---
_id: '47421'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Class expression learning in description logics has long been regarded as
    an iterative search problem in an infinite conceptual space. Each iteration of
    the search process invokes a reasoner and a heuristic function. The reasoner finds
    the instances of the current expression, and the heuristic function computes the
    information gain and decides on the next step to be taken. As the size of the
    background knowledge base grows, search-based approaches for class expression
    learning become prohibitively slow. Current neural class expression synthesis
    (NCES) approaches investigate the use of neural networks for class expression
    learning in the attributive language with complement (ALC). While they show significant
    improvements over search-based approaches in runtime and quality of the computed
    solutions, they rely on the availability of pretrained embeddings for the input
    knowledge base. Moreover, they are not applicable to ontologies in more expressive
    description logics. In this paper, we propose a novel NCES approach which extends
    the state of the art to the description logic ALCHIQ(D). Our extension, dubbed
    NCES2, comes with an improved training data generator and does not require pretrained
    embeddings for the input knowledge base as both the embedding model and the class
    expression synthesizer are trained jointly. Empirical results on benchmark datasets
    suggest that our approach inherits the scalability capability of current NCES
    instances with the additional advantage that it supports more complex learning
    problems. NCES2 achieves the highest performance overall when compared to search-based
    approaches and to its predecessor NCES. We provide our source code, datasets,
    and pretrained models at https://github.com/dice-group/NCES2.
author:
- first_name: N'Dah Jean
  full_name: Kouagou, N'Dah Jean
  id: '87189'
  last_name: Kouagou
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Heindorf, Stefan
  id: '11871'
  last_name: Heindorf
  orcid: 0000-0002-4525-6865
- first_name: Caglar
  full_name: Demir, Caglar
  id: '43817'
  last_name: Demir
- first_name: Axel-Cyrille
  full_name: Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille
  id: '65716'
  last_name: Ngonga Ngomo
citation:
  ama: 'Kouagou NJ, Heindorf S, Demir C, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Neural Class Expression
    Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D). In: <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases:
    Research Track</i>. Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12">10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>'
  apa: 'Kouagou, N. J., Heindorf, S., Demir, C., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2023).
    Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D). In <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge
    Discovery in Databases: Research Track</i>. European Conference on Machine Learning
    and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, Turin. Springer
    Nature Switzerland. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>'
  bibtex: '@inbook{Kouagou_Heindorf_Demir_Ngonga Ngomo_2023, place={Cham}, title={Neural
    Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D)}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12">10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>},
    booktitle={Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track},
    publisher={Springer Nature Switzerland}, author={Kouagou, N’Dah Jean and Heindorf,
    Stefan and Demir, Caglar and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: 'Kouagou, N’Dah Jean, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga
    Ngomo. “Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D).” In <i>Machine Learning
    and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track</i>. Cham: Springer Nature
    Switzerland, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>.'
  ieee: 'N. J. Kouagou, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Neural Class
    Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D),” in <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery
    in Databases: Research Track</i>, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023.'
  mla: 'Kouagou, N’Dah Jean, et al. “Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D).”
    <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track</i>,
    Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12">10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>.'
  short: 'N.J. Kouagou, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: Machine Learning
    and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track, Springer Nature Switzerland,
    Cham, 2023.'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-09-22
  location: Turin
  name: European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge
    Discovery in Databases
  start_date: 2023-09-18
date_created: 2023-09-25T13:42:01Z
date_updated: 2024-05-22T10:48:24Z
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: '760'
- _id: '574'
doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: heindorf
  date_created: 2024-05-22T10:45:08Z
  date_updated: 2024-05-22T10:46:58Z
  file_id: '54417'
  file_name: NCES2_public.pdf
  file_size: 432708
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2024-05-22T10:46:58Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://papers.dice-research.org/2023/ECML_NCES2/NCES2_public.pdf
oa: '1'
place: Cham
publication: 'Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track'
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - '9783031434204'
  - '9783031434211'
  issn:
  - 0302-9743
  - 1611-3349
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
status: public
title: Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D)
type: book_chapter
user_id: '11871'
year: '2023'
...