, not least due to
the constantly increasing fuel price, which is a key factor in the economic viability of many companies. In this
respect, the use of hybrid structures, made of dissimilar materials offers many advantages. However, such hybrid
structures often have undesirable side effects. For example, brittle intermetallic phases are formed when
aluminum and steel are welded. Clinching as a mechanical joining process does not produce such intermetallic
phases since the connection is realized through form and force closure. In this process, a punch passes through
two or more sheets and forms them into a permanent joint in a die. In the present work, the corrosion phenomena
of an aluminum-steel clinched joint have been investigated by both experiments and numerical simulations in
order to explain the superior fatigue behavior of pre-corroded joints. Therefore, the clinched joints have been
corroded by a three-week salt-spray test. In addition, the electric potential and the von Mises stress are calculated
under the assumption of a static loading. The results of both experiments and numerical simulations can explain
the improvement in the fatigue behavior of the corroded specimens. This phenomenon can be attributed to the
accumulation of corrosion products in small gaps between the joined metal sheets.}},
  author       = {{Harzheim, Sven and Ewenz, Lars and Zimmermann, Martina and Wallmersperger, Thomas}},
  issn         = {{2666-3309}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}},
  keywords     = {{Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Engineering (miscellaneous), Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous)}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Corrosion Phenomena and Fatigue Behavior of Clinched Joints: Numerical and Experimental Investigations}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100130}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34252,
  abstract     = {{Clinching is the manufacturing process of joining two or more metal sheets under high plastic deformation by form and force closure without thermal support and auxiliary parts. Clinch connections are applicable to difficult-to-join hybrid material combinations, such as steel and aluminum. Therefore, this technology is interesting for the application of AISI 304 components, as this material is widely used as a highly formable sheet material. A characteristic feature of AISI 304 is its metastability, i.e., the face-centered cubic (fcc) γ-austenite can transform into a significantly stronger body-centered cubic (bcc) α’-martensite under plastic deformation. This work investigates the effect of heat treatment—a process that involves the formation of an oxidation layer on the sheet surface—on the forming process during joining and the resulting mechanical properties of clinch joints made from AISI 304. For this purpose, different joints made from non-heat treated and heat-treated sheets were examined using classical metallography and advanced SEM techniques, accompanied by further investigations, such as hardness and feritscope measurements. The shear tensile strength was determined, and the fracture behavior of the samples was investigated. Clear influences of heat-treatment-induced surface roughness on the joint geometry and strength were observed.}},
  author       = {{Zeuner, André Till and Ewenz, Lars and Kalich, Jan and Schöne, Sebastian and Füssel, Uwe and Zimmermann, Martina}},
  issn         = {{2075-4701}},
  journal      = {{Metals}},
  keywords     = {{General Materials Science, Metals and Alloys}},
  number       = {{9}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{The Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Surface Roughness and Shear Tensile Strength of AISI 304 Clinch Joints}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/met12091514}},
  volume       = {{12}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34249,
  abstract     = {{The trend towards lightweight design, driven by increasingly stringent emission targets, poses challenges to conventional joining processes due to the different mechanical properties of the joining partners used to manufacture multi-material systems. For this reason, new versatile joining processes are in demand for joining dissimilar materials. In this regard, pin joining with cold extruded pin structures is a relatively new, two-stage joining process for joining materials such as high-strength steel and aluminium as well as steel and fibre-reinforced plastic to multi-material systems, without the need for auxiliary elements. Due to the novelty of the process, there are currently only a few studies on the robustness of this joining process available. Thus, limited statements on the stability of the joining process considering uncertain process conditions, such as varying material properties or friction values, can be provided. Motivated by this, the presented work investigates the influence of different uncertain process parameters on the pin extrusion as well as on the joining process itself, carrying out a systematic robustness analysis. Therefore, the methodical approach covers the complete process chain of pin joining, including the load-bearing capacity of the joint by means of numerical simulation and data-driven methods. Thereby, a deeper understanding of the pin joining process is generated and the versatility of the novel joining process is increased. Additionally, the provision of manufacturing recommendations for the forming of pin joints leads to a significant decrease in the failure probability caused by ploughing or buckling effects.}},
  author       = {{Römisch, David and Zirngibl, Christoph and Schleich, Benjamin and Wartzack, Sandro and Merklein, Marion}},
  issn         = {{2504-4494}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing}},
  keywords     = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  number       = {{5}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Robustness Analysis of Pin Joining}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/jmmp6050122}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34255,
  abstract     = {{Deformation of continuous fibre reinforced plastics during thermally-assisted forming or joining processes leads to a change of the initial material structure. The load behaviour of composite parts strongly depends on the resultant material structure. The prediction of this material structure is a challenging task and requires a deep knowledge of the material behaviour above melting temperature and the occurring complex forming phenomena. Through this knowledge, the optimisation of manufacturing parameters for a more efficient and reproducible process can be enabled and are in the focus of many investigations. In the present paper, a simplified pultrusion test rig is developed and presented to investigate the deformation behaviour of a thermoplastic semi-finished fiber product in a forming element. Therefore, different process parameters, like forming element temperature, pulling velocity as well as the forming element geometry, are varied. The deformation behaviour in the forming zone of the thermoplastic preimpregnated continuous glass fibre-reinforced material is investigated by computed tomography and the resultant pulling forces are measured. The results clearly show the correlation between the forming element temperature and the resulting forces due to a change in the viscosity of the thermoplastic matrix and the resulting fiber matrix interaction. In addition, the evaluation of the measurement data shows which forming forces are required to change the shape of the thermoplastic unidirectional material with a rectangular cross-section to a round one.}},
  author       = {{Borowski, Andreas and Gröger, Benjamin and Füßel, René and Gude, Maik}},
  issn         = {{2504-4494}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing}},
  keywords     = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  number       = {{6}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Characterisation of Fibre Bundle Deformation Behaviour—Test Rig, Results and Conclusions}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/jmmp6060146}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34248,
  abstract     = {{Pin extrusion is a common process to realise pin structures in different geometrical dimensions for a subsequent joining operation. Nevertheless, the process of pin extrusion offers process limits regarding sheet thinning as a consequence of the punch penetration depth into the sheet. Thereby, cracks at the residual sheet thickness can occur during strength tests, resulting in a failure of the complete joint due to severe thinning. Therefore, measures have to be taken into account to reduce the thinning. One possibility is the application of orbital formed tailored blanks with a local material pre-distribution, which allows a higher sheet thickness in the desired area. Within this contribution, the novel approach of a process combination of orbital forming and pin extrusion is investigated. To reveal the potential of a local material pre-distribution, conventional specimens are compared with previously orbital formed components. Relevant parameters such as the residual sheet thickness, the pin height as well as the average hardness values are compared. The results show a significant positive influence of a local material pre-distribution on the residual sheet thickness as well as the resulting pin height. Furthermore, the strain hardening during orbital forming can be seen as an additional advantage. To conclude the results, the process limits of conventional pin extrusion can be expanded significantly by the application of specimens with a local material pre-distribution.}},
  author       = {{Römisch, David and Hetzel, Andreas and Wituschek, Simon and Lechner, Michael and Merklein, Marion}},
  issn         = {{2504-4494}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing}},
  keywords     = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials}},
  number       = {{6}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Pin Extrusion for Mechanical Joining from Orbital Formed Tailored Blanks with Local Material Pre-Distribution}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/jmmp6060127}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34247,
  abstract     = {{The paper presents research regarding a thermally supported multi-material clinching process (hotclinching) for metal and thermoplastic composite (TPC) sheets: an experimental approach to investigate the flow pressing phenomena during joining. Therefore, an experimental setup is developed to compress the TPC-specimens in out-of-plane direction with different initial TPC thicknesses and varying temperature levels. The deformed specimens are analyzed with computed tomography to investigate the resultant inner material structure at different compaction levels. The results are compared in terms of force-compaction-curves and occurring phenomena during compaction. The change of the material structure is characterized by sliding phenomena and crack initiation and growth.}},
  author       = {{Gröger, Benjamin and Römisch, David and Kraus, Martin and Troschitz, Juliane and Füßel, René and Merklein, Marion and Gude, Maik}},
  issn         = {{2073-4360}},
  journal      = {{Polymers}},
  keywords     = {{Polymers and Plastics, General Chemistry}},
  number       = {{22}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Warmforming Flow Pressing Characteristics of Continuous Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/polym14225039}},
  volume       = {{14}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34256,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>The 3D shear deformation and failure behaviour of a glass fibre reinforced polypropylene in a shear strain rate range of γ˙=2.2×10−4 to 3.4 1s is investigated. An Iosipescu testing setup on a servo-hydraulic high speed testing unit is used to experimentally characterise the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour utilising three specimen configurations (12-, 13- and 31-direction). The experimental procedure as well as the testing results are presented and discussed. The measured shear stress–shear strain relations indicate a highly nonlinear behaviour and a distinct rate dependency. Two methods are investigated to derive according material characteristics: a classical engineering approach based on moduli and strengths and a data driven approach based on the curve progression. In all cases a Johnson–Cook based formulation is used to describe rate dependency. The analysis methodologies as well as the derived model parameters are described and discussed in detail. It is shown that a phenomenologically enhanced regression can be used to obtain material characteristics for a generalising constitutive model based on the data driven approach.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Gerritzen, Johannes and Hornig, Andreas and Gröger, Benjamin and Gude, Maik}},
  issn         = {{2504-477X}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Composites Science}},
  keywords     = {{Engineering (miscellaneous), Ceramics and Composites}},
  number       = {{10}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{A Data Driven Modelling Approach for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation and Failure of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation and Deriving Modelling Parameters}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/jcs6100318}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34214,
  abstract     = {{This article presents the application and evaluation of a cantilever with integrated sensing and actuation as part of an atomic force microscope (AFM) with an adjustable probe direction, which is integrated into a nano measuring machine (NMM-1). The AFM, which is operated in closed-loop intermittent contact mode, is based on two rotational axes that enable the adjustment of the probe direction to cover a complete hemisphere. The axes greatly enlarge the metrology frame of the measuring system by materials with a comparatively high coefficient of thermal expansion, which ultimately limits the achievable measurement uncertainty of the measuring system. Thus, to reduce the thermal sensitivity of the system, the redesign of the rotational kinematics is mandatory. However, in this article, some preliminary investigations on the application of a self-sensing cantilever with an integrated micro heater for its stimulation will be presented. In previous investigations, a piezoelectric actuator has been applied to stimulate the cantilever. However, the removal of the piezoelectric actuator, which is enabled by the application of a cantilever with an integrated micro heater, promises an essential simplification of the sensor holder. Thus, in the future it might be possible to use materials with a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which are often difficult to machine and therefore only allow for rather simple geometries. Furthermore, because of the creepage of piezoelectric actuators, their removal from the metrology frame might lead to improved metrological characteristics. As will be shown, there are no significant differences between the two modes of actuation. Therefore, the redesigned rotational system will be based on the cantilever with integrated sensing and actuation.}},
  author       = {{Schaude, Janik and Hausotte, Tino}},
  issn         = {{2520-811X}},
  journal      = {{Nanomanufacturing and Metrology}},
  keywords     = {{Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science (miscellaneous)}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{139--148}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Atomic Force Microscope with an Adjustable Probe Direction and Integrated Sensing and Actuation}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}