TY - JOUR
AB - ABSTRACT
Background
Reliable tables of glycemic indexes (GIs) and glycemic loads (GLs) are critical to research examining the relationship between glycemic qualities of carbohydrate in foods, diets, and health. In the 12 years since the last edition of the tables, a large amount of new data has become available.
Objectives
To systematically review and tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable GI values, including an assessment of the reliability of the data.
Methods
This edition of the tables lists over 4000 items, a 61% increase in the number of entries compared to the 2008 edition. The data have been separated into 2 lists. The first represents more precise values derived using the methodology recommended by the International Standards Organization (∼2100 items). The second list contains values determined using less robust methods, including using limited numbers of healthy subjects or with a large SEM (∼1900 food items).
Results
Dairy products, legumes, pasta, and fruits were usually low-GI foods (≤55 on the 100-point glucose scale) and had consistent values around the world. Cereals and cereal products, however, including whole-grain or whole-meal versions, showed wide variation in GI values, presumably arising from variations in manufacturing methods. Breads, breakfast cereals, rice, savory snack products, and regional foods were available in high-, medium-, and low-GI versions. Most varieties of potato were high-GI foods, but specific low-GI varieties have now been identified.
Conclusions
The availability of new data on the GIs of foods will facilitate wider research and application of the twin concepts of GI and GL. Although the 2021 edition of the tables improves the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice, GI testing of regional foods remains a priority. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO as #171204.
AU - Atkinson, Fiona S
AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie C
AU - Foster-Powell, Kaye
AU - Buyken, Anette
AU - Goletzke, Janina
ID - 27793
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values 2021: a systematic review
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Schwingshackl, Lukas
AU - Neuenschwander, Manuela
AU - Hoffmann, Georg
AU - Buyken, Anette
AU - Schlesinger, Sabrina
ID - 27803
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - Reply to Khan et al.
ER -
TY - JOUR
AB - ABSTRACT
Background
There is controversy on the relevance of dietary sugar intake for cardiometabolic health.
Objective
The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to assess how isocaloric substitutions of dietary sugar with other carbohydrates affect cardiometabolic risk factors, comparing different intervention studies.
Methods
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the isocaloric effect of substituting dietary sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) with other sugars or starch on cardiometabolic risk markers, including LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TG), fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), uric acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and liver fat content. To identify the most beneficial intervention for each outcome, random-effects NMA was conducted by calculating pooled mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs, and by ranking the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRAs). The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Confidence In Network Meta-Analysis tool.
Results
Thirty-eight RCTs, including 1383 participants, were identified. A reduction in LDL-cholesterol concentrations was shown for the exchange of sucrose with starch (MD: −0.23 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.38, −0.07 mmol/L) or fructose with starch (MD: −0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.39, −0.05 mmol/L; SUCRAstarch: 98%). FG concentrations were also lower for the exchange of sucrose with starch (MD: −0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.29, 0.01 mmol/L; SUCRAstarch: 91%). Replacing fructose with an equivalent energy amount of glucose reduced HOMA-IR (MD: −0.36; 95% CI: −0.71, −0.02; SUCRAglucose: 74%) and uric acid (MD: −23.77 µmol/L; 95% CI: −44.21, −3.32 µmol/L; SUCRAglucose: 93%). The certainty of evidence was rated very low to moderate. No significant effects were observed for TG, HbA1c, CRP, ALT, and AST.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that substitution of sucrose and fructose with starch yielded lower LDL cholesterol. Insulin resistance and uric acid concentrations were beneficially affected by replacement of fructose with glucose. Our findings are limited by the very low to moderate certainty of evidence. This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42018080297.
AU - Schwingshackl, Lukas
AU - Neuenschwander, Manuela
AU - Hoffmann, Georg
AU - Buyken, Anette
AU - Schlesinger, Sabrina
ID - 27005
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk factors: a network meta-analysis on isocaloric substitution interventions
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Buyken, Anette
AU - Cheng, Guo
AU - Günther, Anke LB
AU - Liese, Angela D
AU - Remer, Thomas
AU - Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina
ID - 26890
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - Relation of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, added sugar intake, or fiber intake to the development of body composition between ages 2 and 7 y
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Buyken, Anette
AU - Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina
AU - Günther, Anke
AU - Kersting, Mathilde
ID - 27715
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - Effects of breastfeeding on health outcomes in childhood: beyond dose-response relations
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Goletzke, Janina
AU - Buyken, Anette
AU - Louie, Jimmy CY
AU - Moses, Robert G
AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie C
ID - 26919
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - Dietary micronutrient intake during pregnancy is a function of carbohydrate quality
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Buyken, Anette
AU - Goletzke, Janina
AU - Joslowski, Gesa
AU - Felbick, Anna
AU - Cheng, Guo
AU - Herder, Christian
AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie C
ID - 26915
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - Association between carbohydrate quality and inflammatory markers: systematic review of observational and interventional studies
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Louie, Jimmy Chun Yu
AU - Buyken, Anette
AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie C
AU - Flood, Victoria M
ID - 26909
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - The link between dietary glycemic index and nutrient adequacy
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Gopinath, Bamini
AU - Buyken, Anette
AU - Flood, Victoria M
AU - Empson, Marianne
AU - Rochtchina, Elena
AU - Mitchell, Paul
ID - 27743
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish, and nuts and risk of inflammatory disease mortality
ER -
TY - JOUR
AU - Cheng, Guo
AU - Remer, Thomas
AU - Prinz-Langenohl, Reinhild
AU - Blaszkewicz, Meinolf
AU - Degen, Gisela H
AU - Buyken, Anette
ID - 26902
JF - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0002-9165
TI - Relation of isoflavones and fiber intake in childhood to the timing of puberty
ER -