@article{58885,
  abstract     = {{There have been several attempts to conceptualize and operationalize pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in the context of teachers' professional competencies. A recent and popular model is the Refined Consensus Model (RCM), which proposes a framework of dispositional competencies (personal PCK—pPCK) that influence more action-related competencies (enacted PCK—ePCK) and vice versa. However, descriptions of the internal structure of pPCK and possible knowledge domains that might develop independently are still limited, being either primarily theoretically motivated or strictly hierarchical and therefore of limited use, for example, for formative feedback and further development of the RCM. Meanwhile, a non-hierarchical differentiation for the ePCK regarding the plan-teach-reflect cycle has emerged. In this study, we present an exploratory computational approach to investigate pre-service teachers' pPCK for a similar non-hierarchical structure using a large dataset of responses to a pPCK questionnaire (N=846). We drew on theoretical foundations and previous empirical findings to achieve interpretability by integrating this external knowledge into our analyses using the Computational Grounded Theory (CGT) framework. The results of a cluster analysis of the pPCK scores indicate the emergence of prototypical groups, which we refer to as competency profiles: (1) a group with low performance, (2) a group with relatively advanced competency in using pPCK to create instructional elements, (3) a group with relatively advanced competency in using pPCK to assess and analyze described instructional elements, and (4) a group with high performance. These groups show tendencies for certain language usage, which we analyze using a structural topic model in a CGT-inspired pattern refinement step. We verify these patterns by demonstrating the ability of a machine learning model to predict the competency profile assignments. Finally, we discuss some implications of the results for the further development of the RCM and their potential usability for an automated formative assessment.}},
  author       = {{Zeller, Jannis and Riese, Josef}},
  issn         = {{1098-2736}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Research in Science Teaching}},
  keywords     = {{computational grounded theory, language analysis, machine learning, pedagogical content knowledge, unsupervised learning}},
  title        = {{{Competency Profiles of PCK Using Unsupervised Learning: What Implications for the Structures of pPCK Emerge From Non-Hierarchical Analyses?}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/tea.70001}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{45180,
  author       = {{Kulgemeyer, Christoph and Borowski, Andreas and Buschhüter, David and Enkrott, Patrick and Kempin, Maren and Reinhold, Peter and Riese, Josef and Schecker, Horst and Schröder, Jan and Vogelsang, Christoph}},
  issn         = {{0022-4308}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Research in Science Teaching}},
  keywords     = {{Education}},
  pages        = {{1--29}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley}},
  title        = {{{Professional knowledge affects action-related skills: The development of preservice physics teachers’ explaining skills during a field experience}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/tea.21632}},
  volume       = {{57}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{23743,
  author       = {{Kulgemeyer, Christoph and Borowski, Andreas and Buschhüter, David and Enkrott, Patrick and Kempin, Maren and Reinhold, Peter and Riese, Josef and Schecker, Horst and Schröder, Jan and Vogelsang, Christoph}},
  issn         = {{0022-4308}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Research in Science Teaching}},
  pages        = {{1554--1582}},
  title        = {{{Professional knowledge affects            action‐related            skills: The development of            preservice            physics teachers' explaining skills during a field experience}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/tea.21632}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{45197,
  author       = {{Kulgemeyer, Christoph and Riese, Josef}},
  issn         = {{0022-4308}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Research in Science Teaching}},
  keywords     = {{Education}},
  pages        = {{1--26}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley}},
  title        = {{{From professional knowledge to professional performance: The impact of CK and PCK on teaching quality in explaining situations}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/tea.21457}},
  volume       = {{55}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}