TY - JOUR AB - AbstractFlavonoids are suggested to reduce disease risk. Since dietary habits are acquired during early life, describing age and time trends of flavonoid intake and major food sources are important for monitoring and disease prevention in later life. We aimed to describe total flavonoid intake and food sources and to investigate age and time trends of flavonoid intake in 3–18-year-olds, from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study from 1985 to 2016. Intake was assessed annually using 3-d weighed food records (WFR). Flavonoid values were assigned using the United States Department of Agriculture database. Foods contributing to intake were determined. Age and time trends in total flavonoid and isoflavone density were analysed by sex with PROC MIXED. In total, 1312 children completed 10 758 WFR. Across all ages, daily mean total flavonoid density was lower in boys compared with girls (134 v. 146 mg/4184 kJ) and no difference in median isoflavone density (0·04 mg/4184 kJ per d) was found. The top five foods contributing to total flavonoid intake were apple with peel (15·0/17·1 %), strawberries (5·9/6·1 %), chocolate spread (3·9/3·5 %), orange juice (3·5/3·4 %) and pasta (3·5/3·4 %) for boys and girls, respectively. Overall, in boys, total flavonoid density decreased over the course of age and time. In girls, there was no association with age or time. In both sexes, isoflavone density followed a U-shaped age trend with no change over time. From a public health perspective, the overall observed downwards trend of flavonoid intake in boys deserves attention. Future initiatives should be tailored at maintaining a high flavonoid density as children age, specifically among boys. AU - Rienks, Johanna AU - Penczynski, Katharina J. AU - Schmitting, Sarah AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Nöthlings, Ute ID - 27013 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Dietary flavonoids among children and adolescents in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study: intake, food sources and trends from 1985 until 2016 ER - TY - JOUR AB - AbstractTrend analyses based on dietary records suggest decreases in the intakes of total sugar (TS), added and free sugar since 2005 among children and adolescents in Germany. In terms of age trends, TS intake decreased with increasing age. However, self-reported sugar intake in epidemiological studies is criticised, as it may be prone to bias due to selective underreporting. Furthermore, adolescents are more susceptible to underreporting than children. We thus analysed time and age trends in urinary fructose excretion (FE), sucrose excretion (SE) and the sum of both (FE + SE) as biomarkers for sugar intake among 8·5–16·5-year-old adolescents. Urinary sugar excretion was measured by UPLC-MS/MS in 997 24-h urine samples collected from 239 boys and 253 girls participating in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study cohort between 1990 and 2016. Time and age trends of log-transformed FE, SE and FE + SE were analysed using polynomial mixed-effects regression models. Between 1990 and 2016, FE as well as FE + SE decreased (linear time trend: P = 0·0272 and P < 0·0001, respectively). A minor increase in excretion during adolescence was confined to FE (linear age trend: P = 0·0017). The present 24-h excretion measurements support a previously reported dietary record-based decline in sugar intake since 2005. However, the previously seen dietary record-based decrease in TS from childhood to late adolescence was not confirmed by our biomarker analysis, suggesting a constant sugar intake for the period of adolescence. AU - Perrar, Ines AU - Gray, Nicola AU - Kuhnle, Gunter G. AU - Remer, Thomas AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Alexy, Ute ID - 27806 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Sugar intake among German adolescents: trends from 1990 to 2016 based on biomarker excretion in 24-h urine samples ER - TY - JOUR AB - AbstractGiven that commercial complementary food (CF) can contain high levels of added sugar, a high consumption may predispose to a preference for sweet taste later in life. This study examined cross-sectional associations between commercial CF consumption and added sugar intake in infancy as well as its prospective relation to added sugar intake in pre-school and primary-school age children. In all, 288 children of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study with 3-d weighed dietary records at 0·5 and 0·75 (infancy), 3 and 4 (pre-school age) and 6 and 7 years of age (primary-school age) were included in this analysis. Individual commercial CF consumption as percentage of total commercial CF (%cCF) was averaged at 0·5 and 0·75 years. Individual total added sugar intake (g/d, energy percentage/d) was averaged for all three age groups. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to analyse associations between %cCF and added sugar intake. In infancy, a higher %cCF was associated with odds for high added sugar intake from CF and for high total added sugar intake (>75th percentile, P<0·033). Prospectively, a higher %cCF was related to higher added sugar intake in both pre-school (P<0·041) and primary-school age children (P<0·039), although these associations were attenuated in models adjusting for added sugar intake in infancy. A higher %cCF in infancy may predispose to higher added sugar intake in later childhood by virtue of its added sugar content. Therefore, offering home-made CF or carefully chosen commercial CF without added sugar might be one strategy to reduce sugar intake in infancy and later on. AU - Foterek, Kristina AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Bolzenius, Katja AU - Hilbig, Annett AU - Nöthlings, Ute AU - Alexy, Ute ID - 26924 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Commercial complementary food consumption is prospectively associated with added sugar intake in childhood ER - TY - JOUR AB - AbstractStudies about effects of school lunch on children’s cognition are rare; two previous studies (CogniDo, CogniDo PLUS) generally found no negative effects of lunch on children’s cognitive performance at the end of lunch break (i.e. 45 min after finishing lunch), but suggested potential beneficial effects for single parameters. Therefore, the present study investigated the hypothesis of potential positive effects of school lunch on cognitive performance at early afternoon (90 min after finishing lunch). A randomised, cross-over intervention trial was conducted at a comprehensive school with fifth and sixth grade students. Participants were randomised into two groups: On day 1, group 1 did not eat lunch, whereas group 2 received lunch ad libitum. On day 2 (1 week later), group 2 did not eat lunch and group 1 received lunch ad libitum. The cognitive parameters task switching, working memory updating and alertness were tested using a computerised test battery 90 min after finishing the meal. Of the 204 recruited children, fifty were excluded because of deviations from the study protocol or absence on one of the 2 test days, which resulted in 154 participants. Data showed no significant effects of lunch on task switching, working memory updating and alertness (P values between 0·07 and 0·79). The present study suggests that school lunch does not seem to have beneficial effects on children’s cognitive functions regarding the conducted tests at early afternoon. Together with our previous studies, we conclude that school lunch in general has no negative effects on cognitive performance in children. However, beneficial effects seem to be restricted to a relatively short time period after eating lunch. AU - Schröder, Maike AU - Müller, Katrin AU - Falkenstein, Michael AU - Stehle, Peter AU - Kersting, Mathilde AU - Libuda, Lars ID - 27036 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Lunch at school and children’s cognitive functioning in the early afternoon: results from the Cognition Intervention Study Dortmund Continued (CoCo) ER - TY - JOUR AB - AbstractAn intervention study showed that promoting water consumption in schoolchildren prevented overweight, but a mechanism linking water consumption to overweight was not substantiated. We investigated whether increased water consumption replaced sugar-containing beverages and whether changes in water or sugar-containing beverages influenced body weight outcomes. In a secondary analysis of the intervention study in Germany, we analysed combined longitudinal data from the intervention and control groups. Body weight and height were measured and beverage consumption was self-reported by a 24-h recall questionnaire at the beginning and end of the school year 2006/2007. The effect of a change in water consumption on change in sugar-containing beverage (soft drinks and juices) consumption, change in BMI (kg/m2) and prevalence of overweight and obesity at follow-up was analysed using regression analyses. Of 3220 enroled children, 1987 children (mean age 8·3 (sd 0·7) years) from thirty-two schools were analysed. Increased water consumption by 1 glass/d was associated with a reduced consumption of sugar-containing beverages by 0·12 glasses/d (95 % CI −0·16, −0·08) but was not associated with changes in BMI (P=0·63). Increased consumption of sugar-containing beverages by 1 glass/d was associated with an increased BMI by 0·02 (95 % CI 0·00, 0·03) kg/m2 and increased prevalence of obesity (OR 1·22; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·44) but not with overweight (P=0·83). In conclusion, an increase in water consumption can replace sugar-containing beverages. As sugar-containing beverages were associated with weight gain, this replacement might explain the prevention of obesity through the promotion of water consumption. AU - Muckelbauer, Rebecca AU - Gortmaker, Steven L. AU - Libuda, Lars AU - Kersting, Mathilde AU - Clausen, Kerstin AU - Adelberger, Bettina AU - Müller-Nordhorn, Jacqueline ID - 27037 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Changes in water and sugar-containing beverage consumption and body weight outcomes in children ER - TY - JOUR AB - AbstractThe growth hormone (GH) insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis has been linked to insulin metabolism and cancer risk. Experimental evidence indicates that the GH–IGF axis itself can be influenced by dietary flavonoids. As fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is a major source of flavonoid consumption, FV’s beneficial health effects may be explained via flavonoids’ influence on the GH–IGF axis, but observational evidence is currently rare. We used data from Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study participants to analyse prospective associations between FV, fruit intake and flavonoid intake from FV (FlavFV) with IGF-1 and its binding proteins IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3. Subjects needed to provide a fasting blood sample in adulthood (18–39 years) and at least two 3-d weighed dietary records in early life (0·5−2 years,n191), mid-childhood (3−7 years,n265) or adolescence (girls: 9−15 years, boys: 10−16 years,n261). Additional analyses were conducted among those providing at least three 24-h urine samples in adolescence (n236) to address the predictor urinary hippuric acid (HA), a biomarker of polyphenol intake. Higher fruit intake in mid-childhood and adolescence was related to higher IGFBP-2 in adulthood (P=0·03 andP=0·045). Comparable trends (P=0·045−0·09) were discernable for FV intake (but not FlavFV) in all three time windows. Similarly, higher adolescent HA excretion tended to be related (P=0·06) to higher adult IGFBP-2 levels. Regarding IGFBP-3, a marginal (P=0·08) positive association was observed with FlavFV in mid-childhood only. None of the investigated dietary factors was related to IGF-1. In conclusion, higher fruit and FV intakes during growth may be relevant for adult IGFBP-2, but probably not for IGFBP-3 or IGF-1. AU - Krupp, Danika AU - Remer, Thomas AU - Penczynski, Katharina J. AU - Bolzenius, Katja AU - Wudy, Stefan A. AU - Buyken, Anette ID - 26921 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Relevance of fruits, vegetables and flavonoids from fruits and vegetables during early life, mid-childhood and adolescence for levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and its binding proteins IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in young adulthood ER - TY - JOUR AU - Carbohydrate Quality Consortium, International AU - Jenkins, DJ AU - Willett, WC AU - Astrup, A AU - Augustin, LS AU - Baer-Sinnott, S AU - Barclay, AW AU - Björck, I AU - Brand-Miller, JC AU - Brighenti, F AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Ceriello, A AU - Kendall, CW AU - La Vecchia, C AU - Livesey, G AU - Liu, S AU - Poli, A AU - Riccardi, G AU - Rizkalla, SW AU - Sievenpiper, JL AU - Trichopoulou, A AU - Wolever, TM ID - 27975 IS - 2 JF - Br J Nutr SN - 0007-1145 TI - Glycaemic index: did Health Canada get it wrong? Position from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). VL - 111 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Primary school years seem to represent a critical period for the development of overweight and obesity. However, only a few studies have analysed the prospective relationship between dietary patterns and weight status in children. The aims of the present study were to identify dietary patterns at the beginning of and during the primary school period and to examine their relevance to the development of body composition. Nutritional and anthropometric data from 371 participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study at the beginning (ages 6 and 7 years) and end (ages 10 and 11 years) of the primary school period were used. Principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted to identify dietary patterns, which were regressed on changes in BMI and fat mass index (FMI) between ages 6 and 7 years and ages 10 and 11 years. Reduced rank regression (RRR) was used to directly extract patterns explaining variation in changes in BMI and FMI between ages 6 and 7 years and ages 10 and 11 years. PCA yielded interpretable patterns of dietary changes at the beginning of and during the primary school period, which were not related to changes in body composition. Conversely, RRR allowed identifying predictive patterns: higher baseline intakes of white bread and lower baseline intakes of whole-grain products as well as increases in the consumption of savoury snacks, sausages and cheese during primary school years independently predicted increases in BMI and FMI during the primary school period. In conclusion, selection of unfavourable carbohydrate sources at the beginning of the primary school period and increases in the consumption of processed savoury foods during primary school years may adversely affect the development of body composition during the course of primary school. AU - Diethelm, Katharina AU - Günther, Anke L. B. AU - Schulze, Matthias B. AU - Standl, Marie AU - Heinrich, Joachim AU - Buyken, Anette ID - 26913 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Prospective relevance of dietary patterns at the beginning and during the course of primary school to the development of body composition ER - TY - JOUR AB - The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile in adolescents from eight European cities participating in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) cross-sectional study (2006–7), and to assess the role of body fat-related variables in these associations. Weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol, TAG, apoB and apoA1 were measured in 454 adolescents (44 % boys) aged 12·5–17·5 years. Macronutrient intake (g/4180 kJ per d (1000 kcal per d)) was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Associations were evaluated by multi-level analysis and adjusted for sex, age, maternal education, centre, sum of four skinfolds, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary behaviours and diet quality index for adolescents. Carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with HDL-C (β = − 0·189, P< 0·001). An inverse association was found between fat intake and TAG (β = − 0·319, P< 0·001). Associations between macronutrient intake and serum lipids varied according to adiposity levels, i.e. an inverse association between carbohydrate intake and HDL-C was only observed in those adolescents with a higher waist:height ratio. As serum lipids and excess body fat are the major markers of CVD, these findings should be considered when developing strategies to prevent the risk of CVD among adolescents. AU - Bel-Serrat, Silvia AU - Mouratidou, Theodora AU - Huybrechts, Inge AU - Labayen, Idoia AU - Cuenca-García, Magdalena AU - Palacios, Gonzalo AU - Breidenassel, Christina AU - Molnár, Dénes AU - Roccaldo, Romana AU - Widhalm, Kurt AU - Gottrand, Frederic AU - Kafatos, Anthony AU - Manios, Yannis AU - Vyncke, Krishna AU - Sjöström, Michael AU - Libuda, Lars AU - Gómez-Martínez, Sonia AU - Moreno, Luis A. ID - 27059 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Associations between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile depend on body fat in European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study ER - TY - JOUR AB - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with insulin resistance and obesity. Hence, carbohydrate quality could be of relevance to the risk of NAFLD, but prospective data are lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate longitudinal associations between carbohydrate quality (including dietary glycaemic index (GI) and intakes of sugar, starch and fibre) and markers of liver function in an older Australian population. The analysis was based on 866 participants ( ≥ 49 years) of the Blue Mountains Eye Study with fasting blood specimens and dietary intake data at baseline and 5-year follow-up. Multi-level mixed regression analysis was used to relate dietary GI and sugar, starch and fibre intake to the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), as well as fasting TAG and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, a lower fibre intake was cross-sectionally related to higher GGT (P= 0·02) and fasting TAG (P= 0·002) levels, with fruit fibre being the most relevant fibre source (P= 0·095 for GGT; P= 0·003 for TAG). A higher dietary GI was associated with lower HDL-C (P= 0·046). Changes in carbohydrate quality during 5 years were not related to changes in ALT, GGT, TAG or HDL-C (P≥ 0·08). In conclusion, the absence of longitudinal associations between carbohydrate quality and liver enzymes and serum lipids in this older population does not support a major role of carbohydrate nutrition in liver function among the elderly. AU - Goletzke, Janina AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Gopinath, Bamini AU - Rochtchina, Elena AU - Barclay, Alan W. AU - Cheng, Guo AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie C. AU - Mitchell, Paul ID - 26910 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Carbohydrate quality is not associated with liver enzyme activity and plasma TAG and HDL concentrations over 5 years in an older population ER - TY - JOUR AB - Dietary fat intake in childhood may influence the risk for developing chronic diseases. The objective of the present study was to examine secular trends in the parameters of fat intake between 2000 and 2010 in a sample of German children and adolescents (n 808) participating in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study. Dietary data from 4380 3 d weighed dietary records were analysed using repeated-measures regression to determine time trends in fat quantity, i.e. the intake of total fat, and in fat quality, i.e. the ratios of SFA, MUFA and PUFA. In young children (2–3 years) and in adolescents (13–18 years), total fat intake remained stable over time, but decreased by 0·08 % of total energy (%E) per year in 4–12-year-old children. In 2010, median fat intake was at the upper end of the recommendations. SFA intake decreased slightly in 2–3- and 4–12-year-old children by 0·09 and 0·05 %E per year, respectively. MUFA and PUFA intakes remained stable in all the age groups except in adolescents. Here, PUFA intake decreased initially, but increased between 2005 and 2010. In 2010, only between 3 and 18 % of the respective age groups had an intake of SFA or PUFA within the recommendations. In conclusion, fat quantity and quality did not change substantially between 2000 and 2010. Fat quality, in particular, needs to be improved, since a large percentage of our sample did not meet the recommended intakes for SFA and PUFA. AU - Libuda, Lars AU - Alexy, Ute AU - Kersting, Mathilde ID - 27043 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Time trends in dietary fat intake in a sample of German children and adolescents between 2000 and 2010: not quantity, but quality is the issue ER - TY - JOUR AU - Labayen, I AU - Ruiz, JR AU - Ortega, FB AU - Gottrand, F AU - Huybrechts, I AU - Dallongeville, J AU - Widhalm, K AU - Ferrari, M AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Kersting, M AU - Moschonis, G AU - Turck, D AU - Gómez, S AU - Sjostrom, M AU - Meirhaeghe, A AU - Moreno, LA ID - 27983 IS - 10 JF - Br J Nutr SN - 0007-1145 TI - Body size at birth modifies the effect of fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) rs9939609 polymorphism on adiposity in adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. VL - 107 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vyncke, KE AU - Libuda, Lars AU - De Vriendt, T AU - Moreno, LA AU - Van Winckel, M AU - Manios, Y AU - Gottrand, F AU - Molnar, D AU - Vanaelst, B AU - Sjöström, M AU - González-Gross, M AU - Censi, L AU - Widhalm, K AU - Michels, N AU - Gilbert, CC AU - Xatzis, C AU - Cuenca García, M AU - de Heredia, FP AU - De Henauw, S AU - Huybrechts, I AU - consortium, HELENA ID - 27074 IS - 12 JF - Br J Nutr SN - 0007-1145 TI - Dietary fatty acid intake, its food sources and determinants in European adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study. VL - 108 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There are no published data regarding the overall dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of Australian children and adolescents. We therefore aim to describe the dietary GI and GL of participants of the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2007ANCNPAS), and to identify the main foods contributing to their GL. Children, aged 2–16 years, who provided two 24 h recalls in the 2007ANCNPAS were included. A final dataset of 4184 participants was analysed. GI of each food item was assigned using a previously published method. GL was calculated, and food groups contributing to the GL were described by age group and sex. The weighted mean dietary GI and GL of the participants were 54 (sd 5) and 136 (sd 44), respectively. Among the nutrients examined, Ca had the highest inverse relationship with GI (P < 0·001), while percentage energy from starch was most positively associated with GI. The association between fibre density and GI was modest, and percentage energy from sugar had an inverse relationship with GI. Daily dietary GL contributed by energy-dense and/or nutrient-poor (EDNP) items in subjects aged 14–16 years was more than doubled that of subjects aged 2–3 years. To conclude, Australian children and adolescents were having a high-GI dietary pattern characterised by high-starchy food intake and low Ca intake. A significant proportion of their dietary GL was from EDNP foods. Efforts to reduce dietary GI and GL in children and adolescents should focus on energy-dense starchy foods. AU - Chun Yu Louie, Jimmy AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Heyer, Kristina AU - Flood, Victoria M. ID - 27011 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian children and adolescents ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of the present study was to examine the association of pre-pubertal dietary energy density (ED) with both age and body fatness at the start of the pubertal growth spurt (age at take-off, ATO). Analyses included 219 DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study participants with sufficient height measurements to estimate ATO who provided 3 d weighed dietary records at baseline, i.e. 2 and 3 years before ATO (mean age 6·9 (sd 1·2) years). Mean energy intakes and amounts of foods/drinks consumed at baseline were derived from the records. ED (kJ/g) was calculated based on (1) all foods and drinks (ED_all), (2) foods and energy-containing drinks (ED_energy), (3) foods and milk as a drink, but no other beverages (ED_milk) and (4) foods only, solid or liquid (ED_food). Using multiple regression analyses, the association between the ED variables and ATO was investigated. Furthermore, Z-scores of BMI and fat mass index (FMI) at ATO were considered as outcomes to reflect body fatness at puberty onset. The results showed that ED at baseline was not associated with ATO, regardless of the ED method used. For example, mean ATO in the lowest v. highest tertile of ED_food was 9·3 (95 % CI 9·0, 9·5) v. 9·4 (95 % CI 9·1, 9·7) years, Ptrend = 0·8 (adjusted for sex, maternal age, birth weight, dietary protein, dietary fibre, baseline BMI Z-score). Similarly, ED was not independently associated with BMI or FMI Z-score at ATO (Ptrend = 0·3–0·9). In conclusion, dietary ED in childhood did not influence timing or body fatness at ATO in this cohort of healthy, free-living children. AU - Günther, Anke L. B. AU - Stahl, Lisa J. AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Kroke, Anja ID - 27744 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Association of dietary energy density in childhood with age and body fatness at the onset of the pubertal growth spurt ER - TY - JOUR AB - The extent to which the quality of dietary carbohydrates (CHO) changes throughout puberty is not known. We analysed trends in the quantity and quality of CHO intake among German adolescents by separately examining trends during puberty (pubertal trends) and trends in CHO intake from 1988 to 2007 (secular trends). Linear mixed-effects regression analyses were performed in 216 participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study who had provided weighed 3 d dietary records at the onset of the pubertal growth spurt (defined by age at take-off) and over the subsequent 4 years. Over the course of puberty, CHO quality changed little: added sugar intake from beverages increased in girls (0·25 (se 0·12) % energy (% E)/year, P = 0·04) and added sugar intake from sweets decreased in both sexes (boys: − 0·22 (se 0·11) % E/year, P = 0·049; girls: − 0·20 (se 0·10) % E/year, P = 0·04). For both sexes, significant upward secular trends were observed for CHO (% E), glycaemic load (g/MJ) and added sugar intakes from sources other than sweets and soft drinks (% E), while absolute fibre intake (g/d) decreased (P ≤ 0·04). Concomitant increases in total added sugar intake (% E) and decreases in fibre and whole-grain densities (g/MJ) (P = 0·001–0·02) were confined to boys only. The quality of dietary CHO consumed by healthy German adolescents shows notable secular declines, but does not change markedly during puberty. Public health initiatives should be tailored to improve the overall quality of CHO nutrition. AU - Cheng, Guo AU - Libuda, Lars AU - Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina AU - Alexy, Ute AU - Bolzenius, Katja AU - Remer, Thomas AU - Buyken, Anette ID - 26899 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Trends in dietary carbohydrate quality during puberty from 1988 to 2007: a cause for concern? ER - TY - JOUR AB - Adequate dietary habits are supposed to be one of the most important modifiable factors in osteoporosis prevention. However, the importance of specific nutrients is controversial. We examined relevant nutrients which are supposed to have an impact on bone parameters and compared their effect sizes with those of two known predictors of bone development: bone-related muscle mass and androgen levels. We analysed nutritional, hormonal and anthropometric data from 107 prepubertal children participating in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study. Diaphyseal bone mineral content (BMC), cortical area (CA), periosteal circumference, strength strain index and muscle area of the non-dominant forearm were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Data on long-term nutrient intakes (e.g. protein, Ca and vitamin D) were derived from 3 d weighed dietary records. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion rates of androgen metabolites including the sex steroid androstenediol were measured using GC–MS. Of all considered nutrients, only protein showed a trend for an association with BMC (β = +0·11; P = 0·073) and CA (β = +0·11; P = 0·056) in stepwise linear regression models. None of the other considered dietary variables was associated with bone parameters. The size of the bone anabolic effect of protein was partly comparable with that of androstenediol. Even though boys gained more bone mass in comparison with girls, the protein effect did not differ between sexes. Bone-related muscle area and sex steroids have the strongest effects on prepubertal diaphyseal bone. However, dietary protein may have a similar bone anabolic influence compared with androstenediol. In children without explicit nutrient deficits, protein seems to be the most important dietary component for diaphyseal bone status. AU - Libuda, Lars AU - Wudy, Stefan A. AU - Schoenau, Eckhard AU - Remer, Thomas ID - 27078 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Comparison of the effects of dietary protein, androstenediol and forearm muscle area on radial bone variables in healthy prepubertal children ER - TY - JOUR AU - Libuda, Lars AU - Alexy, Ute AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Sichert-Hellert, Wolfgang AU - Stehle, Peter AU - Kersting, Mathilde ID - 26892 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and its association with nutrient intakes and diet quality in German children and adolescents ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the present study the relationship between the consumption of different beverage groups and body-weight status in 5 years of study participation in German adolescents was investigated. We used anthropometric and dietary data from 3 d weighed records of 244 subjects between 9 and 18 years of age participating in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study. Only subjects with at least four out of six possible weighed dietary records were considered. A repeated-measures regression model (PROC MIXED) was used to analyse the effect of beverage consumption on body-weight status. BMI standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS) and body fat percentage (%BF) were chosen as the dependent variables. In boys, energetic beverage consumption was not associated with BMI-SDS or %BF, neither cross-sectionally nor prospectively. In girls, baseline consumption of energetic beverages did not predict baseline BMI-SDS, baseline %BF, or change in either variable over the study period. However, an increase in energetic beverage consumption over the study period was associated with an increase in BMI-SDS (+0.070 SDS/MJ increase in energetic beverage consumption; P = 0·01). Separate consideration of regular soft drinks and fruit juices revealed that, in girls, BMI-SDS increased with increased fruit juice consumption (+0·096 SDS/MJ increase in fruit juice consumption; P = 0·01), and to a lesser extent with regular soft drink consumption (+0·055 SDS/MJ increase in regular soft drink consumption; P = 0·08). In conclusion, these results suggest that an increase in energetic beverage consumption may result in weight gain, at least in adolescent girls. AU - Libuda, Lars AU - Alexy, Ute AU - Sichert-Hellert, Wolfgang AU - Stehle, Peter AU - Karaolis-Danckert, Nadina AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Kersting, Mathilde ID - 27138 JF - British Journal of Nutrition SN - 0007-1145 TI - Pattern of beverage consumption and long-term association with body-weight status in German adolescents – results from the DONALD study ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buyken, Anette AU - Dettmann, W AU - Kersting, M AU - Kroke, A ID - 25931 IS - 5 JF - Br J Nutr SN - 0007-1145 TI - Glycaemic index and glycaemic load in the diet of healthy schoolchildren: trends from 1990 to 2002, contribution of different carbohydrate sources and relationships to dietary quality. VL - 94 ER -