[{"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ieee":"T. N. Rüther, D. B. Rasche, and H.-J. Schmid, “The POCS-Algorithm—An effective tool for calculating 2D particle property distributions via data inversion of exemplary CDMA measurement data,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 188, Art. no. 106606, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606</a>.","apa":"Rüther, T. N., Rasche, D. B., &#38; Schmid, H.-J. (2025). The POCS-Algorithm—An effective tool for calculating 2D particle property distributions via data inversion of exemplary CDMA measurement data. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, <i>188</i>, Article 106606. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606</a>","chicago":"Rüther, Torben N., David B. Rasche, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “The POCS-Algorithm—An Effective Tool for Calculating 2D Particle Property Distributions via Data Inversion of Exemplary CDMA Measurement Data.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i> 188 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606</a>.","short":"T.N. Rüther, D.B. Rasche, H.-J. Schmid, Journal of Aerosol Science 188 (2025).","mla":"Rüther, Torben N., et al. “The POCS-Algorithm—An Effective Tool for Calculating 2D Particle Property Distributions via Data Inversion of Exemplary CDMA Measurement Data.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 188, 106606, Elsevier BV, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Rüther_Rasche_Schmid_2025, title={The POCS-Algorithm—An effective tool for calculating 2D particle property distributions via data inversion of exemplary CDMA measurement data}, volume={188}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606</a>}, number={106606}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rüther, Torben N. and Rasche, David B. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2025} }","ama":"Rüther TN, Rasche DB, Schmid H-J. The POCS-Algorithm—An effective tool for calculating 2D particle property distributions via data inversion of exemplary CDMA measurement data. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. 2025;188. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606</a>"},"status":"public","volume":188,"user_id":"464","_id":"61013","publisher":"Elsevier BV","funded_apc":"1","publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","type":"journal_article","keyword":["POCS","Projection onto convex sets","Data inversion","2D distribution","CDMA","Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analyzer"],"date_created":"2025-08-25T16:10:18Z","article_type":"original","intvolume":"       188","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-08-25T16:17:49Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Rüther","first_name":"Torben N.","full_name":"Rüther, Torben N."},{"full_name":"Rasche, David B.","first_name":"David B.","last_name":"Rasche"},{"id":"464","full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim","last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"Hans-Joachim","orcid":"000-0001-8590-1921"}],"year":"2025","title":"The POCS-Algorithm—An effective tool for calculating 2D particle property distributions via data inversion of exemplary CDMA measurement data","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"106606"},{"article_type":"original","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-03-08T08:07:30Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Tischendorf","first_name":"R.","full_name":"Tischendorf, R."},{"full_name":"Simmler, M.","first_name":"M.","last_name":"Simmler"},{"last_name":"Weinberger","first_name":"Christian","full_name":"Weinberger, Christian","id":"11848"},{"full_name":"Bieber, M.","last_name":"Bieber","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Reddemann, M.","last_name":"Reddemann","first_name":"M."},{"last_name":"Fröde","first_name":"F.","full_name":"Fröde, F."},{"full_name":"Lindner, J.","first_name":"J.","last_name":"Lindner"},{"full_name":"Pitsch, H.","last_name":"Pitsch","first_name":"H."},{"first_name":"R.","last_name":"Kneer","full_name":"Kneer, R."},{"id":"23547","full_name":"Tiemann, Michael","orcid":"0000-0003-1711-2722","last_name":"Tiemann","first_name":"Michael"},{"last_name":"Nirschl","first_name":"H.","full_name":"Nirschl, H."},{"full_name":"Schmid, H.-J.","first_name":"H.-J.","last_name":"Schmid"}],"status":"public","title":"Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques","year":"2021","user_id":"23547","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"25896","article_number":"105722","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In this report, a flame spray pyrolysis setup has been examined with various in situ extraction methods of particle samples along the flame axis. First, two precursor formulations leading to the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles were used in a standardized SpraySyn burner system, and the final particle outcome was characterized by a broad range of established powder characterization techniques (TEM/HRTEM, SAXS, XRD, BET). The characterization of the powder products evidenced that mostly homogeneous gas-to-particle conversion takes place when applying an acidic precursor solution, whereas the absence of the acid leads to a dominant droplet-to-particle pathway. Our study indicates that a droplet-to-particle-pathway could be present even when processing the acidic formulation. However, even if a secondary pathway might take place in this case as well, it is not dominant and nearly negligible. Subsequently, the in situ particle structure evolution was investigated for the dominant gas-to-particle pathway, and particles were extracted along the flame axis for online SMPS and offline TEM/HRTEM analysis. Due to the highly reactive conditions within the flame (high temperatures, turbulent flow field, high particle number concentrations), the extraction of representative samples from spray flames is challenging. In order to handle the reactive conditions, two extraction techniques were tailored in this report. To extract an aerosol sample within the flame for SMPS measurement, a Hole in a Tube probe was adjusted. Thus, the mobility particle diameter as well as the corresponding distribution widths were obtained at different heights above the burner along the flame axis. For TEM/HRTEM image analysis, particle samples were collected thermophoretically by means of a tailored shutter system. Since all sampling grids were protected until reaching the flame axis and due to the low sampling time, momentary captures of local particle structures could be extracted precisely. The particle morphologies have clearly shown an evolution from spherical and paired particles in the flame center to fractal and compact agglomerates at later synthesis stages."}],"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"apa":"Tischendorf, R., Simmler, M., Weinberger, C., Bieber, M., Reddemann, M., Fröde, F., Lindner, J., Pitsch, H., Kneer, R., Tiemann, M., Nirschl, H., &#38; Schmid, H.-J. (2021). Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, Article 105722. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>","ieee":"R. Tischendorf <i>et al.</i>, “Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, Art. no. 105722, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>.","chicago":"Tischendorf, R., M. Simmler, Christian Weinberger, M. Bieber, M. Reddemann, F. Fröde, J. Lindner, et al. “Examination of the Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Flame Spray Pyrolysis by Tailored in Situ Particle Sampling Techniques.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>.","short":"R. Tischendorf, M. Simmler, C. Weinberger, M. Bieber, M. Reddemann, F. Fröde, J. Lindner, H. Pitsch, R. Kneer, M. Tiemann, H. Nirschl, H.-J. Schmid, Journal of Aerosol Science (2021).","mla":"Tischendorf, R., et al. “Examination of the Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Flame Spray Pyrolysis by Tailored in Situ Particle Sampling Techniques.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 105722, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>.","ama":"Tischendorf R, Simmler M, Weinberger C, et al. Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. Published online 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>","bibtex":"@article{Tischendorf_Simmler_Weinberger_Bieber_Reddemann_Fröde_Lindner_Pitsch_Kneer_Tiemann_et al._2021, title={Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>}, number={105722}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Tischendorf, R. and Simmler, M. and Weinberger, Christian and Bieber, M. and Reddemann, M. and Fröde, F. and Lindner, J. and Pitsch, H. and Kneer, R. and Tiemann, Michael and et al.}, year={2021} }"},"publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"35"},{"_id":"2"},{"_id":"307"}],"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-10-08T10:07:18Z"},{"date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:54:40Z","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Tischendorf","first_name":"R.","full_name":"Tischendorf, R."},{"last_name":"Simmler","first_name":"M.","full_name":"Simmler, M."},{"full_name":"Weinberger, C.","last_name":"Weinberger","first_name":"C."},{"full_name":"Bieber, M.","last_name":"Bieber","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Reddemann, M.","last_name":"Reddemann","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Fröde","full_name":"Fröde, F."},{"full_name":"Lindner, J.","last_name":"Lindner","first_name":"J."},{"first_name":"H.","last_name":"Pitsch","full_name":"Pitsch, H."},{"first_name":"R.","last_name":"Kneer","full_name":"Kneer, R."},{"full_name":"Tiemann, M.","last_name":"Tiemann","first_name":"M."},{"full_name":"Nirschl, H.","first_name":"H.","last_name":"Nirschl"},{"full_name":"Schmid, H.-J.","last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"H.-J."}],"status":"public","year":"2020","title":"Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722","user_id":"77496","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"20848","article_number":"105722","citation":{"short":"R. Tischendorf, M. Simmler, C. Weinberger, M. Bieber, M. Reddemann, F. Fröde, J. Lindner, H. Pitsch, R. Kneer, M. Tiemann, H. Nirschl, H.-J. Schmid, Journal of Aerosol Science (2020).","chicago":"Tischendorf, R., M. Simmler, C. Weinberger, M. Bieber, M. Reddemann, F. Fröde, J. Lindner, et al. “Examination of the Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Flame Spray Pyrolysis by Tailored in Situ Particle Sampling Techniques.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>.","apa":"Tischendorf, R., Simmler, M., Weinberger, C., Bieber, M., Reddemann, M., Fröde, F., … Schmid, H.-J. (2020). Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>","ieee":"R. Tischendorf <i>et al.</i>, “Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 2020.","ama":"Tischendorf R, Simmler M, Weinberger C, et al. Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. 2020. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>","bibtex":"@article{Tischendorf_Simmler_Weinberger_Bieber_Reddemann_Fröde_Lindner_Pitsch_Kneer_Tiemann_et al._2020, title={Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>}, number={105722}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Tischendorf, R. and Simmler, M. and Weinberger, C. and Bieber, M. and Reddemann, M. and Fröde, F. and Lindner, J. and Pitsch, H. and Kneer, R. and Tiemann, M. and et al.}, year={2020} }","mla":"Tischendorf, R., et al. “Examination of the Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Flame Spray Pyrolysis by Tailored in Situ Particle Sampling Techniques.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 105722, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722</a>."},"publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","department":[{"_id":"15"},{"_id":"286"},{"_id":"321"},{"_id":"9"}],"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-01-04T12:03:59Z"},{"title":"Bipolar charge distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger","status":"public","year":"2015","author":[{"full_name":"Tigges, L.","last_name":"Tigges","first_name":"L."},{"full_name":"Wiedensohler, A.","last_name":"Wiedensohler","first_name":"A."},{"last_name":"Weinhold","first_name":"K.","full_name":"Weinhold, K."},{"full_name":"Gandhi, J.","first_name":"J.","last_name":"Gandhi"},{"last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"Hans-Joachim","full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim","id":"464"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:57:16Z","publication_status":"published","page":"77-86","_id":"26121","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002","user_id":"70093","publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","citation":{"mla":"Tigges, L., et al. “Bipolar Charge Distribution of a Soft X-Ray Diffusion Charger.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 2015, pp. 77–86, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002</a>.","ama":"Tigges L, Wiedensohler A, Weinhold K, Gandhi J, Schmid H-J. Bipolar charge distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. Published online 2015:77-86. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002</a>","bibtex":"@article{Tigges_Wiedensohler_Weinhold_Gandhi_Schmid_2015, title={Bipolar charge distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002</a>}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Tigges, L. and Wiedensohler, A. and Weinhold, K. and Gandhi, J. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2015}, pages={77–86} }","apa":"Tigges, L., Wiedensohler, A., Weinhold, K., Gandhi, J., &#38; Schmid, H.-J. (2015). Bipolar charge distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 77–86. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002</a>","ieee":"L. Tigges, A. Wiedensohler, K. Weinhold, J. Gandhi, and H.-J. Schmid, “Bipolar charge distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, pp. 77–86, 2015, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002</a>.","short":"L. Tigges, A. Wiedensohler, K. Weinhold, J. Gandhi, H.-J. Schmid, Journal of Aerosol Science (2015) 77–86.","chicago":"Tigges, L., A. Wiedensohler, K. Weinhold, J. Gandhi, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “Bipolar Charge Distribution of a Soft X-Ray Diffusion Charger.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 2015, 77–86. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002</a>."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The conditioning of the aerosol particle population into a bipolar charge equilibrium is an essential prerequisite to calculate the particle number size distribution using mobility particle size spectrometers. This is commonly realized by diffusion charging of bipolar air ions generated by e.g. a 85Kr source. Because of strict legal regulations on radioactive sources in several countries, soft-X-ray (SXR) appears as a suitable alternative. However, multiple measurements showed a systematical and significant difference between the particle charge distribution delivered by a radioactive source and an SXR charger, respectively. In this investigation, a calibrated particle charge distribution, suitable for the SXR chargers, was calculated based on the Fuchs model. An approximation analogous to the commonly used Wiedensohler approximation formula (Wiedensohler, 1988) was computed. The use of the new SXR approximation of the bipolar charge equilibrium for the inversion of an electrical mobility distribution to a particle number size distribution improves the comparability of these results, compared to measurements involving a 85Kr charger or to bipolar chargers using radioactive material in general. A systematic error in case of using the SXR charger could be eliminated and hence the root mean square deviation could be reduced from 13% using the common parameters for both charger types to 7% using the new SXR approximation for the SXR bipolar charger."}],"date_created":"2021-10-13T13:59:35Z","type":"journal_article"},{"date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:57:16Z","publication_status":"published","status":"public","title":"On the bipolar charge distribution used for mobility particle sizing: Theoretical considerations","year":"2015","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Tigges","first_name":"L.","full_name":"Tigges, L."},{"full_name":"Jain, A.","first_name":"A.","last_name":"Jain"},{"id":"464","full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim","last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"Hans-Joachim"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010","user_id":"70093","page":"119-134","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"26122","abstract":[{"text":"An essential part of mobility particle size spectroscopy is the prediction of the aerosol charge distribution in a highly concentrated bipolar ion environment. This charge distribution can be readily calculated, but is depending on several environmental conditions. These influences are investigated theoretically.\r\n\r\nThe first part of this work deals with a sensitivity analysis using the Fuchs model (Fuchs, 1963) to determine the variation of the resulting charge distributions depending on the input parameters. It is demonstrated, that the main influencing variable is the difference between the positive and negative ion mobility. A sensitivity analysis reveals that a reasonable variation of the ion mobilities may lead to variations of the particle density distribution up to±20%.\r\n\r\nThe second part investigates the evolution of the charge distribution along the tubing downstream of the bipolar charger exit starting with equal ion concentrations for positive and negative ions. Due to wall losses depending on ion mobility a non-equilibrium charge distribution is developing along the plumbing. The evolution of the particle charge distribution is determined using a coupled population balance model. Even though the non-equilibrium character is clearly shown, it turns out that this effect is negligible at conditions typical for particle size measurements.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","citation":{"mla":"Tigges, L., et al. “On the Bipolar Charge Distribution Used for Mobility Particle Sizing: Theoretical Considerations.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 2015, pp. 119–34, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010</a>.","ama":"Tigges L, Jain A, Schmid H-J. On the bipolar charge distribution used for mobility particle sizing: Theoretical considerations. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. Published online 2015:119-134. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010</a>","bibtex":"@article{Tigges_Jain_Schmid_2015, title={On the bipolar charge distribution used for mobility particle sizing: Theoretical considerations}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010</a>}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Tigges, L. and Jain, A. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2015}, pages={119–134} }","apa":"Tigges, L., Jain, A., &#38; Schmid, H.-J. (2015). On the bipolar charge distribution used for mobility particle sizing: Theoretical considerations. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 119–134. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010</a>","ieee":"L. Tigges, A. Jain, and H.-J. Schmid, “On the bipolar charge distribution used for mobility particle sizing: Theoretical considerations,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, pp. 119–134, 2015, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010</a>.","chicago":"Tigges, L., A. Jain, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “On the Bipolar Charge Distribution Used for Mobility Particle Sizing: Theoretical Considerations.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, 2015, 119–34. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010</a>.","short":"L. Tigges, A. Jain, H.-J. Schmid, Journal of Aerosol Science (2015) 119–134."},"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-10-13T14:01:06Z"},{"page":"26-39","_id":"26133","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"70093","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006","volume":45,"status":"public","year":"2012","title":"Sintering kinetics and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles","author":[{"full_name":"Kirchhof, M.J.","last_name":"Kirchhof","first_name":"M.J."},{"last_name":"Förster","first_name":"H.","full_name":"Förster, H."},{"id":"464","last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"Hans-Joachim","full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim"},{"full_name":"Peukert, W.","last_name":"Peukert","first_name":"W."}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:57:16Z","intvolume":"        45","date_created":"2021-10-13T14:45:36Z","type":"journal_article","publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","citation":{"ieee":"M. J. Kirchhof, H. Förster, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Sintering kinetics and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 45, pp. 26–39, 2012, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006</a>.","apa":"Kirchhof, M. J., Förster, H., Schmid, H.-J., &#38; Peukert, W. (2012). Sintering kinetics and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, <i>45</i>, 26–39. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006</a>","chicago":"Kirchhof, M.J., H. Förster, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Sintering Kinetics and Mechanism of Vitreous Nanoparticles.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i> 45 (2012): 26–39. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006</a>.","short":"M.J. Kirchhof, H. Förster, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 45 (2012) 26–39.","mla":"Kirchhof, M. J., et al. “Sintering Kinetics and Mechanism of Vitreous Nanoparticles.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 45, 2012, pp. 26–39, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Kirchhof_Förster_Schmid_Peukert_2012, title={Sintering kinetics and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles}, volume={45}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006</a>}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Kirchhof, M.J. and Förster, H. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2012}, pages={26–39} }","ama":"Kirchhof MJ, Förster H, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Sintering kinetics and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. 2012;45:26-39. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006</a>"},"abstract":[{"text":"The sintering of vitreous nanoparticle doublets is investigated numerically by a volume of fluid method coupled to Hamaker summation and experimentally by a high-temperature sintering flow reactor as well as by doublet shape analysis in the transmission electron microscope. In particular, the characteristic differences between nanoparticulate and bulk sintering are studied. The sintering mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles is determined to be viscous flow with interparticle van der Waals interactions acting as additional driving force. The early stages of the nanoparticle sintering kinetics are inversely proportional to the square of the particle size, instead of an indirect proportionality to the first order of the particle size for the entire bulk process. The transition between nanoparticulate and bulk sintering is localised to primary particle diameters of approx. 200–300 nm.","lang":"eng"}]},{"date_created":"2021-10-13T14:50:54Z","type":"journal_article","publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","issue":"11","citation":{"chicago":"Körmer, R., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow Size Distribution—Part 2: Theoretical Analysis of the Formation Mechanism.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i> 41, no. 11 (2010): 1008–19. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002</a>.","short":"R. Körmer, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 41 (2010) 1008–1019.","ieee":"R. Körmer, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1008–1019, 2010, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002</a>.","apa":"Körmer, R., Schmid, H.-J., &#38; Peukert, W. (2010). Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, <i>41</i>(11), 1008–1019. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002</a>","bibtex":"@article{Körmer_Schmid_Peukert_2010, title={Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism}, volume={41}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002</a>}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Körmer, R. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2010}, pages={1008–1019} }","ama":"Körmer R, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. 2010;41(11):1008-1019. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002</a>","mla":"Körmer, R., et al. “Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow Size Distribution—Part 2: Theoretical Analysis of the Formation Mechanism.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 41, no. 11, 2010, pp. 1008–19, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002</a>."},"abstract":[{"text":"This work investigates the mechanisms which lead to the formation of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distributions by means of population balance modeling. The model accounts for the full aerosol process, including chemical reaction, nucleation from supersaturated vapor, growth and agglomeration. The results are in good agreement with experimental data. The effects of the process parameters temperature, silane concentration and reactor total pressure are systematically investigated. The simulation allows an in-depth insight into the particle formation mechanism and reveals the key requirements which are necessary for the generation of narrow particle size distributions. In this mechanism, only a short nucleation burst occurs, while surface growth plays the dominant role in silane precursor consumption. A key role is attributed to condensation, because the numerical calculations can only reflect the experimental observations, if the condensation mechanism is included in the model.","lang":"eng"}],"page":"1008-1019","_id":"26134","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"70093","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002","volume":41,"year":"2010","status":"public","title":"Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism","author":[{"first_name":"R.","last_name":"Körmer","full_name":"Körmer, R."},{"full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim","last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"Hans-Joachim","id":"464"},{"first_name":"W.","last_name":"Peukert","full_name":"Peukert, W."}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:57:16Z","intvolume":"        41"},{"intvolume":"        41","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:57:16Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"full_name":"Körmer, R.","last_name":"Körmer","first_name":"R."},{"full_name":"Jank, M.P.M.","last_name":"Jank","first_name":"M.P.M."},{"full_name":"Ryssel, H.","first_name":"H.","last_name":"Ryssel"},{"id":"464","first_name":"Hans-Joachim","last_name":"Schmid","full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim"},{"last_name":"Peukert","first_name":"W.","full_name":"Peukert, W."}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"title":"Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental investigations","year":"2010","status":"public","volume":41,"doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007","user_id":"70093","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"26135","page":"998-1007","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A study on the feasibility of aerosol processing of nearly monodisperse silicon nanoparticles via pyrolysis of monosilane in a hot wall reactor is presented. For optimal conditions silicon nanoparticles with a geometric standard deviation of 1.06 were synthesized at a production rate of 0.7 g/h. The size of the particles could be precisely controlled in the range of 20–40 nm, whilst maintaining a geometric standard deviation in the range of 1.06–1.08, by proper choice of the governing parameters temperature, residence time and precursor concentration. The results show that narrow particle size distributions can only be obtained in the temperature range between 900 and 1100 °C, as long as both the initial silane concentration (1 mbar silane partial pressure) and the reactor total pressure are low (25 mbar). This regime for the production of narrow particle size distributions has not been identified in prior work on the thermal decomposition of silane. Narrowly distributed particles can be obtained under conditions where nucleation and particle growth are separated and the agglomeration rates are negligible."}],"citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Körmer_Jank_Ryssel_Schmid_Peukert_2010, title={Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental investigations}, volume={41}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007</a>}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Körmer, R. and Jank, M.P.M. and Ryssel, H. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2010}, pages={998–1007} }","ama":"Körmer R, Jank MPM, Ryssel H, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental investigations. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. 2010;41(11):998-1007. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007</a>","mla":"Körmer, R., et al. “Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow Size Distribution—Part 1: Experimental Investigations.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 41, no. 11, 2010, pp. 998–1007, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007</a>.","chicago":"Körmer, R., M.P.M. Jank, H. Ryssel, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow Size Distribution—Part 1: Experimental Investigations.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i> 41, no. 11 (2010): 998–1007. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007</a>.","short":"R. Körmer, M.P.M. Jank, H. Ryssel, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 41 (2010) 998–1007.","ieee":"R. Körmer, M. P. M. Jank, H. Ryssel, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental investigations,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 998–1007, 2010, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007</a>.","apa":"Körmer, R., Jank, M. P. M., Ryssel, H., Schmid, H.-J., &#38; Peukert, W. (2010). Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental investigations. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, <i>41</i>(11), 998–1007. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007</a>"},"publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","issue":"11","type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-10-13T14:51:37Z"},{"citation":{"apa":"Al Zaitone, B., Schmid, H.-J., &#38; Peukert, W. (2009). Simulation of structure and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, <i>40</i>(11), 950–964. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007</a>","mla":"Al Zaitone, Belal, et al. “Simulation of Structure and Mobility of Aggregates Formed by Simultaneous Coagulation, Sintering and Surface Growth.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 40, no. 11, 2009, pp. 950–64, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007</a>.","ieee":"B. Al Zaitone, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Simulation of structure and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 950–964, 2009, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007</a>.","ama":"Al Zaitone B, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Simulation of structure and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. 2009;40(11):950-964. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007</a>","short":"B. Al Zaitone, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 40 (2009) 950–964.","chicago":"Al Zaitone, Belal, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and Wolfgang Peukert. “Simulation of Structure and Mobility of Aggregates Formed by Simultaneous Coagulation, Sintering and Surface Growth.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i> 40, no. 11 (2009): 950–64. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Al Zaitone_Schmid_Peukert_2009, title={Simulation of structure and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth}, volume={40}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007</a>}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Al Zaitone, Belal and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, Wolfgang}, year={2009}, pages={950–964} }"},"publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","issue":"11","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In this work, a new model for the simulation of nanostructured aggregates by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth is presented. Coagulation is treated as cluster–cluster agglomeration along the line connecting the center of mass of both agglomerates and is implemented using a Monte Carlo algorithm. Sintering is modeled as successive overlapping of spheres which cause reduction in the surface area based on a rate law for surface reduction. Surface growth is modeled as an increase in primary particle diameter, e.g. as a result of surface reactions. The evolved aggregates are analyzed by calculating their fractal dimension, radius of gyration, mobility diameter and mobility shape factor. It is found that the aggregates structure tends to be more compact when introducing the surface growth in shorter time comparing to the coagulation-sintering step only. Fractal dimension and the mobility shape factor of the resulting aggregates are correlated to an effective dimensionless time that combines the characteristic times of these three fundamental mechanisms. It is shown that the mobility diameter in the free molecular regime is not proportional to the radius of gyration. A power law relation that correlates the aggregates projected area and the equivalent number of primary particles is found to be in a very good agreement with estimates published in literature."}],"date_created":"2021-10-13T15:17:17Z","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Al Zaitone","first_name":"Belal","full_name":"Al Zaitone, Belal"},{"full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim","last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"Hans-Joachim","id":"464"},{"full_name":"Peukert, Wolfgang","last_name":"Peukert","first_name":"Wolfgang"}],"year":"2009","status":"public","title":"Simulation of structure and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth","intvolume":"        40","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:57:16Z","publication_status":"published","_id":"26138","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"950-964","volume":40,"doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007","user_id":"70093"},{"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2021-10-13T16:09:43Z","abstract":[{"text":"This work investigates effects of reduced accessible surface area of aggregate particles and surface energy on titania particle formation and growth. It is taken into consideration that surface-related growth mechanisms, i.e. surface reaction and condensation, are limited to the fraction of the surface area of primary particles which is exposed to the collision with single molecules. Surface energy data determine the critical particle size with respect to evaporation and values are varied within the published range. This implies to develop a model which considers “surface shielding” and accounts for the formation of stable clusters from a supersaturated vapour due to nucleation and condensation besides considering the generation of monomers due to chemical reaction, growth due to surface reaction, agglomeration and sintering. Taking the accessible surface area into account is found out to be especially important if agglomerates contain a large number of primary particles or if agglomerate structure is rather compact. In this case, precursor consumption and primary particle growth turn out to be significantly retarded. Surface energy data are shown to be decisive with respect to the thermodynamic barrier to the formation of particles, thus to active particle formation and growth mechanisms, besides affecting sintering kinetics. Elevated surface energy data typically retard precursor consumption and favour primary particle growth.","lang":"eng"}],"issue":"2","publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","citation":{"mla":"Artelt, C., et al. “On the Impact of Accessible Surface and Surface Energy on Particle Formation and Growth from the Vapour Phase.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 36, no. 2, 2005, pp. 147–72, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003</a>.","ama":"Artelt C, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. On the impact of accessible surface and surface energy on particle formation and growth from the vapour phase. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. 2005;36(2):147-172. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003</a>","bibtex":"@article{Artelt_Schmid_Peukert_2005, title={On the impact of accessible surface and surface energy on particle formation and growth from the vapour phase}, volume={36}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003</a>}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Artelt, C. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2005}, pages={147–172} }","apa":"Artelt, C., Schmid, H.-J., &#38; Peukert, W. (2005). On the impact of accessible surface and surface energy on particle formation and growth from the vapour phase. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, <i>36</i>(2), 147–172. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003</a>","ieee":"C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “On the impact of accessible surface and surface energy on particle formation and growth from the vapour phase,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 147–172, 2005, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003\">10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003</a>.","chicago":"Artelt, C., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “On the Impact of Accessible Surface and Surface Energy on Particle Formation and Growth from the Vapour Phase.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i> 36, no. 2 (2005): 147–72. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003</a>.","short":"C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 36 (2005) 147–172."},"user_id":"70093","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003","volume":36,"page":"147-172","_id":"26153","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:57:17Z","intvolume":"        36","status":"public","year":"2005","title":"On the impact of accessible surface and surface energy on particle formation and growth from the vapour phase","author":[{"full_name":"Artelt, C.","first_name":"C.","last_name":"Artelt"},{"last_name":"Schmid","first_name":"Hans-Joachim","full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim","id":"464"},{"first_name":"W.","last_name":"Peukert","full_name":"Peukert, W."}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]}},{"date_created":"2021-10-13T16:24:37Z","type":"journal_article","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Artelt_Schmid_Peukert_2003, title={On the relevance of accounting for the evolution of the fractal dimension in aerosol process simulations}, volume={34}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3\">10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3</a>}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Artelt, C. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2003}, pages={511–534} }","ama":"Artelt C, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. On the relevance of accounting for the evolution of the fractal dimension in aerosol process simulations. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>. 2003;34(5):511-534. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3\">10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3</a>","mla":"Artelt, C., et al. “On the Relevance of Accounting for the Evolution of the Fractal Dimension in Aerosol Process Simulations.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 34, no. 5, 2003, pp. 511–34, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3\">10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3</a>.","chicago":"Artelt, C., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “On the Relevance of Accounting for the Evolution of the Fractal Dimension in Aerosol Process Simulations.” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i> 34, no. 5 (2003): 511–34. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3\">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3</a>.","short":"C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 34 (2003) 511–534.","ieee":"C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “On the relevance of accounting for the evolution of the fractal dimension in aerosol process simulations,” <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 511–534, 2003, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3\">10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3</a>.","apa":"Artelt, C., Schmid, H.-J., &#38; Peukert, W. (2003). On the relevance of accounting for the evolution of the fractal dimension in aerosol process simulations. <i>Journal of Aerosol Science</i>, <i>34</i>(5), 511–534. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3\">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3</a>"},"publication":"Journal of Aerosol Science","issue":"5","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A population balance model is presented, which tracks particle growth in the gas phase and accounts for simultaneous agglomeration and sintering: Simulations reveal the evolution of the full distribution of a volume equivalent diameter and, amongst others, the evolution of the agglomerate collision diameter, a mean primary particle size and the number of primary particles per agglomerate. Furthermore, assuming fractal behaviour of the growing agglomerate particles—for the first time—a model for the evolution of a mean value of the fractal dimension based on physical and process parameters is proposed and incorporated into the simulation model. PARSIVAL, a commercial solver for integro-differential equations is employed to solve the equations involved. It is based on a generalised finite-element scheme with self-adaptive grid- and order construction. Calculations are performed to validate the model against monodisperse and sectional models published in literature for the exemplary case of Si production. The results are in good agreement if the same simplifying assumptions are made. However, results obtained from the new model for both—isothermal and non-isothermal process conditions—clearly show that it is important to consider the changing fractal dimension in many cases."}],"_id":"26159","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"511-534","volume":34,"doi":"10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3","user_id":"70093","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-8502"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Artelt","first_name":"C.","full_name":"Artelt, C."},{"id":"464","full_name":"Schmid, Hans-Joachim","first_name":"Hans-Joachim","last_name":"Schmid"},{"first_name":"W.","last_name":"Peukert","full_name":"Peukert, W."}],"year":"2003","status":"public","title":"On the relevance of accounting for the evolution of the fractal dimension in aerosol process simulations","intvolume":"        34","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:57:17Z","publication_status":"published"}]