---
_id: '65757'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Electrifying the heating sector is essential for achieving global climate
    targets like the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C goal. In Germany, where 80  % of household
    energy goes to space heating and hot water, shifting to low-carbon solutions is
    crucial. Fossil-fuelled district heating networks can incorporate renewable energy
    via heat pumps, improving efficiency. Although heat pump design typically favours
    minimal temperature lifts, higher lifts can be economically viable with low electricity
    prices and abundant renewables. Adding thermal energy storage boosts operational
    flexibility. This study explores a flexible heat pump operation incorporating
    part load behaviour with a thermal energy storage in a German city’s district
    heating system to minimise costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Using a mixed-integer
    linear programming model, it examines the impact of temperature adjustments and
    storage on system efficiency. The results show that the integration of a heat
    pump in a district heating system reduces operating costs. Compared to a supply
    without a heat pump, with levelised cost of heating of 9.98 cent/kWhth and a fixed
    operating mode with costs between 9.96 cent/kWhth and 11.49 cent/kWhth, the flexible
    use results in lowest costs of 9.85 cent/kWhth, while also reducing overall CO2
    emissions. Using a full factorial sensitivity analysis, the levelised cost of
    heating ranged between 9.15 cent/kWhth in the best case and 10.37 cent/kWhth in
    the worst case for the selected configuration.
article_number: '121714'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Henning Christoph
  full_name: Rahlf, Henning Christoph
  id: '56955'
  last_name: Rahlf
  orcid: 0009-0006-8106-2132
- first_name: Denis
  full_name: Divkovic, Denis
  id: '89059'
  last_name: Divkovic
- first_name: Lukas
  full_name: Knorr, Lukas
  id: '90391'
  last_name: Knorr
  orcid: 0009-0005-4727-7511
- first_name: Florian
  full_name: Schlosser, Florian
  id: '88614'
  last_name: Schlosser
- first_name: Henning
  full_name: Meschede, Henning
  id: '86954'
  last_name: Meschede
  orcid: 0000-0002-1538-089X
citation:
  ama: Rahlf HC, Divkovic D, Knorr L, Schlosser F, Meschede H. Flexible operation
    strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity
    prices. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. 2026;364. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>
  apa: Rahlf, H. C., Divkovic, D., Knorr, L., Schlosser, F., &#38; Meschede, H. (2026).
    Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using
    dynamic electricity prices. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, <i>364</i>,
    Article 121714. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Rahlf_Divkovic_Knorr_Schlosser_Meschede_2026, title={Flexible
    operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic
    electricity prices}, volume={364}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>},
    number={121714}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier
    BV}, author={Rahlf, Henning Christoph and Divkovic, Denis and Knorr, Lukas and
    Schlosser, Florian and Meschede, Henning}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Rahlf, Henning Christoph, Denis Divkovic, Lukas Knorr, Florian Schlosser,
    and Henning Meschede. “Flexible Operation Strategies for Heat Pumps in District
    Heating Systems Using Dynamic Electricity Prices.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>
    364 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>.
  ieee: 'H. C. Rahlf, D. Divkovic, L. Knorr, F. Schlosser, and H. Meschede, “Flexible
    operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic
    electricity prices,” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 364, Art. no.
    121714, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>.'
  mla: Rahlf, Henning Christoph, et al. “Flexible Operation Strategies for Heat Pumps
    in District Heating Systems Using Dynamic Electricity Prices.” <i>Energy Conversion
    and Management</i>, vol. 364, 121714, Elsevier BV, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>.
  short: H.C. Rahlf, D. Divkovic, L. Knorr, F. Schlosser, H. Meschede, Energy Conversion
    and Management 364 (2026).
date_created: 2026-06-03T06:34:27Z
date_updated: 2026-06-03T06:44:31Z
department:
- _id: '644'
- _id: '534'
doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714
intvolume: '       364'
keyword:
- Heat transition
- Optimisation
- Temperature flexibility
- Decarbonisation
- Multi energy
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890426006837
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '1495'
  name: FlexLabQuartier
publication: Energy Conversion and Management
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0196-8904
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using
  dynamic electricity prices
type: journal_article
user_id: '56955'
volume: 364
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '60081'
article_number: '119763'
author:
- first_name: Marius
  full_name: Naumann, Marius
  id: '94950'
  last_name: Naumann
- first_name: Moritz
  full_name: Ostermann, Moritz
  id: '44763'
  last_name: Ostermann
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-0443
- first_name: Nadja
  full_name: Buchenau, Nadja
  last_name: Buchenau
- first_name: Jannik
  full_name: Oetzel, Jannik
  last_name: Oetzel
- first_name: Florian
  full_name: Schlosser, Florian
  id: '88614'
  last_name: Schlosser
- first_name: Henning
  full_name: Meschede, Henning
  id: '86954'
  last_name: Meschede
  orcid: 0000-0002-1538-089X
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Tröster, Thomas
  id: '553'
  last_name: Tröster
citation:
  ama: 'Naumann M, Ostermann M, Buchenau N, et al. Energy efficiency improvement for
    decarbonization in manufacturing industry: A review. <i>Energy Conversion and
    Management</i>. 2025;338. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763">10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>'
  apa: 'Naumann, M., Ostermann, M., Buchenau, N., Oetzel, J., Schlosser, F., Meschede,
    H., &#38; Tröster, T. (2025). Energy efficiency improvement for decarbonization
    in manufacturing industry: A review. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>,
    <i>338</i>, Article 119763. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Naumann_Ostermann_Buchenau_Oetzel_Schlosser_Meschede_Tröster_2025,
    title={Energy efficiency improvement for decarbonization in manufacturing industry:
    A review}, volume={338}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763">10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>},
    number={119763}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier
    BV}, author={Naumann, Marius and Ostermann, Moritz and Buchenau, Nadja and Oetzel,
    Jannik and Schlosser, Florian and Meschede, Henning and Tröster, Thomas}, year={2025}
    }'
  chicago: 'Naumann, Marius, Moritz Ostermann, Nadja Buchenau, Jannik Oetzel, Florian
    Schlosser, Henning Meschede, and Thomas Tröster. “Energy Efficiency Improvement
    for Decarbonization in Manufacturing Industry: A Review.” <i>Energy Conversion
    and Management</i> 338 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>.'
  ieee: 'M. Naumann <i>et al.</i>, “Energy efficiency improvement for decarbonization
    in manufacturing industry: A review,” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>,
    vol. 338, Art. no. 119763, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763">10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>.'
  mla: 'Naumann, Marius, et al. “Energy Efficiency Improvement for Decarbonization
    in Manufacturing Industry: A Review.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>,
    vol. 338, 119763, Elsevier BV, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763">10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763</a>.'
  short: M. Naumann, M. Ostermann, N. Buchenau, J. Oetzel, F. Schlosser, H. Meschede,
    T. Tröster, Energy Conversion and Management 338 (2025).
date_created: 2025-05-31T15:23:52Z
date_updated: 2025-06-06T07:49:35Z
department:
- _id: '644'
- _id: '9'
- _id: '149'
- _id: '321'
doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119763
intvolume: '       338'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Energy Conversion and Management
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0196-8904
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: 'Energy efficiency improvement for decarbonization in manufacturing industry:
  A review'
type: journal_article
user_id: '15952'
volume: 338
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '45867'
article_number: '117304'
author:
- first_name: Florian
  full_name: Schlosser, Florian
  id: '88614'
  last_name: Schlosser
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Zysk, Sebastian
  last_name: Zysk
- first_name: Timothy G.
  full_name: Walmsley, Timothy G.
  last_name: Walmsley
- first_name: Lana
  full_name: Kong, Lana
  last_name: Kong
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Zühlsdorf, Benjamin
  last_name: Zühlsdorf
- first_name: Henning
  full_name: Meschede, Henning
  id: '86954'
  last_name: Meschede
  orcid: 0000-0002-1538-089X
citation:
  ama: Schlosser F, Zysk S, Walmsley TG, Kong L, Zühlsdorf B, Meschede H. Break-even
    of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray drying. <i>Energy Conversion
    and Management</i>. 2023;291. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304">10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>
  apa: Schlosser, F., Zysk, S., Walmsley, T. G., Kong, L., Zühlsdorf, B., &#38; Meschede,
    H. (2023). Break-even of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray
    drying. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, <i>291</i>, Article 117304. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Schlosser_Zysk_Walmsley_Kong_Zühlsdorf_Meschede_2023, title={Break-even
    of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray drying}, volume={291},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304">10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>},
    number={117304}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier
    BV}, author={Schlosser, Florian and Zysk, Sebastian and Walmsley, Timothy G. and
    Kong, Lana and Zühlsdorf, Benjamin and Meschede, Henning}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Schlosser, Florian, Sebastian Zysk, Timothy G. Walmsley, Lana Kong, Benjamin
    Zühlsdorf, and Henning Meschede. “Break-Even of High-Temperature Heat Pump Integration
    for Milk Spray Drying.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i> 291 (2023). <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>.
  ieee: 'F. Schlosser, S. Zysk, T. G. Walmsley, L. Kong, B. Zühlsdorf, and H. Meschede,
    “Break-even of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray drying,”
    <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 291, Art. no. 117304, 2023, doi:
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304">10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>.'
  mla: Schlosser, Florian, et al. “Break-Even of High-Temperature Heat Pump Integration
    for Milk Spray Drying.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 291, 117304,
    Elsevier BV, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304">10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304</a>.
  short: F. Schlosser, S. Zysk, T.G. Walmsley, L. Kong, B. Zühlsdorf, H. Meschede,
    Energy Conversion and Management 291 (2023).
date_created: 2023-07-05T07:48:02Z
date_updated: 2023-07-05T07:49:13Z
doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117304
intvolume: '       291'
keyword:
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology
- Fuel Technology
- Nuclear Energy and Engineering
- Renewable Energy
- Sustainability and the Environment
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Energy Conversion and Management
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0196-8904
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: Break-even of high-temperature heat pump integration for milk spray drying
type: journal_article
user_id: '86954'
volume: 291
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '20925'
article_number: '113818'
author:
- first_name: Wameedh Khider Abbas
  full_name: Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas
  last_name: Abbas
- first_name: Matthias
  full_name: Linnemann, Matthias
  last_name: Linnemann
- first_name: Elmar
  full_name: Baumhögger, Elmar
  id: '15164'
  last_name: Baumhögger
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: Abbas WKA, Linnemann M, Baumhögger E, Vrabec J. Experimental study of two cascaded
    organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>.
    2021. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818">10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>
  apa: Abbas, W. K. A., Linnemann, M., Baumhögger, E., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2021). Experimental
    study of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids. <i>Energy
    Conversion and Management</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Abbas_Linnemann_Baumhögger_Vrabec_2021, title={Experimental study
    of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818">10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>},
    number={113818}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, author={Abbas, Wameedh
    Khider Abbas and Linnemann, Matthias and Baumhögger, Elmar and Vrabec, Jadran},
    year={2021} }'
  chicago: Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas, Matthias Linnemann, Elmar Baumhögger, and
    Jadran Vrabec. “Experimental Study of Two Cascaded Organic Rankine Cycles with
    Varying Working Fluids.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>.
  ieee: W. K. A. Abbas, M. Linnemann, E. Baumhögger, and J. Vrabec, “Experimental
    study of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working fluids,” <i>Energy
    Conversion and Management</i>, 2021.
  mla: Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas, et al. “Experimental Study of Two Cascaded Organic
    Rankine Cycles with Varying Working Fluids.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>,
    113818, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818">10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818</a>.
  short: W.K.A. Abbas, M. Linnemann, E. Baumhögger, J. Vrabec, Energy Conversion and
    Management (2021).
date_created: 2021-01-13T09:21:01Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:54:41Z
department:
- _id: '155'
doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113818
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Energy Conversion and Management
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0196-8904
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Experimental study of two cascaded organic Rankine cycles with varying working
  fluids
type: journal_article
user_id: '15164'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '45014'
article_number: '114843'
author:
- first_name: Wameedh Khider Abbas
  full_name: Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas
  last_name: Abbas
- first_name: Jadran
  full_name: Vrabec, Jadran
  last_name: Vrabec
citation:
  ama: Abbas WKA, Vrabec J. Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine cycle with alkanes
    and low global warming potential refrigerants as working fluids. <i>Energy Conversion
    and Management</i>. 2021;249. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843">10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>
  apa: Abbas, W. K. A., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2021). Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine
    cycle with alkanes and low global warming potential refrigerants as working fluids.
    <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, <i>249</i>, Article 114843. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Abbas_Vrabec_2021, title={Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine cycle
    with alkanes and low global warming potential refrigerants as working fluids},
    volume={249}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843">10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>},
    number={114843}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier
    BV}, author={Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas and Vrabec, Jadran}, year={2021} }'
  chicago: Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas, and Jadran Vrabec. “Cascaded Dual-Loop Organic
    Rankine Cycle with Alkanes and Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants as Working
    Fluids.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i> 249 (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>.
  ieee: 'W. K. A. Abbas and J. Vrabec, “Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine cycle with
    alkanes and low global warming potential refrigerants as working fluids,” <i>Energy
    Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 249, Art. no. 114843, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843">10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>.'
  mla: Abbas, Wameedh Khider Abbas, and Jadran Vrabec. “Cascaded Dual-Loop Organic
    Rankine Cycle with Alkanes and Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants as Working
    Fluids.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 249, 114843, Elsevier BV,
    2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843">10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843</a>.
  short: W.K.A. Abbas, J. Vrabec, Energy Conversion and Management 249 (2021).
date_created: 2023-05-17T06:43:34Z
date_updated: 2023-07-12T07:59:11Z
doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114843
intvolume: '       249'
keyword:
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology
- Fuel Technology
- Nuclear Energy and Engineering
- Renewable Energy
- Sustainability and the Environment
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Energy Conversion and Management
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0196-8904
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: Cascaded dual-loop organic Rankine cycle with alkanes and low global warming
  potential refrigerants as working fluids
type: journal_article
user_id: '59261'
volume: 249
year: '2021'
...