[{"department":[{"_id":"644"},{"_id":"534"}],"keyword":["Heat transition","Optimisation","Temperature flexibility","Decarbonisation","Multi energy"],"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2026-06-03T06:34:27Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Electrifying the heating sector is essential for achieving global climate targets like the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C goal. In Germany, where 80  % of household energy goes to space heating and hot water, shifting to low-carbon solutions is crucial. Fossil-fuelled district heating networks can incorporate renewable energy via heat pumps, improving efficiency. Although heat pump design typically favours minimal temperature lifts, higher lifts can be economically viable with low electricity prices and abundant renewables. Adding thermal energy storage boosts operational flexibility. This study explores a flexible heat pump operation incorporating part load behaviour with a thermal energy storage in a German city’s district heating system to minimise costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Using a mixed-integer linear programming model, it examines the impact of temperature adjustments and storage on system efficiency. The results show that the integration of a heat pump in a district heating system reduces operating costs. Compared to a supply without a heat pump, with levelised cost of heating of 9.98 cent/kWhth and a fixed operating mode with costs between 9.96 cent/kWhth and 11.49 cent/kWhth, the flexible use results in lowest costs of 9.85 cent/kWhth, while also reducing overall CO2 emissions. Using a full factorial sensitivity analysis, the levelised cost of heating ranged between 9.15 cent/kWhth in the best case and 10.37 cent/kWhth in the worst case for the selected configuration."}],"publication":"Energy Conversion and Management","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"121714","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890426006837","open_access":"1"}],"article_type":"original","intvolume":"       364","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-06-03T06:44:31Z","author":[{"id":"56955","full_name":"Rahlf, Henning Christoph","orcid":"0009-0006-8106-2132","last_name":"Rahlf","first_name":"Henning Christoph"},{"first_name":"Denis","last_name":"Divkovic","full_name":"Divkovic, Denis","id":"89059"},{"last_name":"Knorr","orcid":"0009-0005-4727-7511","first_name":"Lukas","full_name":"Knorr, Lukas","id":"90391"},{"first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Schlosser","full_name":"Schlosser, Florian","id":"88614"},{"first_name":"Henning","orcid":"0000-0002-1538-089X","last_name":"Meschede","full_name":"Meschede, Henning","id":"86954"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0196-8904"]},"title":"Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity prices","year":"2026","oa":"1","project":[{"name":"FlexLabQuartier","_id":"1495"}],"citation":{"ieee":"H. C. Rahlf, D. Divkovic, L. Knorr, F. Schlosser, and H. Meschede, “Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity prices,” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 364, Art. no. 121714, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714\">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>.","apa":"Rahlf, H. C., Divkovic, D., Knorr, L., Schlosser, F., &#38; Meschede, H. (2026). Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity prices. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, <i>364</i>, Article 121714. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>","chicago":"Rahlf, Henning Christoph, Denis Divkovic, Lukas Knorr, Florian Schlosser, and Henning Meschede. “Flexible Operation Strategies for Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems Using Dynamic Electricity Prices.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i> 364 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>.","short":"H.C. Rahlf, D. Divkovic, L. Knorr, F. Schlosser, H. Meschede, Energy Conversion and Management 364 (2026).","mla":"Rahlf, Henning Christoph, et al. “Flexible Operation Strategies for Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems Using Dynamic Electricity Prices.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 364, 121714, Elsevier BV, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714\">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Rahlf_Divkovic_Knorr_Schlosser_Meschede_2026, title={Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity prices}, volume={364}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714\">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>}, number={121714}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rahlf, Henning Christoph and Divkovic, Denis and Knorr, Lukas and Schlosser, Florian and Meschede, Henning}, year={2026} }","ama":"Rahlf HC, Divkovic D, Knorr L, Schlosser F, Meschede H. Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity prices. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. 2026;364. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714\">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>"},"volume":364,"user_id":"56955","publisher":"Elsevier BV","_id":"65757","status":"public"},{"citation":{"apa":"Naumann, M., Ostermann, M., Buchenau, N., Oetzel, J., Schlosser, F., Meschede, H., &#38; Tröster, T. (2025). Energy efficiency improvement for decarbonization in manufacturing industry: A review. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, <i>338</i>, Article 119763. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>","ieee":"M. Naumann <i>et al.</i>, “Energy efficiency improvement for decarbonization in manufacturing industry: A review,” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 338, Art. no. 119763, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763\">10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>.","short":"M. Naumann, M. Ostermann, N. Buchenau, J. Oetzel, F. Schlosser, H. Meschede, T. Tröster, Energy Conversion and Management 338 (2025).","chicago":"Naumann, Marius, Moritz Ostermann, Nadja Buchenau, Jannik Oetzel, Florian Schlosser, Henning Meschede, and Thomas Tröster. “Energy Efficiency Improvement for Decarbonization in Manufacturing Industry: A Review.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i> 338 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>.","mla":"Naumann, Marius, et al. “Energy Efficiency Improvement for Decarbonization in Manufacturing Industry: A Review.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 338, 119763, Elsevier BV, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763\">10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>.","ama":"Naumann M, Ostermann M, Buchenau N, et al. Energy efficiency improvement for decarbonization in manufacturing industry: A review. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. 2025;338. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763\">10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>","bibtex":"@article{Naumann_Ostermann_Buchenau_Oetzel_Schlosser_Meschede_Tröster_2025, title={Energy efficiency improvement for decarbonization in manufacturing industry: A review}, volume={338}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763\">10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>}, number={119763}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Naumann, Marius and Ostermann, Moritz and Buchenau, Nadja and Oetzel, Jannik and Schlosser, Florian and Meschede, Henning and Tröster, Thomas}, year={2025} }"},"publication":"Energy Conversion and Management","department":[{"_id":"644"},{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"149"},{"_id":"321"}],"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2025-05-31T15:23:52Z","intvolume":"       338","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-06-06T07:49:35Z","author":[{"last_name":"Naumann","first_name":"Marius","full_name":"Naumann, Marius","id":"94950"},{"orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-0443","first_name":"Moritz","last_name":"Ostermann","full_name":"Ostermann, Moritz","id":"44763"},{"full_name":"Buchenau, Nadja","last_name":"Buchenau","first_name":"Nadja"},{"last_name":"Oetzel","first_name":"Jannik","full_name":"Oetzel, Jannik"},{"id":"88614","first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Schlosser","full_name":"Schlosser, Florian"},{"id":"86954","last_name":"Meschede","orcid":"0000-0002-1538-089X","first_name":"Henning","full_name":"Meschede, Henning"},{"id":"553","first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Tröster","full_name":"Tröster, Thomas"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0196-8904"]},"title":"Energy efficiency improvement for decarbonization in manufacturing industry: A review","status":"public","year":"2025","volume":338,"user_id":"15952","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763","_id":"60081","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","article_number":"119763"},{"citation":{"apa":"Schlosser, F., Zysk, S., Walmsley, T. G., Kong, L., Zühlsdorf, B., &#38; Meschede, H. (2023). Break-even of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray drying. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, <i>291</i>, Article 117304. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>","ieee":"F. Schlosser, S. Zysk, T. G. Walmsley, L. Kong, B. Zühlsdorf, and H. Meschede, “Break-even of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray drying,” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 291, Art. no. 117304, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304\">10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>.","short":"F. Schlosser, S. Zysk, T.G. Walmsley, L. Kong, B. Zühlsdorf, H. Meschede, Energy Conversion and Management 291 (2023).","chicago":"Schlosser, Florian, Sebastian Zysk, Timothy G. Walmsley, Lana Kong, Benjamin Zühlsdorf, and Henning Meschede. “Break-Even of High-Temperature Heat Pump Integration for Milk Spray Drying.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i> 291 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>.","mla":"Schlosser, Florian, et al. “Break-Even of High-Temperature Heat Pump Integration for Milk Spray Drying.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 291, 117304, Elsevier BV, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304\">10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>.","ama":"Schlosser F, Zysk S, Walmsley TG, Kong L, Zühlsdorf B, Meschede H. Break-even of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray drying. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. 2023;291. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304\">10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>","bibtex":"@article{Schlosser_Zysk_Walmsley_Kong_Zühlsdorf_Meschede_2023, title={Break-even of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray drying}, volume={291}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304\">10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>}, number={117304}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schlosser, Florian and Zysk, Sebastian and Walmsley, Timothy G. and Kong, Lana and Zühlsdorf, Benjamin and Meschede, Henning}, year={2023} }"},"publication":"Energy Conversion and Management","date_created":"2023-07-05T07:48:02Z","type":"journal_article","keyword":["Energy Engineering and Power Technology","Fuel Technology","Nuclear Energy and Engineering","Renewable Energy","Sustainability and the Environment"],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0196-8904"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Schlosser, Florian","last_name":"Schlosser","first_name":"Florian","id":"88614"},{"full_name":"Zysk, Sebastian","first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Zysk"},{"full_name":"Walmsley, Timothy G.","last_name":"Walmsley","first_name":"Timothy G."},{"full_name":"Kong, Lana","last_name":"Kong","first_name":"Lana"},{"last_name":"Zühlsdorf","first_name":"Benjamin","full_name":"Zühlsdorf, Benjamin"},{"first_name":"Henning","orcid":"0000-0002-1538-089X","last_name":"Meschede","full_name":"Meschede, Henning","id":"86954"}],"year":"2023","title":"Break-even of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray drying","status":"public","intvolume":"       291","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-07-05T07:49:13Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"45867","publisher":"Elsevier BV","article_number":"117304","volume":291,"user_id":"86954","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304"},{"citation":{"mla":"Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas, et al. “Experimental Study of Two Cascaded Organic Rankine Cycles with Varying Working Fluids.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, 113818, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818\">10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>.","ama":"Abbas WKA, Linnemann M, Baumhögger E, Vrabec J. Experimental study of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818\">10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>","bibtex":"@article{Abbas_Linnemann_Baumhögger_Vrabec_2021, title={Experimental study of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818\">10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>}, number={113818}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, author={Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas and Linnemann, Matthias and Baumhögger, Elmar and Vrabec, Jadran}, year={2021} }","apa":"Abbas, W. K. A., Linnemann, M., Baumhögger, E., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2021). Experimental study of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>","ieee":"W. K. A. Abbas, M. Linnemann, E. Baumhögger, and J. Vrabec, “Experimental study of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids,” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, 2021.","short":"W.K.A. Abbas, M. Linnemann, E. Baumhögger, J. Vrabec, Energy Conversion and Management (2021).","chicago":"Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas, Matthias Linnemann, Elmar Baumhögger, and Jadran Vrabec. “Experimental Study of Two Cascaded Organic Rankine Cycles with Varying Working Fluids.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>."},"publication":"Energy Conversion and Management","date_created":"2021-01-13T09:21:01Z","department":[{"_id":"155"}],"type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0196-8904"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas","first_name":"Wameedh Khider Abbas","last_name":"Abbas"},{"full_name":"Linnemann, Matthias","last_name":"Linnemann","first_name":"Matthias"},{"id":"15164","first_name":"Elmar","last_name":"Baumhögger","full_name":"Baumhögger, Elmar"},{"first_name":"Jadran","last_name":"Vrabec","full_name":"Vrabec, Jadran"}],"title":"Experimental study of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids","status":"public","year":"2021","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:54:41Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"20925","article_number":"113818","user_id":"15164","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818"},{"intvolume":"       249","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2023-07-12T07:59:11Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0196-8904"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas","last_name":"Abbas","first_name":"Wameedh Khider Abbas"},{"first_name":"Jadran","last_name":"Vrabec","full_name":"Vrabec, Jadran"}],"year":"2021","title":"Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine cycle with alkanes and low global warming potential refrigerants as working fluids","status":"public","volume":249,"user_id":"59261","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843","publisher":"Elsevier BV","_id":"45014","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"114843","citation":{"ieee":"W. K. A. Abbas and J. Vrabec, “Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine cycle with alkanes and low global warming potential refrigerants as working fluids,” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 249, Art. no. 114843, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843\">10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>.","apa":"Abbas, W. K. A., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2021). Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine cycle with alkanes and low global warming potential refrigerants as working fluids. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, <i>249</i>, Article 114843. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>","chicago":"Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas, and Jadran Vrabec. “Cascaded Dual-Loop Organic Rankine Cycle with Alkanes and Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants as Working Fluids.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i> 249 (2021). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>.","short":"W.K.A. Abbas, J. Vrabec, Energy Conversion and Management 249 (2021).","mla":"Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas, and Jadran Vrabec. “Cascaded Dual-Loop Organic Rankine Cycle with Alkanes and Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants as Working Fluids.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 249, 114843, Elsevier BV, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843\">10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Abbas_Vrabec_2021, title={Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine cycle with alkanes and low global warming potential refrigerants as working fluids}, volume={249}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843\">10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>}, number={114843}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas and Vrabec, Jadran}, year={2021} }","ama":"Abbas WKA, Vrabec J. Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine cycle with alkanes and low global warming potential refrigerants as working fluids. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. 2021;249. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843\">10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>"},"publication":"Energy Conversion and Management","type":"journal_article","keyword":["Energy Engineering and Power Technology","Fuel Technology","Nuclear Energy and Engineering","Renewable Energy","Sustainability and the Environment"],"date_created":"2023-05-17T06:43:34Z"}]