---
_id: '61013'
article_number: '106606'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Torben N.
full_name: Rüther, Torben N.
last_name: Rüther
- first_name: David B.
full_name: Rasche, David B.
last_name: Rasche
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
orcid: 000-0001-8590-1921
citation:
ama: Rüther TN, Rasche DB, Schmid H-J. The POCS-Algorithm—An effective tool for
calculating 2D particle property distributions via data inversion of exemplary
CDMA measurement data. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2025;188. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606
apa: Rüther, T. N., Rasche, D. B., & Schmid, H.-J. (2025). The POCS-Algorithm—An
effective tool for calculating 2D particle property distributions via data inversion
of exemplary CDMA measurement data. Journal of Aerosol Science, 188,
Article 106606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606
bibtex: '@article{Rüther_Rasche_Schmid_2025, title={The POCS-Algorithm—An effective
tool for calculating 2D particle property distributions via data inversion of
exemplary CDMA measurement data}, volume={188}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606},
number={106606}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV},
author={Rüther, Torben N. and Rasche, David B. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2025}
}'
chicago: Rüther, Torben N., David B. Rasche, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “The POCS-Algorithm—An
Effective Tool for Calculating 2D Particle Property Distributions via Data Inversion
of Exemplary CDMA Measurement Data.” Journal of Aerosol Science 188 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606.
ieee: 'T. N. Rüther, D. B. Rasche, and H.-J. Schmid, “The POCS-Algorithm—An effective
tool for calculating 2D particle property distributions via data inversion of
exemplary CDMA measurement data,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 188,
Art. no. 106606, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606.'
mla: Rüther, Torben N., et al. “The POCS-Algorithm—An Effective Tool for Calculating
2D Particle Property Distributions via Data Inversion of Exemplary CDMA Measurement
Data.” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 188, 106606, Elsevier BV, 2025,
doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606.
short: T.N. Rüther, D.B. Rasche, H.-J. Schmid, Journal of Aerosol Science 188 (2025).
date_created: 2025-08-25T16:10:18Z
date_updated: 2025-08-25T16:17:49Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106606
funded_apc: '1'
intvolume: ' 188'
keyword:
- POCS
- Projection onto convex sets
- Data inversion
- 2D distribution
- CDMA
- Centrifugal Differential Mobility Analyzer
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: The POCS-Algorithm—An effective tool for calculating 2D particle property distributions
via data inversion of exemplary CDMA measurement data
type: journal_article
user_id: '464'
volume: 188
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '25896'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In this report, a flame spray pyrolysis setup has been examined with various
in situ extraction methods of particle samples along the flame axis. First, two
precursor formulations leading to the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles were
used in a standardized SpraySyn burner system, and the final particle outcome
was characterized by a broad range of established powder characterization techniques
(TEM/HRTEM, SAXS, XRD, BET). The characterization of the powder products evidenced
that mostly homogeneous gas-to-particle conversion takes place when applying an
acidic precursor solution, whereas the absence of the acid leads to a dominant
droplet-to-particle pathway. Our study indicates that a droplet-to-particle-pathway
could be present even when processing the acidic formulation. However, even if
a secondary pathway might take place in this case as well, it is not dominant
and nearly negligible. Subsequently, the in situ particle structure evolution
was investigated for the dominant gas-to-particle pathway, and particles were
extracted along the flame axis for online SMPS and offline TEM/HRTEM analysis.
Due to the highly reactive conditions within the flame (high temperatures, turbulent
flow field, high particle number concentrations), the extraction of representative
samples from spray flames is challenging. In order to handle the reactive conditions,
two extraction techniques were tailored in this report. To extract an aerosol
sample within the flame for SMPS measurement, a Hole in a Tube probe was adjusted.
Thus, the mobility particle diameter as well as the corresponding distribution
widths were obtained at different heights above the burner along the flame axis.
For TEM/HRTEM image analysis, particle samples were collected thermophoretically
by means of a tailored shutter system. Since all sampling grids were protected
until reaching the flame axis and due to the low sampling time, momentary captures
of local particle structures could be extracted precisely. The particle morphologies
have clearly shown an evolution from spherical and paired particles in the flame
center to fractal and compact agglomerates at later synthesis stages.
article_number: '105722'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: R.
full_name: Tischendorf, R.
last_name: Tischendorf
- first_name: M.
full_name: Simmler, M.
last_name: Simmler
- first_name: Christian
full_name: Weinberger, Christian
id: '11848'
last_name: Weinberger
- first_name: M.
full_name: Bieber, M.
last_name: Bieber
- first_name: M.
full_name: Reddemann, M.
last_name: Reddemann
- first_name: F.
full_name: Fröde, F.
last_name: Fröde
- first_name: J.
full_name: Lindner, J.
last_name: Lindner
- first_name: H.
full_name: Pitsch, H.
last_name: Pitsch
- first_name: R.
full_name: Kneer, R.
last_name: Kneer
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Tiemann, Michael
id: '23547'
last_name: Tiemann
orcid: 0000-0003-1711-2722
- first_name: H.
full_name: Nirschl, H.
last_name: Nirschl
- first_name: H.-J.
full_name: Schmid, H.-J.
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: Tischendorf R, Simmler M, Weinberger C, et al. Examination of the evolution
of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle
sampling techniques. Journal of Aerosol Science. Published online 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722
apa: Tischendorf, R., Simmler, M., Weinberger, C., Bieber, M., Reddemann, M., Fröde,
F., Lindner, J., Pitsch, H., Kneer, R., Tiemann, M., Nirschl, H., & Schmid,
H.-J. (2021). Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame
spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques. Journal of
Aerosol Science, Article 105722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722
bibtex: '@article{Tischendorf_Simmler_Weinberger_Bieber_Reddemann_Fröde_Lindner_Pitsch_Kneer_Tiemann_et
al._2021, title={Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame
spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722},
number={105722}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Tischendorf, R.
and Simmler, M. and Weinberger, Christian and Bieber, M. and Reddemann, M. and
Fröde, F. and Lindner, J. and Pitsch, H. and Kneer, R. and Tiemann, Michael and
et al.}, year={2021} }'
chicago: Tischendorf, R., M. Simmler, Christian Weinberger, M. Bieber, M. Reddemann,
F. Fröde, J. Lindner, et al. “Examination of the Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
in Flame Spray Pyrolysis by Tailored in Situ Particle Sampling Techniques.” Journal
of Aerosol Science, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722.
ieee: 'R. Tischendorf et al., “Examination of the evolution of iron oxide
nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques,”
Journal of Aerosol Science, Art. no. 105722, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722.'
mla: Tischendorf, R., et al. “Examination of the Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
in Flame Spray Pyrolysis by Tailored in Situ Particle Sampling Techniques.” Journal
of Aerosol Science, 105722, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722.
short: R. Tischendorf, M. Simmler, C. Weinberger, M. Bieber, M. Reddemann, F. Fröde,
J. Lindner, H. Pitsch, R. Kneer, M. Tiemann, H. Nirschl, H.-J. Schmid, Journal
of Aerosol Science (2021).
date_created: 2021-10-08T10:07:18Z
date_updated: 2023-03-08T08:07:30Z
department:
- _id: '9'
- _id: '35'
- _id: '2'
- _id: '307'
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis
by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques
type: journal_article
user_id: '23547'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '20848'
article_number: '105722'
author:
- first_name: R.
full_name: Tischendorf, R.
last_name: Tischendorf
- first_name: M.
full_name: Simmler, M.
last_name: Simmler
- first_name: C.
full_name: Weinberger, C.
last_name: Weinberger
- first_name: M.
full_name: Bieber, M.
last_name: Bieber
- first_name: M.
full_name: Reddemann, M.
last_name: Reddemann
- first_name: F.
full_name: Fröde, F.
last_name: Fröde
- first_name: J.
full_name: Lindner, J.
last_name: Lindner
- first_name: H.
full_name: Pitsch, H.
last_name: Pitsch
- first_name: R.
full_name: Kneer, R.
last_name: Kneer
- first_name: M.
full_name: Tiemann, M.
last_name: Tiemann
- first_name: H.
full_name: Nirschl, H.
last_name: Nirschl
- first_name: H.-J.
full_name: Schmid, H.-J.
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: Tischendorf R, Simmler M, Weinberger C, et al. Examination of the evolution
of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle
sampling techniques. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722
apa: Tischendorf, R., Simmler, M., Weinberger, C., Bieber, M., Reddemann, M., Fröde,
F., … Schmid, H.-J. (2020). Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles
in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques. Journal
of Aerosol Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722
bibtex: '@article{Tischendorf_Simmler_Weinberger_Bieber_Reddemann_Fröde_Lindner_Pitsch_Kneer_Tiemann_et
al._2020, title={Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame
spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722},
number={105722}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Tischendorf, R.
and Simmler, M. and Weinberger, C. and Bieber, M. and Reddemann, M. and Fröde,
F. and Lindner, J. and Pitsch, H. and Kneer, R. and Tiemann, M. and et al.}, year={2020}
}'
chicago: Tischendorf, R., M. Simmler, C. Weinberger, M. Bieber, M. Reddemann, F.
Fröde, J. Lindner, et al. “Examination of the Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
in Flame Spray Pyrolysis by Tailored in Situ Particle Sampling Techniques.” Journal
of Aerosol Science, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722.
ieee: R. Tischendorf et al., “Examination of the evolution of iron oxide
nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques,”
Journal of Aerosol Science, 2020.
mla: Tischendorf, R., et al. “Examination of the Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
in Flame Spray Pyrolysis by Tailored in Situ Particle Sampling Techniques.” Journal
of Aerosol Science, 105722, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722.
short: R. Tischendorf, M. Simmler, C. Weinberger, M. Bieber, M. Reddemann, F. Fröde,
J. Lindner, H. Pitsch, R. Kneer, M. Tiemann, H. Nirschl, H.-J. Schmid, Journal
of Aerosol Science (2020).
date_created: 2021-01-04T12:03:59Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:54:40Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '286'
- _id: '321'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105722
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Examination of the evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles in flame spray pyrolysis
by tailored in situ particle sampling techniques
type: journal_article
user_id: '77496'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '26121'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The conditioning of the aerosol particle population into a bipolar charge
equilibrium is an essential prerequisite to calculate the particle number size
distribution using mobility particle size spectrometers. This is commonly realized
by diffusion charging of bipolar air ions generated by e.g. a 85Kr source. Because
of strict legal regulations on radioactive sources in several countries, soft-X-ray
(SXR) appears as a suitable alternative. However, multiple measurements showed
a systematical and significant difference between the particle charge distribution
delivered by a radioactive source and an SXR charger, respectively. In this investigation,
a calibrated particle charge distribution, suitable for the SXR chargers, was
calculated based on the Fuchs model. An approximation analogous to the commonly
used Wiedensohler approximation formula (Wiedensohler, 1988) was computed. The
use of the new SXR approximation of the bipolar charge equilibrium for the inversion
of an electrical mobility distribution to a particle number size distribution
improves the comparability of these results, compared to measurements involving
a 85Kr charger or to bipolar chargers using radioactive material in general. A
systematic error in case of using the SXR charger could be eliminated and hence
the root mean square deviation could be reduced from 13% using the common parameters
for both charger types to 7% using the new SXR approximation for the SXR bipolar
charger.
author:
- first_name: L.
full_name: Tigges, L.
last_name: Tigges
- first_name: A.
full_name: Wiedensohler, A.
last_name: Wiedensohler
- first_name: K.
full_name: Weinhold, K.
last_name: Weinhold
- first_name: J.
full_name: Gandhi, J.
last_name: Gandhi
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: Tigges L, Wiedensohler A, Weinhold K, Gandhi J, Schmid H-J. Bipolar charge
distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger. Journal of Aerosol Science.
Published online 2015:77-86. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002
apa: Tigges, L., Wiedensohler, A., Weinhold, K., Gandhi, J., & Schmid, H.-J.
(2015). Bipolar charge distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger. Journal
of Aerosol Science, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002
bibtex: '@article{Tigges_Wiedensohler_Weinhold_Gandhi_Schmid_2015, title={Bipolar
charge distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002},
journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Tigges, L. and Wiedensohler, A.
and Weinhold, K. and Gandhi, J. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2015}, pages={77–86}
}'
chicago: Tigges, L., A. Wiedensohler, K. Weinhold, J. Gandhi, and Hans-Joachim Schmid.
“Bipolar Charge Distribution of a Soft X-Ray Diffusion Charger.” Journal of
Aerosol Science, 2015, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002.
ieee: 'L. Tigges, A. Wiedensohler, K. Weinhold, J. Gandhi, and H.-J. Schmid, “Bipolar
charge distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger,” Journal of Aerosol
Science, pp. 77–86, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002.'
mla: Tigges, L., et al. “Bipolar Charge Distribution of a Soft X-Ray Diffusion Charger.”
Journal of Aerosol Science, 2015, pp. 77–86, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002.
short: L. Tigges, A. Wiedensohler, K. Weinhold, J. Gandhi, H.-J. Schmid, Journal
of Aerosol Science (2015) 77–86.
date_created: 2021-10-13T13:59:35Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.002
language:
- iso: eng
page: 77-86
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Bipolar charge distribution of a soft X-ray diffusion charger
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
year: '2015'
...
---
_id: '26122'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "An essential part of mobility particle size spectroscopy is the prediction
of the aerosol charge distribution in a highly concentrated bipolar ion environment.
This charge distribution can be readily calculated, but is depending on several
environmental conditions. These influences are investigated theoretically.\r\n\r\nThe
first part of this work deals with a sensitivity analysis using the Fuchs model
(Fuchs, 1963) to determine the variation of the resulting charge distributions
depending on the input parameters. It is demonstrated, that the main influencing
variable is the difference between the positive and negative ion mobility. A sensitivity
analysis reveals that a reasonable variation of the ion mobilities may lead to
variations of the particle density distribution up to±20%.\r\n\r\nThe second part
investigates the evolution of the charge distribution along the tubing downstream
of the bipolar charger exit starting with equal ion concentrations for positive
and negative ions. Due to wall losses depending on ion mobility a non-equilibrium
charge distribution is developing along the plumbing. The evolution of the particle
charge distribution is determined using a coupled population balance model. Even
though the non-equilibrium character is clearly shown, it turns out that this
effect is negligible at conditions typical for particle size measurements."
author:
- first_name: L.
full_name: Tigges, L.
last_name: Tigges
- first_name: A.
full_name: Jain, A.
last_name: Jain
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
citation:
ama: 'Tigges L, Jain A, Schmid H-J. On the bipolar charge distribution used for
mobility particle sizing: Theoretical considerations. Journal of Aerosol Science.
Published online 2015:119-134. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010'
apa: 'Tigges, L., Jain, A., & Schmid, H.-J. (2015). On the bipolar charge distribution
used for mobility particle sizing: Theoretical considerations. Journal of Aerosol
Science, 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010'
bibtex: '@article{Tigges_Jain_Schmid_2015, title={On the bipolar charge distribution
used for mobility particle sizing: Theoretical considerations}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010},
journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Tigges, L. and Jain, A. and Schmid,
Hans-Joachim}, year={2015}, pages={119–134} }'
chicago: 'Tigges, L., A. Jain, and Hans-Joachim Schmid. “On the Bipolar Charge Distribution
Used for Mobility Particle Sizing: Theoretical Considerations.” Journal of
Aerosol Science, 2015, 119–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010.'
ieee: 'L. Tigges, A. Jain, and H.-J. Schmid, “On the bipolar charge distribution
used for mobility particle sizing: Theoretical considerations,” Journal of
Aerosol Science, pp. 119–134, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010.'
mla: 'Tigges, L., et al. “On the Bipolar Charge Distribution Used for Mobility Particle
Sizing: Theoretical Considerations.” Journal of Aerosol Science, 2015,
pp. 119–34, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010.'
short: L. Tigges, A. Jain, H.-J. Schmid, Journal of Aerosol Science (2015) 119–134.
date_created: 2021-10-13T14:01:06Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.010
language:
- iso: eng
page: 119-134
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: 'On the bipolar charge distribution used for mobility particle sizing: Theoretical
considerations'
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
year: '2015'
...
---
_id: '26133'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The sintering of vitreous nanoparticle doublets is investigated numerically
by a volume of fluid method coupled to Hamaker summation and experimentally by
a high-temperature sintering flow reactor as well as by doublet shape analysis
in the transmission electron microscope. In particular, the characteristic differences
between nanoparticulate and bulk sintering are studied. The sintering mechanism
of vitreous nanoparticles is determined to be viscous flow with interparticle
van der Waals interactions acting as additional driving force. The early stages
of the nanoparticle sintering kinetics are inversely proportional to the square
of the particle size, instead of an indirect proportionality to the first order
of the particle size for the entire bulk process. The transition between nanoparticulate
and bulk sintering is localised to primary particle diameters of approx. 200–300
nm.
author:
- first_name: M.J.
full_name: Kirchhof, M.J.
last_name: Kirchhof
- first_name: H.
full_name: Förster, H.
last_name: Förster
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: Kirchhof MJ, Förster H, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Sintering kinetics and mechanism
of vitreous nanoparticles. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2012;45:26-39. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006
apa: Kirchhof, M. J., Förster, H., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2012). Sintering
kinetics and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles. Journal of Aerosol Science,
45, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006
bibtex: '@article{Kirchhof_Förster_Schmid_Peukert_2012, title={Sintering kinetics
and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006},
journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Kirchhof, M.J. and Förster, H. and
Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2012}, pages={26–39} }'
chicago: 'Kirchhof, M.J., H. Förster, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Sintering
Kinetics and Mechanism of Vitreous Nanoparticles.” Journal of Aerosol Science
45 (2012): 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006.'
ieee: 'M. J. Kirchhof, H. Förster, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Sintering kinetics
and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.
45, pp. 26–39, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006.'
mla: Kirchhof, M. J., et al. “Sintering Kinetics and Mechanism of Vitreous Nanoparticles.”
Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 45, 2012, pp. 26–39, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006.
short: M.J. Kirchhof, H. Förster, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science
45 (2012) 26–39.
date_created: 2021-10-13T14:45:36Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.006
intvolume: ' 45'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 26-39
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Sintering kinetics and mechanism of vitreous nanoparticles
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 45
year: '2012'
...
---
_id: '26134'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: This work investigates the mechanisms which lead to the formation of silicon
nanoparticles with narrow size distributions by means of population balance modeling.
The model accounts for the full aerosol process, including chemical reaction,
nucleation from supersaturated vapor, growth and agglomeration. The results are
in good agreement with experimental data. The effects of the process parameters
temperature, silane concentration and reactor total pressure are systematically
investigated. The simulation allows an in-depth insight into the particle formation
mechanism and reveals the key requirements which are necessary for the generation
of narrow particle size distributions. In this mechanism, only a short nucleation
burst occurs, while surface growth plays the dominant role in silane precursor
consumption. A key role is attributed to condensation, because the numerical calculations
can only reflect the experimental observations, if the condensation mechanism
is included in the model.
author:
- first_name: R.
full_name: Körmer, R.
last_name: Körmer
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: 'Körmer R, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles
with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism.
Journal of Aerosol Science. 2010;41(11):1008-1019. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002'
apa: 'Körmer, R., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2010). Aerosol synthesis of
silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis
of the formation mechanism. Journal of Aerosol Science, 41(11),
1008–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002'
bibtex: '@article{Körmer_Schmid_Peukert_2010, title={Aerosol synthesis of silicon
nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the
formation mechanism}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002},
number={11}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Körmer, R. and Schmid,
Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2010}, pages={1008–1019} }'
chicago: 'Körmer, R., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “Aerosol Synthesis of
Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow Size Distribution—Part 2: Theoretical Analysis
of the Formation Mechanism.” Journal of Aerosol Science 41, no. 11 (2010):
1008–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002.'
ieee: 'R. Körmer, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles
with narrow size distribution—Part 2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism,”
Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1008–1019, 2010, doi:
10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002.'
mla: 'Körmer, R., et al. “Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow
Size Distribution—Part 2: Theoretical Analysis of the Formation Mechanism.” Journal
of Aerosol Science, vol. 41, no. 11, 2010, pp. 1008–19, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002.'
short: R. Körmer, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 41 (2010)
1008–1019.
date_created: 2021-10-13T14:50:54Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.08.002
intvolume: ' 41'
issue: '11'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1008-1019
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: 'Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part
2: Theoretical analysis of the formation mechanism'
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 41
year: '2010'
...
---
_id: '26135'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A study on the feasibility of aerosol processing of nearly monodisperse silicon
nanoparticles via pyrolysis of monosilane in a hot wall reactor is presented.
For optimal conditions silicon nanoparticles with a geometric standard deviation
of 1.06 were synthesized at a production rate of 0.7 g/h. The size of the particles
could be precisely controlled in the range of 20–40 nm, whilst maintaining a geometric
standard deviation in the range of 1.06–1.08, by proper choice of the governing
parameters temperature, residence time and precursor concentration. The results
show that narrow particle size distributions can only be obtained in the temperature
range between 900 and 1100 °C, as long as both the initial silane concentration
(1 mbar silane partial pressure) and the reactor total pressure are low (25 mbar).
This regime for the production of narrow particle size distributions has not been
identified in prior work on the thermal decomposition of silane. Narrowly distributed
particles can be obtained under conditions where nucleation and particle growth
are separated and the agglomeration rates are negligible.
author:
- first_name: R.
full_name: Körmer, R.
last_name: Körmer
- first_name: M.P.M.
full_name: Jank, M.P.M.
last_name: Jank
- first_name: H.
full_name: Ryssel, H.
last_name: Ryssel
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: 'Körmer R, Jank MPM, Ryssel H, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Aerosol synthesis of
silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental investigations.
Journal of Aerosol Science. 2010;41(11):998-1007. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007'
apa: 'Körmer, R., Jank, M. P. M., Ryssel, H., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2010).
Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part
1: Experimental investigations. Journal of Aerosol Science, 41(11),
998–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007'
bibtex: '@article{Körmer_Jank_Ryssel_Schmid_Peukert_2010, title={Aerosol synthesis
of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental investigations},
volume={41}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007},
number={11}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Körmer, R. and Jank,
M.P.M. and Ryssel, H. and Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2010},
pages={998–1007} }'
chicago: 'Körmer, R., M.P.M. Jank, H. Ryssel, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert.
“Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow Size Distribution—Part
1: Experimental Investigations.” Journal of Aerosol Science 41, no. 11
(2010): 998–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007.'
ieee: 'R. Körmer, M. P. M. Jank, H. Ryssel, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Aerosol
synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part 1: Experimental
investigations,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 998–1007,
2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007.'
mla: 'Körmer, R., et al. “Aerosol Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles with Narrow
Size Distribution—Part 1: Experimental Investigations.” Journal of Aerosol
Science, vol. 41, no. 11, 2010, pp. 998–1007, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007.'
short: R. Körmer, M.P.M. Jank, H. Ryssel, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol
Science 41 (2010) 998–1007.
date_created: 2021-10-13T14:51:37Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.007
intvolume: ' 41'
issue: '11'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 998-1007
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: 'Aerosol synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with narrow size distribution—Part
1: Experimental investigations'
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 41
year: '2010'
...
---
_id: '26138'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In this work, a new model for the simulation of nanostructured aggregates
by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth is presented. Coagulation
is treated as cluster–cluster agglomeration along the line connecting the center
of mass of both agglomerates and is implemented using a Monte Carlo algorithm.
Sintering is modeled as successive overlapping of spheres which cause reduction
in the surface area based on a rate law for surface reduction. Surface growth
is modeled as an increase in primary particle diameter, e.g. as a result of surface
reactions. The evolved aggregates are analyzed by calculating their fractal dimension,
radius of gyration, mobility diameter and mobility shape factor. It is found that
the aggregates structure tends to be more compact when introducing the surface
growth in shorter time comparing to the coagulation-sintering step only. Fractal
dimension and the mobility shape factor of the resulting aggregates are correlated
to an effective dimensionless time that combines the characteristic times of these
three fundamental mechanisms. It is shown that the mobility diameter in the free
molecular regime is not proportional to the radius of gyration. A power law relation
that correlates the aggregates projected area and the equivalent number of primary
particles is found to be in a very good agreement with estimates published in
literature.
author:
- first_name: Belal
full_name: Al Zaitone, Belal
last_name: Al Zaitone
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: Wolfgang
full_name: Peukert, Wolfgang
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: Al Zaitone B, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. Simulation of structure and mobility of
aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface growth. Journal
of Aerosol Science. 2009;40(11):950-964. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007
apa: Al Zaitone, B., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2009). Simulation of structure
and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface
growth. Journal of Aerosol Science, 40(11), 950–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007
bibtex: '@article{Al Zaitone_Schmid_Peukert_2009, title={Simulation of structure
and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface
growth}, volume={40}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007},
number={11}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Al Zaitone, Belal and
Schmid, Hans-Joachim and Peukert, Wolfgang}, year={2009}, pages={950–964} }'
chicago: 'Al Zaitone, Belal, Hans-Joachim Schmid, and Wolfgang Peukert. “Simulation
of Structure and Mobility of Aggregates Formed by Simultaneous Coagulation, Sintering
and Surface Growth.” Journal of Aerosol Science 40, no. 11 (2009): 950–64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007.'
ieee: 'B. Al Zaitone, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “Simulation of structure and
mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation, sintering and surface
growth,” Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 950–964, 2009,
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007.'
mla: Al Zaitone, Belal, et al. “Simulation of Structure and Mobility of Aggregates
Formed by Simultaneous Coagulation, Sintering and Surface Growth.” Journal
of Aerosol Science, vol. 40, no. 11, 2009, pp. 950–64, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007.
short: B. Al Zaitone, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 40 (2009)
950–964.
date_created: 2021-10-13T15:17:17Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:16Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.007
intvolume: ' 40'
issue: '11'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 950-964
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Simulation of structure and mobility of aggregates formed by simultaneous coagulation,
sintering and surface growth
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 40
year: '2009'
...
---
_id: '26153'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: This work investigates effects of reduced accessible surface area of aggregate
particles and surface energy on titania particle formation and growth. It is taken
into consideration that surface-related growth mechanisms, i.e. surface reaction
and condensation, are limited to the fraction of the surface area of primary particles
which is exposed to the collision with single molecules. Surface energy data determine
the critical particle size with respect to evaporation and values are varied within
the published range. This implies to develop a model which considers “surface
shielding” and accounts for the formation of stable clusters from a supersaturated
vapour due to nucleation and condensation besides considering the generation of
monomers due to chemical reaction, growth due to surface reaction, agglomeration
and sintering. Taking the accessible surface area into account is found out to
be especially important if agglomerates contain a large number of primary particles
or if agglomerate structure is rather compact. In this case, precursor consumption
and primary particle growth turn out to be significantly retarded. Surface energy
data are shown to be decisive with respect to the thermodynamic barrier to the
formation of particles, thus to active particle formation and growth mechanisms,
besides affecting sintering kinetics. Elevated surface energy data typically retard
precursor consumption and favour primary particle growth.
author:
- first_name: C.
full_name: Artelt, C.
last_name: Artelt
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: Artelt C, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. On the impact of accessible surface and surface
energy on particle formation and growth from the vapour phase. Journal of Aerosol
Science. 2005;36(2):147-172. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003
apa: Artelt, C., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2005). On the impact of accessible
surface and surface energy on particle formation and growth from the vapour phase.
Journal of Aerosol Science, 36(2), 147–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003
bibtex: '@article{Artelt_Schmid_Peukert_2005, title={On the impact of accessible
surface and surface energy on particle formation and growth from the vapour phase},
volume={36}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003},
number={2}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Artelt, C. and Schmid,
Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2005}, pages={147–172} }'
chicago: 'Artelt, C., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “On the Impact of Accessible
Surface and Surface Energy on Particle Formation and Growth from the Vapour Phase.”
Journal of Aerosol Science 36, no. 2 (2005): 147–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003.'
ieee: 'C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “On the impact of accessible surface
and surface energy on particle formation and growth from the vapour phase,” Journal
of Aerosol Science, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 147–172, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003.'
mla: Artelt, C., et al. “On the Impact of Accessible Surface and Surface Energy
on Particle Formation and Growth from the Vapour Phase.” Journal of Aerosol
Science, vol. 36, no. 2, 2005, pp. 147–72, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003.
short: C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 36 (2005)
147–172.
date_created: 2021-10-13T16:09:43Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:17Z
doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.08.003
intvolume: ' 36'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 147-172
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: On the impact of accessible surface and surface energy on particle formation
and growth from the vapour phase
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 36
year: '2005'
...
---
_id: '26159'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'A population balance model is presented, which tracks particle growth in
the gas phase and accounts for simultaneous agglomeration and sintering: Simulations
reveal the evolution of the full distribution of a volume equivalent diameter
and, amongst others, the evolution of the agglomerate collision diameter, a mean
primary particle size and the number of primary particles per agglomerate. Furthermore,
assuming fractal behaviour of the growing agglomerate particles—for the first
time—a model for the evolution of a mean value of the fractal dimension based
on physical and process parameters is proposed and incorporated into the simulation
model. PARSIVAL, a commercial solver for integro-differential equations is employed
to solve the equations involved. It is based on a generalised finite-element scheme
with self-adaptive grid- and order construction. Calculations are performed to
validate the model against monodisperse and sectional models published in literature
for the exemplary case of Si production. The results are in good agreement if
the same simplifying assumptions are made. However, results obtained from the
new model for both—isothermal and non-isothermal process conditions—clearly show
that it is important to consider the changing fractal dimension in many cases.'
author:
- first_name: C.
full_name: Artelt, C.
last_name: Artelt
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
id: '464'
last_name: Schmid
- first_name: W.
full_name: Peukert, W.
last_name: Peukert
citation:
ama: Artelt C, Schmid H-J, Peukert W. On the relevance of accounting for the evolution
of the fractal dimension in aerosol process simulations. Journal of Aerosol
Science. 2003;34(5):511-534. doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3
apa: Artelt, C., Schmid, H.-J., & Peukert, W. (2003). On the relevance of accounting
for the evolution of the fractal dimension in aerosol process simulations. Journal
of Aerosol Science, 34(5), 511–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3
bibtex: '@article{Artelt_Schmid_Peukert_2003, title={On the relevance of accounting
for the evolution of the fractal dimension in aerosol process simulations}, volume={34},
DOI={10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3},
number={5}, journal={Journal of Aerosol Science}, author={Artelt, C. and Schmid,
Hans-Joachim and Peukert, W.}, year={2003}, pages={511–534} }'
chicago: 'Artelt, C., Hans-Joachim Schmid, and W. Peukert. “On the Relevance of
Accounting for the Evolution of the Fractal Dimension in Aerosol Process Simulations.”
Journal of Aerosol Science 34, no. 5 (2003): 511–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3.'
ieee: 'C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, and W. Peukert, “On the relevance of accounting
for the evolution of the fractal dimension in aerosol process simulations,” Journal
of Aerosol Science, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 511–534, 2003, doi: 10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3.'
mla: Artelt, C., et al. “On the Relevance of Accounting for the Evolution of the
Fractal Dimension in Aerosol Process Simulations.” Journal of Aerosol Science,
vol. 34, no. 5, 2003, pp. 511–34, doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3.
short: C. Artelt, H.-J. Schmid, W. Peukert, Journal of Aerosol Science 34 (2003)
511–534.
date_created: 2021-10-13T16:24:37Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:17Z
doi: 10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00005-3
intvolume: ' 34'
issue: '5'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 511-534
publication: Journal of Aerosol Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-8502
publication_status: published
status: public
title: On the relevance of accounting for the evolution of the fractal dimension in
aerosol process simulations
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 34
year: '2003'
...