@article{27793, abstract = {{ABSTRACT Background Reliable tables of glycemic indexes (GIs) and glycemic loads (GLs) are critical to research examining the relationship between glycemic qualities of carbohydrate in foods, diets, and health. In the 12 years since the last edition of the tables, a large amount of new data has become available. Objectives To systematically review and tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable GI values, including an assessment of the reliability of the data. Methods This edition of the tables lists over 4000 items, a 61% increase in the number of entries compared to the 2008 edition. The data have been separated into 2 lists. The first represents more precise values derived using the methodology recommended by the International Standards Organization (∼2100 items). The second list contains values determined using less robust methods, including using limited numbers of healthy subjects or with a large SEM (∼1900 food items). Results Dairy products, legumes, pasta, and fruits were usually low-GI foods (≤55 on the 100-point glucose scale) and had consistent values around the world. Cereals and cereal products, however, including whole-grain or whole-meal versions, showed wide variation in GI values, presumably arising from variations in manufacturing methods. Breads, breakfast cereals, rice, savory snack products, and regional foods were available in high-, medium-, and low-GI versions. Most varieties of potato were high-GI foods, but specific low-GI varieties have now been identified. Conclusions The availability of new data on the GIs of foods will facilitate wider research and application of the twin concepts of GI and GL. Although the 2021 edition of the tables improves the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice, GI testing of regional foods remains a priority. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO as #171204. }}, author = {{Atkinson, Fiona S and Brand-Miller, Jennie C and Foster-Powell, Kaye and Buyken, Anette and Goletzke, Janina}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{1625--1632}}, title = {{{International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values 2021: a systematic review}}}, doi = {{10.1093/ajcn/nqab233}}, year = {{2021}}, } @article{27803, author = {{Schwingshackl, Lukas and Neuenschwander, Manuela and Hoffmann, Georg and Buyken, Anette and Schlesinger, Sabrina}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{917--918}}, title = {{{Reply to Khan et al.}}}, doi = {{10.1093/ajcn/nqaa006}}, year = {{2020}}, } @article{27005, abstract = {{ABSTRACT Background There is controversy on the relevance of dietary sugar intake for cardiometabolic health. Objective The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to assess how isocaloric substitutions of dietary sugar with other carbohydrates affect cardiometabolic risk factors, comparing different intervention studies. Methods We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the isocaloric effect of substituting dietary sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) with other sugars or starch on cardiometabolic risk markers, including LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TG), fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), uric acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and liver fat content. To identify the most beneficial intervention for each outcome, random-effects NMA was conducted by calculating pooled mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs, and by ranking the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRAs). The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Confidence In Network Meta-Analysis tool. Results Thirty-eight RCTs, including 1383 participants, were identified. A reduction in LDL-cholesterol concentrations was shown for the exchange of sucrose with starch (MD: −0.23 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.38, −0.07 mmol/L) or fructose with starch (MD: −0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.39, −0.05 mmol/L; SUCRAstarch: 98%). FG concentrations were also lower for the exchange of sucrose with starch (MD: −0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.29, 0.01 mmol/L; SUCRAstarch: 91%). Replacing fructose with an equivalent energy amount of glucose reduced HOMA-IR (MD: −0.36; 95% CI: −0.71, −0.02; SUCRAglucose: 74%) and uric acid (MD: −23.77 µmol/L; 95% CI: −44.21, −3.32 µmol/L; SUCRAglucose: 93%). The certainty of evidence was rated very low to moderate. No significant effects were observed for TG, HbA1c, CRP, ALT, and AST. Conclusions Our findings indicate that substitution of sucrose and fructose with starch yielded lower LDL cholesterol. Insulin resistance and uric acid concentrations were beneficially affected by replacement of fructose with glucose. Our findings are limited by the very low to moderate certainty of evidence. This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42018080297. }}, author = {{Schwingshackl, Lukas and Neuenschwander, Manuela and Hoffmann, Georg and Buyken, Anette and Schlesinger, Sabrina}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, title = {{{Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk factors: a network meta-analysis on isocaloric substitution interventions}}}, doi = {{10.1093/ajcn/nqz273}}, year = {{2019}}, } @article{26890, author = {{Buyken, Anette and Cheng, Guo and Günther, Anke LB and Liese, Angela D and Remer, Thomas and Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{755--762}}, title = {{{Relation of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, added sugar intake, or fiber intake to the development of body composition between ages 2 and 7 y}}}, doi = {{10.1093/ajcn/88.3.755}}, year = {{2018}}, } @article{27715, author = {{Buyken, Anette and Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina and Günther, Anke and Kersting, Mathilde}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{1964--1965}}, title = {{{Effects of breastfeeding on health outcomes in childhood: beyond dose-response relations}}}, doi = {{10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1964}}, year = {{2018}}, } @article{26919, author = {{Goletzke, Janina and Buyken, Anette and Louie, Jimmy CY and Moses, Robert G and Brand-Miller, Jennie C}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{626--632}}, title = {{{Dietary micronutrient intake during pregnancy is a function of carbohydrate quality}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.114.104836}}, year = {{2015}}, } @article{26915, author = {{Buyken, Anette and Goletzke, Janina and Joslowski, Gesa and Felbick, Anna and Cheng, Guo and Herder, Christian and Brand-Miller, Jennie C}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{813--833}}, title = {{{Association between carbohydrate quality and inflammatory markers: systematic review of observational and interventional studies}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.113.074252}}, year = {{2014}}, } @article{26909, author = {{Louie, Jimmy Chun Yu and Buyken, Anette and Brand-Miller, Jennie C and Flood, Victoria M}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{694--702}}, title = {{{The link between dietary glycemic index and nutrient adequacy}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.111.015271}}, year = {{2012}}, } @article{27743, author = {{Gopinath, Bamini and Buyken, Anette and Flood, Victoria M and Empson, Marianne and Rochtchina, Elena and Mitchell, Paul}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{1073--1079}}, title = {{{Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish, and nuts and risk of inflammatory disease mortality}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.110.009977}}, year = {{2011}}, } @article{26902, author = {{Cheng, Guo and Remer, Thomas and Prinz-Langenohl, Reinhild and Blaszkewicz, Meinolf and Degen, Gisela H and Buyken, Anette}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{556--564}}, title = {{{Relation of isoflavones and fiber intake in childhood to the timing of puberty}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.2010.29394}}, year = {{2010}}, } @article{27009, author = {{Buyken, Anette and Flood, Victoria and Empson, Marianne and Rochtchina, Elena and Barclay, Alan W and Brand-Miller, Jennie and Mitchell, Paul}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{634--643}}, title = {{{Carbohydrate nutrition and inflammatory disease mortality in older adults}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.2010.29390}}, year = {{2010}}, } @article{26893, author = {{Shi, Lijie and Wudy, Stefan A and Buyken, Anette and Hartmann, Michaela F and Remer, Thomas}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{1321--1328}}, title = {{{Body fat and animal protein intakes are associated with adrenal androgen secretion in children}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.2009.27964}}, year = {{2009}}, } @article{26894, author = {{Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina and Buyken, Anette and Sonntag, Antje and Kroke, Anja}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{1559--1565}}, title = {{{Birth and early life influences on the timing of puberty onset: results from the DONALD (DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) Study}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.2009.28259}}, year = {{2009}}, } @article{27751, author = {{Buyken, Anette and Günther, Anke LB and Barclay, Alan and Brand-Miller, Jennie and Schulze, Matthias B}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{243--244}}, title = {{{Glycemic index in overweight development: distinguishing limited evidence from limits in evidence}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.2009.27742}}, year = {{2009}}, } @article{25938, author = {{Karaolis-Danckert, N and Buyken, Anette and Kulig, M and Kroke, A and Forster, J and Kamin, W and Schuster, A and Hornberg, C and Keil, T and Bergmann, RL and Wahn, U and Lau, S}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{Am J Clin Nutr}}, number = {{5}}, pages = {{1356--1364}}, title = {{{How pre- and postnatal risk factors modify the effect of rapid weight gain in infancy and early childhood on subsequent fat mass development: results from the Multicenter Allergy Study 90.}}}, doi = {{10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1356}}, volume = {{87}}, year = {{2008}}, } @article{26891, author = {{Buyken, Anette and Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina and Remer, Thomas}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{221--230}}, title = {{{Association of prepubertal body composition in healthy girls and boys with the timing of early and late pubertal markers}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.2008.26733}}, year = {{2008}}, } @article{27137, author = {{Libuda, Lars and Alexy, Ute and Remer, Thomas and Stehle, Peter and Schoenau, Eckhard and Kersting, Mathilde}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}}, pages = {{1670--1677}}, title = {{{Association between long-term consumption of soft drinks and variables of bone modeling and remodeling in a sample of healthy German children and adolescents}}}, doi = {{10.3945/ajcn.2008.26414}}, year = {{2008}}, } @article{25934, author = {{Günther, AL and Buyken, Anette and Kroke, A}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{Am J Clin Nutr}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{1626--1633}}, title = {{{Protein intake during the period of complementary feeding and early childhood and the association with body mass index and percentage body fat at 7 y of age.}}}, doi = {{10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1626}}, volume = {{85}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{25935, author = {{Buyken, Anette and Trauner, K and Günther, AL and Kroke, A and Remer, T}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{Am J Clin Nutr}}, number = {{4}}, pages = {{980--987}}, title = {{{Breakfast glycemic index affects subsequent daily energy intake in free-living healthy children.}}}, doi = {{10.1093/ajcn/86.4.980}}, volume = {{86}}, year = {{2007}}, } @article{25936, author = {{Karaolis-Danckert, N and Günther, AL and Kroke, A and Hornberg, C and Buyken, Anette}}, issn = {{0002-9165}}, journal = {{Am J Clin Nutr}}, number = {{6}}, pages = {{1700--1708}}, title = {{{How early dietary factors modify the effect of rapid weight gain in infancy on subsequent body-composition development in term children whose birth weight was appropriate for gestational age.}}}, doi = {{10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1700}}, volume = {{86}}, year = {{2007}}, }