---
_id: '61042'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We introduce the concept of a k-token signed graph and study some of its combinatorial
    and algebraic properties. We prove that two switching isomorphic signed graphs
    have switching isomorphic token graphs. Moreover, we show that the Laplacian spectrum
    of a balanced signed graph is contained in the Laplacian spectra of its k-token
    signed graph. Besides, we introduce and study the unbalance level of a signed
    graph, which is a new parameter that measures how far a signed graph is from being
    balanced. Moreover, we study the relation between the frustration index and the
    unbalance level of signed graphs and their token signed graphs.
article_number: '7'
author:
- first_name: C.
  full_name: Dalfó, C.
  last_name: Dalfó
- first_name: M. A.
  full_name: Fiol, M. A.
  last_name: Fiol
- first_name: Eckhard
  full_name: Steffen, Eckhard
  id: '15548'
  last_name: Steffen
  orcid: 0000-0002-9808-7401
citation:
  ama: Dalfó C, Fiol MA, Steffen E. On token signed graphs. <i>Journal of Algebraic
    Combinatorics</i>. 2025;62(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4">10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4</a>
  apa: Dalfó, C., Fiol, M. A., &#38; Steffen, E. (2025). On token signed graphs. <i>Journal
    of Algebraic Combinatorics</i>, <i>62</i>(1), Article 7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Dalfó_Fiol_Steffen_2025, title={On token signed graphs}, volume={62},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4">10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4</a>},
    number={17}, journal={Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics}, publisher={Springer
    Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Dalfó, C. and Fiol, M. A. and Steffen,
    Eckhard}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Dalfó, C., M. A. Fiol, and Eckhard Steffen. “On Token Signed Graphs.” <i>Journal
    of Algebraic Combinatorics</i> 62, no. 1 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Dalfó, M. A. Fiol, and E. Steffen, “On token signed graphs,” <i>Journal
    of Algebraic Combinatorics</i>, vol. 62, no. 1, Art. no. 7, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4">10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4</a>.'
  mla: Dalfó, C., et al. “On Token Signed Graphs.” <i>Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics</i>,
    vol. 62, no. 1, 7, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4">10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4</a>.
  short: C. Dalfó, M.A. Fiol, E. Steffen, Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 62 (2025).
date_created: 2025-08-28T07:50:03Z
date_updated: 2025-08-28T07:57:27Z
department:
- _id: '542'
doi: 10.1007/s10801-025-01416-4
intvolume: '        62'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0925-9899
  - 1572-9192
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: On token signed graphs
type: journal_article
user_id: '15540'
volume: 62
year: '2025'
...