@phdthesis{13124, author = {{Dräxler, Sevil}}, publisher = {{Universität Paderborn}}, title = {{{Scaling, placement, and routing for pliable virtualized composed services}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{13292, abstract = {{Building on 5G and network function virtualization (NFV), smart manufacturing has the potential to drastically increase productivity, reduce cost, and introduce novel, flexible manufacturing services. Current work mostly focuses on high-level scenarios or emulation-based prototype deployments. Extending our previous work, we showcase one of the first cloud-native 5G verticals focusing on the deployment of smart manufacturing use cases on production infrastructure. In particular, we use the 5GTANGO service platform to deploy our developed network services on Kubernetes. For this demo, we implemented a series of cloud-native virtualized network functions (VNFs) and created suitable service descriptors. Their light-weight, stateless deployment on Kubernetes enables quick instantiation, scalability, and robustness.}}, author = {{Schneider, Stefan Balthasar and Peuster, Manuel and Hannemann, Kai and Behnke, Daniel and Müller, Marcel and Bök, Patrick-Benjamin and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN) Demo Track}}, keywords = {{5G, NFV, Smart Manufacturing, Cloud-Native, Kubernetes}}, location = {{Dallas, TX, USA}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{"Producing Cloud-Native": Smart Manufacturing Use Cases on Kubernetes}}}, year = {{2019}}, } @article{10325, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Marchetti, Michael and García de Blas, Gerardo and Karl, Holger}}, issn = {{1687-1499}}, journal = {{EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking}}, publisher = {{Springer}}, title = {{{Automated testing of NFV orchestrators against carrier-grade multi-PoP scenarios using emulation-based smoke testing}}}, doi = {{10.1186/s13638-019-1493-2}}, year = {{2019}}, } @inproceedings{2474, author = {{Afifi, Haitham and Auroux, Sébastien and Karl, Holger}}, publisher = {{Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)}}, title = {{{MARVELO: Wireless Virtual Network Embedding for Overlay Graphs with Loops}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{2476, author = {{Shiferaw Heyi, Binyam and Karl, Holger}}, publisher = {{Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)}}, title = {{{Modelling Time-Limited Capacity of a Wireless Channel as aMarkov Reward Process}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{2480, abstract = {{Understanding the behavior of the components of service function chains (SFCs) in different load situations is important for efficient and automatic management and orches- tration of services. For this purpose and for practical research in network function virtualization in general, there is a great need for benchmarks and experimental data. In this paper, we describe our experiments for characterizing the relationship between resource demands of virtual network functions (VNFs) and the expected performance of the SFC, considering the individual performance of the VNFs as well as the interdependencies among VNFs within the SFC. We have designed our experiments focusing on video streaming, an important application in this context. We present examples of models for predicting the interdependence between resource demands and performance characteristics of SFCs using support vector regression and polynomial regression models. We also show practical evidence from our experiments that VNFs need to be benchmarked in their final chain setup, rather than individually, to capture important interdependencies that affect their performance. The data gathered from our experiments is publicly available.}}, author = {{Dräxler, Sevil and Peuster, Manuel and Illian, Marvin and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{4th IEEE International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft 2018)}}, location = {{Montreal}}, pages = {{318----322}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Generating Resource and Performance Models for Service Function Chains: The Video Streaming Case}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NETSOFT.2018.8460029}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{2481, abstract = {{Network function virtualization requires scaling and placement, deciding the number and the location of function instances. Current approaches are limited in flexibility and practical applicability. Specifically, we study dynamic, single-step, joint scaling and placement of network services with bidirectional flows traversing Physical or Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) and returning to their sources. We develop models to support stateful components and legacy network functions with fixed locations in these network services as well as the possibility of reusing VNFs across network services. We formalize the problem of jointly scaling and placing such network services as a mixed- integer linear program (MILP). We show that this problem is NP-complete and also present a heuristic algorithm to find good solutions in short time. In an extensive evaluation with realistic scenarios, we investigate the capabilities of the two approaches.}}, author = {{Dräxler, Sevil and Schneider, Stefan Balthasar and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{4th IEEE International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft 2018)}}, location = {{Montreal}}, pages = {{123----131}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{ Scaling and Placing Bidirectional Services with Stateful Virtual and Physical Network Functions}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @techreport{2483, abstract = {{Understanding the behavior of distributed cloud service components in different load situations is important for efficient and automatic management and orchestration of these services. For this purpose and for practical research in distributed cloud computing in general, there is need for benchmarks and experimental data. In this paper, we describe our experiments for characterizing the relationship between resource demands of application components and the expected performance of applica- tions. We present initial results for predicting the interdependence between resource demands and performance characteristics using support vector regression and polynomial regression models. The data gathered from our experiments is publicly available.}}, author = {{Dräxler, Sevil and Peuster, Manuel and Illian, Marvin and Karl, Holger}}, title = {{{Towards Predicting Resource Demands and Performance of Distributed Cloud Services}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{2472, author = {{Auroux, Sébastien and Karl, Holger}}, publisher = {{Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)}}, title = {{{Distributed Placement of Virtualized Control Applications in Mobile Backhaul Networks}}}, doi = {{ 10.1109/WCNC.2018.8377335}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{3217, author = {{Demirel, Burak and Ramaswamy, Arunselvan and Quevedo, Daniel and Karl, Holger}}, title = {{{DeepCAS: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Control-Aware Scheduling}}}, doi = {{10.1109/LCSYS.2018.2847721}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{3345, abstract = {{Dynamically steering flows through virtualized net- work function instances is a key enabler for elastic, on-demand deployments of virtualized network functions. This becomes par- ticular challenging when stateful functions are involved, necessi- tating state management. The problem with existing solutions is that they typically embrace state migration and flow rerouting jointly, imposing a huge set of requirements on the on-boarded VNFs, e.g., solution-specific state management interfaces. In this paper, we introduce the seamless handover proto- col (SHarP). It provides an easy-to-use, loss-less, and order- preserving flow rerouting mechanism that is not fixed to a single state management approach. This allows VNF vendors to implement or use the state management solution of their choice. SHarP supports these solutions with additional information when flows are migrated. Further, we show how SHarP significantly reduces the buffer usage at a central (SDN) controller, which is a typical bottleneck in existing solutions. Our experiments show that SHarP uses a constant amount of controller buffer, irrespective of the time taken to migrate the VNF state.}}, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Küttner, Hannes and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{4th IEEE International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft 2018)}}, location = {{Montreal}}, title = {{{ Let the state follow its flows: An SDN-based flow handover protocol to support state migration}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NETSOFT.2018.8460007}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{3346, abstract = {{Developing a virtualized network service does not only involve the implementation and configuration of the network functions it is composed of but also its integration and test with management solutions that will control the service in its production environment. These integration tasks require testbeds that offer the needed network function virtualization infrastructure~(NFVI), like OpenStack, introducing a lot of management and maintenance overheads. Such testbed setups become even more complicated when the multi point-of-presence~(PoP) case, with multiple infrastructure installations, is considered. In this demo, we showcase an emulation platform that executes containerized network services in user-defined multi-PoP topologies. The platform does not only allow network service developers to locally test their services but also to connect real-world management and orchestration solutions to the emulated PoPs. During our interactive demonstration we focus on the integration between the emulated infrastructure and state-of-the-art orchestration solutions like SONATA or OSM.}}, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Kampmeyer, Johannes and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{4th IEEE International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft 2018)}}, location = {{Montreal}}, title = {{{Containernet 2.0: A Rapid Prototyping Platform for Hybrid Service Function Chains}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NETSOFT.2018.8459905}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{3347, abstract = {{Management and orchestration~(MANO) systems are the key components of future large-scale NFV environments. They will manage resources of hundreds or even thousands of NFV infrastructure installations, so called points of presence~(PoP). Such scenarios need to be automatically tested during the development phase of a MANO system. This task becomes very challenging because large-scale NFV testbeds are hard to maintain, too expensive, or simply not available. In this paper, we present a multi-PoP NFV infrastructure emulation platform that enables automated, large-scale testing of MANO stacks. We show that our platform can easily emulate hundreds of PoPs on a single physical machine and reduces the setup time of a test PoP by a factor of 232x compared to a DevStack-based test PoP installation. Further, we present a case study in which we test ETSI's Open Source MANO~(OSM) against our proposed system to gain insights about OSM's behaviour in large-scale NFV deployments.}}, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Marchetti, Michael and Garcia de Blas, Gerado and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC)}}, location = {{Ljubljana}}, title = {{{Emulation-based Smoke Testing of NFV Orchestrators in Large Multi-PoP Environments}}}, doi = {{10.1109/EuCNC.2018.8442701}}, year = {{2018}}, } @article{3152, abstract = {{To adapt to continuously changing workloads in networks, components of the running network services may need to be replicated (scaling the network service) and allocated to physical resources (placement) dynamically, also necessitating dynamic re-routing of flows between service components. In this paper, we propose JASPER, a fully automated approach to jointly optimizing scaling, placement, and routing for complex network services, consisting of multiple (virtualized) components. JASPER handles multiple network services that share the same substrate network; services can be dynamically added or removed and dynamic workload changes are handled. Our approach lets service designers specify their services on a high level of abstraction using service templates. JASPER automatically makes scaling, placement and routing decisions, enabling quick reaction to changes. We formalize the problem, analyze its complexity, and develop two algorithms to solve it. Extensive empirical results show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.}}, author = {{Dräxler, Sevil and Karl, Holger and Mann, Zoltan Adam}}, journal = {{IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{JASPER: Joint Optimization of Scaling, Placement, and Routing of Virtual Network Services}}}, doi = {{10.1109/TNSM.2018.2846572}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6016, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{IEEE/IFIP 14th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)}}, location = {{Rome}}, publisher = {{IEEE/IFIP}}, title = {{{Understand your chains and keep your deadlines: Introducing time-constrained profiling for NFV}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6483, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Schneider, Stefan Balthasar and Christ, Frederic and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualisation and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN) 5GNetApp}}, location = {{Verona}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{A Prototyping Platform to Validate and Verify Network Service Header-based Service Chains}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @techreport{6485, author = {{Rosa, Raphael Vicente and Rothenberg, Christian Esteve and Peuster, Manuel and Karl, Holger}}, publisher = {{IETF}}, title = {{{Methodology for VNF Benchmarking Automation}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6970, abstract = {{Dynamic allocation of resources is a key feature in network function virtualization (NFV), enabling flexible adjustment of slices and contained network services to ever-changing service demands. Considering resource allocation across the entire network, many authors have proposed approaches to optimize the placement and chaining of virtual network function (VNF) instances and the allocation of resources to these VNF instances. In doing so, various optimization objectives are conceivable, e.g., minimizing certain required resources or the end-to-end delay of the placed services. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between four typical optimization objectives when coordinating the placement and resource allocation of chained VNF instances. We observe an interesting trade-off between minimizing the overhead of starting/stopping VNF instances and all other objectives when adapting to changed service demands.}}, author = {{Schneider, Stefan Balthasar and Dräxler, Sevil and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2018)}}, location = {{Abu Dhabi, UAE}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Trade-offs in Dynamic Resource Allocation in Network Function Virtualization}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6972, abstract = {{In recent years, a variety of different approaches have been proposed to tackle the problem of scaling and placing network services, consisting of interconnected virtual network functions (VNFs). This paper presents a placement abstraction layer (PAL) that provides a clear and simple northbound interface for using such algorithms while hiding their internal functionality and implementation. Through its southbound interface, PAL can connect to different back ends that evaluate the calculated placements, e.g., using simulations, emulations, or testbed approaches. As an example for such evaluation back ends, we introduce a novel placement emulation framework (PEF) that allows executing calculated placements using real, containerbased VNFs on real-world network topologies. In a case study, we show how PAL and PEF facilitate reusing and evaluating placement algorithms as well as validating their underlying models and performance claims.}}, author = {{Schneider, Stefan Balthasar and Peuster, Manuel and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN 2018)}}, location = {{Verona, Italy}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{A Generic Emulation Framework for Reusing and Evaluating VNF Placement Algorithms}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NFV-SDN.2018.8725795}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6974, abstract = {{A key challenge of network function virtualization (NFV) is the complexity of developing and deploying new network services. Currently, development requires many manual steps that are time-consuming and error-prone (e.g., for creating service descriptors). Furthermore, existing management and orchestration (MANO) platforms only offer limited support of standardized descriptor models or package formats, limiting the re-usability of network services. To this end, we introduce a fully integrated, open-source NFV service development kit (SDK) with multi-MANO platform support. Our SDK simplifies many NFV service development steps by offering initial generation of descriptors, advanced project management, as well as fully automated packaging and submission for on-boarding. To achieve multi-platform support, we present a package format that extends ETSI’s VNF package format. In this demonstration, we present the end-to-end workflow to develop an NFV service that is then packaged for multiple platforms, i.e., 5GTANGO and OSM.}}, author = {{Schneider, Stefan Balthasar and Peuster, Manuel and Tavernier, Wouter and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN 2018)}}, location = {{Verona, Italy}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{A Fully Integrated Multi-Platform NFV SDK}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NFV-SDN.2018.8725794}}, year = {{2018}}, } @phdthesis{1208, author = {{Schwabe, Arne}}, publisher = {{Universität Paderborn}}, title = {{{Data-Centre Traffic Optimisation using Software-Defined Networks}}}, doi = {{10.17619/UNIPB/1-287}}, year = {{2018}}, } @inproceedings{6859, abstract = {{Signal processing in WASNs is based on a software framework for hosting the algorithms as well as on a set of wireless connected devices representing the hardware. Each of the nodes contributes memory, processing power, communication bandwidth and some sensor information for the tasks to be solved on the network. In this paper we present our MARVELO framework for distributed signal processing. It is intended for transforming existing centralized implementations into distributed versions. To this end, the software only needs a block-oriented implementation, which MARVELO picks-up and distributes on the network. Additionally, our sensor node hardware and the audio interfaces responsible for multi-channel recordings are presented.}}, author = {{Afifi, Haitham and Schmalenstroeer, Joerg and Ullmann, Joerg and Haeb-Umbach, Reinhold and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{Speech Communication; 13th ITG-Symposium}}, pages = {{1--5}}, title = {{{MARVELO - A Framework for Signal Processing in Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks}}}, year = {{2018}}, } @misc{3291, abstract = {{The microservice architecture uses independently running microservices as build- ing blocks for applications. These microservices are clearly bounded for each other and expose their functionality through, for instance, RESTful application inter- faces. Particularly the clear boundaries between microservices enable the reuse of microservice throughout different projects. Because of the increasing use of microservices, the composition of multiple microservices in service composition becomes a more important task. A challenging area in developing service compo- sitions is that it involves two distinct layers with few junctions. On the one hand, describes a service composition a business process, which involves multiple com- ponents. On the other hand, involves the implementation of a service composition topics like service discovery and message exchange protocols since the microser- vices involved in a service composition are located within a network environment. In this Bachelor’s Thesis, I describe a descriptions language to abstractly describe the business logic of a service composition. Furthermore, I describe a genera- tion process, which compiles this abstract description to a working microservice realizing the specified service composition. In addition to that, I provide an im- plementation of the generation process, as a proof of concept, and test it within a Kubernetes-based cluster environment.}}, author = {{Schürmann, Andreas}}, publisher = {{Universität Paderborn}}, title = {{{Microservice-based Execution Environment for Service Compositions}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{2741, author = {{Ali Ashraf, Shehzad and Wang, Y.-P. Eric and Eldessoki, Sameh and Holfeld, Bernd and Parruca, Donald and Serror, Martin and Gross, James}}, publisher = {{Proceedings of 23th European Wireless Conference 2017, 17- 19.05.2017}}, title = {{{From Radio Design to System Evaluations for Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication }}}, year = {{2017}}, } @article{58, abstract = {{Network function virtualization and software-defined networking allow services consisting of virtual network functions to be designed and implemented with great flexibility by facilitating automatic deployments, migrations, and reconfigurations for services and their components. For extended flexibility, we go beyond seeing services as a fixed chain of functions. We define the service structure in a flexible way that enables changing the order of functions in case the functionality of the service is not influenced by this, and propose a YANG data model for expressing this flexibility. Flexible structures allow the network orchestration system to choose the optimal composition of service components that for example gives the best results for placement of services in the network. When number of flexible services and number of components in each service increase, combinatorial explosion limits the practical use of this flexibility. In this paper, we describe a selection heuristic that gives a Pareto set of the possible compositions of a service as well as possible combinations of different services, with respect to different optimization objectives. Moreover, we present a heuristic algorithm for placement of a combination of services, which aims at placing service components along shortest paths that have enough capacity for accommodating the services. By applying these solutions, we show that allowing flexibility in the service structure is feasible.}}, author = {{Dräxler, Sevil and Karl, Holger}}, journal = {{International Journal of Network Management}}, number = {{2}}, pages = {{1----16}}, publisher = {{Wiley Online Library}}, title = {{{Specification, Composition, and Placement of Network Services with Flexible Structures}}}, doi = {{10.1002/nem.1963}}, year = {{2017}}, } @article{64, abstract = {{A current trend in networking and cloud computing is to provide compute resources at widely distributed sites; this is exemplified by developments such as Network Function Virtualisation. This paves the way for wide-area service deployments with improved service quality: e.g. user-perceived response times can be reduced by offering services at nearby sites. But always assigning users to the nearest site can be a bad decision if this site is already highly utilised. This paper formalises two related decisions of allocating compute resources at different sites and assigning users to them with the goal of minimising the response times while the total number of resources to be allocated is limited – a non-linear capacitated Facility Location Problem with integrated queuing systems. To efficiently handle its non-linearity, we introduce five linear problem linearisations and adapt the currently best heuristic for a similar scenario to our scenario. All six approaches are compared in experiments for solution quality and solving time. Surprisingly, our best optimisation formulation outperforms the heuristic in both time and quality. Additionally, we evaluate the influence of distributions of available compute resources in the network on the response time: The time was halved for some configurations. The presented formulation techniques for our problem linearisations are applicable to a broader optimisation domain.}}, author = {{Keller, Matthias and Karl, Holger}}, journal = {{IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management}}, number = {{1}}, pages = {{121----135}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Response-Time-Optimised Service Deployment: MILP Formulations of Piece-wise Linear Functions Approximating Non-linear Bivariate Mixed-integer Functions}}}, doi = {{10.1109/TNSM.2016.2611590}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{708, author = {{Schwabe, Arne and Rojas, Elisa and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{2017 {IEEE} Conference on Network Softwarization, NetSoft 2017, Bologna, Italy, July 3-7, 2017}}, location = {{Bologna}}, pages = {{1----5}}, title = {{{Minimizing downtimes: Using dynamic reconfiguration and state management in SDN}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NETSOFT.2017.8004209}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{717, abstract = {{In conventional large-scale networks, creation and management of network services are costly and complex tasks that often consume a lot of resources, including time and manpower. Network softwarization and network function virtualization have been introduced to tackle these problems, aiming at decreasing costs and complexity of implementing new services, maintaining the implemented services, and managing available resources in service provisioning platforms and underlying infrastructures. To experience the full potential of these approaches, innovative development support tools and service provisioning environments are needed. To answer these needs, we introduce the architecture of the open-source SONATA system, a service programming, orchestration, and management framework. We present a development toolchain for virtualized network services, fully integrated with a service platform and orchestration system. We introduce the modular and flexible architecture of our system and discuss its main components and features, such as function- and service-specific managers that allow fine-grained service management, slicing support to facilitate multi-tenancy, recursiveness for improved scalability, and full-featured DevOps support.}}, author = {{Dräxler, Sevil and Karl, Holger and Peuster, Manuel and Razzaghi Kouchaksaraei, Hadi and Bredel, Michael and Lessmann, Johannes and Soenen, Thomas and Tavernier, Wouter and Mendel-Brin, Sharon and Xilouris, George}}, booktitle = {{2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops)}}, isbn = {{9781509015252}}, location = {{Paris, France}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{SONATA: Service programming and orchestration for virtualized software networks}}}, doi = {{10.1109/iccw.2017.7962785}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{723, abstract = {{Developing a virtualized network service does not only involve the implementation and configuration of the network functions it is composed of but also its integration and test with management solutions that will control the service in its production environment. These integration tasks require testbeds that offer the needed network function virtualization infrastructure~(NFVI), like OpenStack, introducing a lot of management and maintenance overheads. Such testbed setups become even more complicated when the multi point-of-presence~(PoP) case, with multiple infrastructure installations, is considered. In this demo, we showcase an emulation platform that executes containerized network services in user-defined multi-PoP topologies. The platform does not only allow network service developers to locally test their services but also to connect real-world management and orchestration solutions to the emulated PoPs. During our interactive demonstration we focus on the integration between the emulated infrastructure and state-of-the-art orchestration solutions like SONATA or OSM.}}, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Dräxler, Sevil and Razzaghi Kouchaksaraei, Hadi and van Rossem, Steven and Tavernier, Wouter and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization, NetSoft 2017, Bologna, Italy, July 3-7, 2017}}, location = {{Bologna}}, pages = {{1----3}}, title = {{{A flexible multi-pop infrastructure emulator for carrier-grade MANO systems}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NETSOFT.2017.8004250}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{87, abstract = {{Management of complex network services requires flexible and efficient service provisioning as well as optimized handling of continuous changes in the workload of the service.To adapt to changes in the demand, service components need to be replicated (scaling) and allocated to physical resources (placement) dynamically. In this paper, we propose a fullyautomated approach to the joint optimization problem of scaling and placement, enabling quick reaction to changes. We formalize the problem, analyze its complexity, and develop two algorithms to solve it. Extensive empirical results show the applicability andeffectiveness of the proposed approach.}}, author = {{Dräxler, Sevil and Karl, Holger and Mann, Zoltan Adam}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 17th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid 2017)}}, title = {{{Joint Optimization of Scaling and Placement of Virtual Network Services}}}, doi = {{10.1109/CCGRID.2017.25}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{981, abstract = {{Benchmarking and profiling virtual network functions (VNFs) generates input knowledge for resource management decisions taken by management and orchestration systems. Such VNFs are usually not executed in isolation but are often deployed as part of a service function chain (SFC) that connects single functions into complex structures. To manage such chains, isolated performance profiles of single functions have to be combined to get insights into the overall behavior of an SFC. This becomes particularly challenging in highly agile DevOps environments in which profiling processes need to be fully automated and detailed insights about a chain's internal structures are not always available. In this paper, we introduce a fully automatable, flexible, and platform-agnostic profiling system that allows to profile entire SFCs at once. This obviates manual modeling procedures to combine profiling results from single VNFs to reflect SFC performance. We use a case study with different SFC configurations to show that it is hard to model the resulting SFC performance based on single-VNF measurements and that performance interactions between real, non-trivial functions that are deployed in a chain exist. }}, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualisation and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN)}}, location = {{Berlin}}, title = {{{Profile Your Chains, Not Functions. Automated Network Service Profiling in DevOps Environments}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NFV-SDN.2017.8169826}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{983, author = {{Auroux, Sébastien and Scholz, S. and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{Proc. European Wireless}}, title = {{{Assessing Genetic Algorithms for Placing Flow Processing-aware Control Applications}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{1618, author = {{Zhao, Mengxuan and Le Gall, Franck and Cousin, Philippe and Vilalta, Ricard and Munoz, Raul and Castro, Sonia and Peuster, Manuel and Schneider, Stefan Balthasar and Siapera, Maria and Kapassa, Evgenia and Kyriazis, Dimosthenis and Hasselmeyer, Peer and Xilouris, George and Tranoris, Christos and Denazis, Spyros and Martrat, Josep}}, booktitle = {{2017 IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN)}}, isbn = {{9781538632857}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Verification and validation framework for 5G network services and apps}}}, doi = {{10.1109/nfv-sdn.2017.8169878}}, year = {{2017}}, } @inproceedings{1620, author = {{Aktas, Ismet and Ansari, Junaid and Auroux, Sebastien and Parruca, Donald and Perez Guirao, Maria Dolores and Holfeld, Bernd}}, publisher = {{Proceedings of 23th European Wireless Conference}}, title = {{{A Coordination Architecture for Wireless Industrial Automation}}}, year = {{2017}}, } @phdthesis{220, author = {{Keller, Matthias}}, publisher = {{Universität Paderborn}}, title = {{{Application Deployment at Distributed Clouds}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @article{714, abstract = {{The Service Programming and Orchestration for Virtualised Software Networks (SONATA) project targets both the flexible programmability of software networks and the optimisation of their deployments by means of integrating Development and Operations in order to accelerate industry adoption of software networks and reduce time-to-market for networked services. SONATA supports network function chaining and orchestration, making service platforms modular and easier to customise to the needs of different service providers, and introduces a specialised Development and Operations model for supporting developers.}}, author = {{Karl, Holger and Dräxler, Sevil and Peuster, Manuel and Galis, Alex and Bredel, Michael and Ramos, Aurora and Martrat, Josep and Siddiqui, Muhammad Shuaib and van Rossem, Steven and Tavernier, Wouter and Xilouris, George}}, issn = {{2161-3915}}, journal = {{Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies}}, number = {{9}}, pages = {{1206--1215}}, publisher = {{Wiley-Blackwell}}, title = {{{DevOps for network function virtualisation: an architectural approach}}}, doi = {{10.1002/ett.3084}}, volume = {{27}}, year = {{2016}}, } @article{726, author = {{Wette, Philip and Karl, Holger}}, journal = {{Computer Communications}}, pages = {{45----58}}, title = {{{DCT²Gen: A traffic generator for data centers}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.comcom.2015.12.001}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{728, author = {{Schwabe, Arne and A. Aranda-Gutierrez, Pedro and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 2016 Applied Networking Research Workshop, {ANRW} 2016, Berlin, Germany, July 16, 2016}}, pages = {{26----31}}, title = {{{Composition of SDN applications: Options/challenges for real implementations}}}, doi = {{10.1145/2959424.2959436}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{729, author = {{Doriguzzi Corin, Roberto and A. Aranda-Gutierrez, Pedro and Rojas, Elisa and Karl, Holger and Salvadori, Elio}}, booktitle = {{12th International Conference on Network and Service Management, {CNSM} 2016, Montreal, QC, Canada, October 31 - Nov. 4, 2016}}, pages = {{209----215}}, title = {{{Reusability of software-defined networking applications: {A} runtime, multi-controller approach}}}, doi = {{10.1109/CNSM.2016.7818419}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{730, abstract = {{Allocating resources to virtualized network functions and services to meet service level agreements is a challenging task for NFV management and orchestration systems. This becomes even more challenging when agile development methodologies, like DevOps, are applied. In such scenarios, management and orchestration systems are continuously facing new versions of functions and services which makes it hard to decide how much resources have to be allocated to them to provide the expected service performance. One solution for this problem is to support resource allocation decisions with performance behavior information obtained by profiling techniques applied to such network functions and services. In this position paper, we analyze and discuss the components needed to generate such performance behavior information within the NFV DevOps workflow. We also outline research questions that identify open issues and missing pieces for a fully integrated NFV profiling solution. Further, we introduce a novel profiling mechanism that is able to profile virtualized network functions and entire network service chains under different resource constraints before they are deployed on production infrastructure.}}, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{Fifth European Workshop on Software-Defined Networks, EWSDN 2016, Den Haag, The Netherlands, October 10-11, 2016}}, location = {{Den Haag}}, pages = {{7----12}}, title = {{{Understand Your Chains: Towards Performance Profile-Based Network Service Management}}}, doi = {{10.1109/EWSDN.2016.9}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{731, abstract = {{Traditional cellular networks are forced to remain active regardless of the actual amount of traffic that is currently produced/requested, with a clear waste of energy. Two-layer mobile networks with separated signalling and data layers have been recently proposed for energy savings in future implementations. These networks are able to switch off unneeded data cells completely while maintaining full coverage with their signalling cells, thus saving energy. In this demonstration, we showcase a testbed that uses Wi-Fi access points to emulate small cells of the data layer and a publicly available cellular connection as the signalling layer. We use off-the-shelf Android smartphones with an ad-hoc networking management module and a MultiPath TCP-enabled kernel to manage the Wi-Fi and cellular interfaces simultaneously. The testbed is used to demonstrate the general feasibility of this layered architecture and to facilitate experiments with network-wide resource optimization. }}, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Karl, Holger and Enrico Redondi, Alessandro and Capone, Antonio}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, INFOCOM Workshops 2016, San Francisco, CA, USA, April 10-14, 2016}}, location = {{San Francisco}}, pages = {{1015----1016}}, title = {{{Demonstrating on-demand cell switching with a two-layer mobile network testbed}}}, doi = {{10.1109/INFCOMW.2016.7562232}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{732, abstract = {{Elastic deployments of virtualized network functions~(VNF) can automatically scale the amount of used resources in relation to their workload. This is often done by starting new VNF instances or stopping old ones. A problem of these scale operations is that most network functions are stateful and their internal state is not automatically migrated when traffic is redistributed in the deployment. As a result, mechanisms are needed to exchange or migrate internal network function state between VNF instances. This paper presents a state management framework that creates a logically distributed state store on top of elastically deployed virtual network functions. We also introduce a novel programming model that provides both a local and a global view of the state to each VNF instance. We discuss the integration of our framework into existing network function virtualization architectures and compare the performance of our prototype to a centralized and a distributed state store solution.}}, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{IEEE NetSoft Conference and Workshops, NetSoft 2016, Seoul, South Korea, June 6-10, 2016}}, location = {{Seoul}}, pages = {{6----10}}, title = {{{E-State: Distributed state management in elastic network function deployments}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NETSOFT.2016.7502432}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{735, author = {{Auroux, Sébastien and Parruca, Donald and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{27th IEEE Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications, {PIMRC} 2016, Valencia, Spain, September 4-8, 2016}}, pages = {{1----6}}, title = {{{Joint real-time scheduling and interference coordination for wireless factory automation}}}, doi = {{10.1109/PIMRC.2016.7794927}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{738, abstract = {{Virtualized network services consisting of multiple individual network functions are already today deployed across multiple sites, so called multi-PoP (points of presence) environments. This allows to improve service performance by optimizing its placement in the network. But prototyping and testing of these complex distributed software systems becomes extremely challenging. The reason is that not only the network service as such has to be tested but also its integration with management and orchestration systems. Existing solutions, like simulators, basic network emulators, or local cloud testbeds, do not support all aspects of these tasks. To this end, we introduce MeDICINE, a novel NFV prototyping platform that is able to execute production-ready network functions, provided as software containers, in an emulated multi-PoP environment. These network functions can be controlled by any third-party management and orchestration system that connects to our platform through standard interfaces. Based on this, a developer can use our platform to prototype and test complex network services in a realistic environment running on his laptop. }}, author = {{Peuster, Manuel and Karl, Holger and van Rossem, Steven}}, booktitle = {{IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN)}}, location = {{Palo Alto}}, title = {{{MeDICINE: Rapid Prototyping of Production-Ready Network Services in Multi-PoP Environments}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NFV-SDN.2016.7919490}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{985, author = {{v. Rossem, S. and Tavernier, W. and Peuster, Manuel and Colle, D. and Pickavet, M. and Demeester, P.}}, booktitle = {{Proc. IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Network (NFV-SDN), Demo Track}}, title = {{{Monitoring and debugging using an SDK for NFV-powered telecom applications}}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{166, abstract = {{Network function virtualization and software-defined networking allow services consisting of virtual network functions to be designed and implemented with great flexibility by facilitating automatic deployments, migrations, and reconfigurations for services and their components. For extended flexibility, we go beyond seeing services as a fixed chain of functions. We present a YANG model for describing the service structure in deployment requests in a flexible way that enables changing the order of functions in case the order of traversing them does not affect the functionality of the service. Upon receiving such requests, the network orchestration system can choose the optimal composition of service components that gives the best results for placement of services in the network. This introduces new complexities to the placement problem by greatly increasing the number of possible ways a service can be composed. In this paper, we describe a heuristic solution that selects a Pareto set of the possible compositions of a service as well as possible combinations of different services, with respect to different resource requirements of the services. Our evaluations show that the selected combinations consist of representative samples of possible structures and requirements and therefore, can result in optimal or close-to-optimal placement results.}}, author = {{Dräxler, Sevil and Karl, Holger}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 2nd International IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)}}, pages = {{184----192}}, title = {{{Placement of Services with Flexible Structures Specified by a YANG Data Model}}}, doi = {{10.1109/NETSOFT.2016.7502412}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{1627, author = {{Gutierrez, P. A. Aranda and Rojas, E. and Schwabe, A. and Stritzke, C. and Doriguzzi-Corin, R. and Leckey, A. and Petralia, G. and Marsico, A. and Phemius, K. and Tamurejo, S.}}, booktitle = {{2016 IEEE NetSoft Conference and Workshops (NetSoft)}}, isbn = {{9781467394864}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{NetIDE: All-in-one framework for next generation, composed SDN applications}}}, doi = {{10.1109/netsoft.2016.7502408}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{1630, author = {{Marsico, Antonio and Doriguzzi-Corin, Roberto and Gerola, Matteo and Siracusa, Domenico and Schwabe, Arne}}, booktitle = {{NOMS 2016 - 2016 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium}}, isbn = {{9781509002238}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{A non-disruptive automated approach to update SDN applications at runtime}}}, doi = {{10.1109/noms.2016.7502946}}, year = {{2016}}, } @inproceedings{1632, author = {{Doriguzzi-Corin, Roberto and Siracusa, Domenico and Salvador, Elio and Schwabe, Arne}}, booktitle = {{NOMS 2016 - 2016 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium}}, isbn = {{9781509002238}}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {{{Empowering network operating systems with memory management techniques}}}, doi = {{10.1109/noms.2016.7502889}}, year = {{2016}}, } @article{1373, author = {{Herlich, Matthias and Bredenbals, Nico and Karl, Holger}}, issn = {{2210-5379}}, journal = {{Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems}}, pages = {{48--55}}, publisher = {{Elsevier BV}}, title = {{{Delayed (de-)activation in servers with a sleep mode}}}, doi = {{10.1016/j.suscom.2016.04.002}}, volume = {{10}}, year = {{2016}}, }