---
_id: '62190'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Lignin, a widely available and renewable
    organic polymer, has several desirable properties and applications. However, as
    a by‐product of pulp and paper industry, it is mainly burned for energy. Limited
    understanding of the complex and heterogeneous structure and a shortage of tailored
    analysis methods hinder its utilization in higher value applications. This study
    describes and compares the use of two different static light scattering methods,
    laser diffraction and small‐angle light scattering (SALS), for studying lignin
    particle size in suspension. The results from laser diffraction showed that the
    selected particle concentration and absorption coefficient affect the measured
    sizes especially for particles &lt;1 µm in diameter. For irregularly shaped particles
    with broad size distributions, sampling is the most important parameter affecting
    the results. SALS proved an efficient method for obtaining information on particle
    aggregation by providing primary particle sizes as well as aggregate sizes. Characterization
    of samples with spherical particles and narrow size distributions is straightforward
    with both laser diffraction and SALS, whereas the interpretation of results for
    more heterogeneous samples is less obvious. Static light scattering methods could
    make lignin particle size analysis more rapid and automated, thus enhancing lignin
    valorization, but should be applied carefully to avoid systematic errors.</jats:p>
article_number: e00085
author:
- first_name: Janita
  full_name: Makkonen, Janita
  last_name: Makkonen
- first_name: Patrik
  full_name: Ahvenainen, Patrik
  last_name: Ahvenainen
- first_name: Stefania
  full_name: Bertella, Stefania
  last_name: Bertella
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Kellock, Miriam
  last_name: Kellock
- first_name: Sanjib
  full_name: Saha, Sanjib
  last_name: Saha
- first_name: Klaus
  full_name: Huber, Klaus
  id: '237'
  last_name: Huber
- first_name: Muhammad
  full_name: Farooq, Muhammad
  last_name: Farooq
- first_name: Monika
  full_name: Österberg, Monika
  last_name: Österberg
- first_name: Paavo
  full_name: Penttilä, Paavo
  last_name: Penttilä
citation:
  ama: Makkonen J, Ahvenainen P, Bertella S, et al. Static Light Scattering for Lignin
    Particle Size Characterization. <i>Particle &#38;amp; Particle Systems Characterization</i>.
    Published online 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202500085">10.1002/ppsc.202500085</a>
  apa: Makkonen, J., Ahvenainen, P., Bertella, S., Kellock, M., Saha, S., Huber, K.,
    Farooq, M., Österberg, M., &#38; Penttilä, P. (2025). Static Light Scattering
    for Lignin Particle Size Characterization. <i>Particle &#38;amp; Particle Systems
    Characterization</i>, Article e00085. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202500085">https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202500085</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Makkonen_Ahvenainen_Bertella_Kellock_Saha_Huber_Farooq_Österberg_Penttilä_2025,
    title={Static Light Scattering for Lignin Particle Size Characterization}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202500085">10.1002/ppsc.202500085</a>}, number={e00085},
    journal={Particle &#38;amp; Particle Systems Characterization}, publisher={Wiley},
    author={Makkonen, Janita and Ahvenainen, Patrik and Bertella, Stefania and Kellock,
    Miriam and Saha, Sanjib and Huber, Klaus and Farooq, Muhammad and Österberg, Monika
    and Penttilä, Paavo}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Makkonen, Janita, Patrik Ahvenainen, Stefania Bertella, Miriam Kellock,
    Sanjib Saha, Klaus Huber, Muhammad Farooq, Monika Österberg, and Paavo Penttilä.
    “Static Light Scattering for Lignin Particle Size Characterization.” <i>Particle
    &#38;amp; Particle Systems Characterization</i>, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202500085">https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202500085</a>.
  ieee: 'J. Makkonen <i>et al.</i>, “Static Light Scattering for Lignin Particle Size
    Characterization,” <i>Particle &#38;amp; Particle Systems Characterization</i>,
    Art. no. e00085, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202500085">10.1002/ppsc.202500085</a>.'
  mla: Makkonen, Janita, et al. “Static Light Scattering for Lignin Particle Size
    Characterization.” <i>Particle &#38;amp; Particle Systems Characterization</i>,
    e00085, Wiley, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202500085">10.1002/ppsc.202500085</a>.
  short: J. Makkonen, P. Ahvenainen, S. Bertella, M. Kellock, S. Saha, K. Huber, M.
    Farooq, M. Österberg, P. Penttilä, Particle &#38;amp; Particle Systems Characterization
    (2025).
date_created: 2025-11-14T12:46:26Z
date_updated: 2025-11-18T16:29:53Z
department:
- _id: '314'
doi: 10.1002/ppsc.202500085
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Particle &amp; Particle Systems Characterization
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0934-0866
  - 1521-4117
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Static Light Scattering for Lignin Particle Size Characterization
type: journal_article
user_id: '237'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '26160'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Thermal charging of submicron and nanometer particles has been studied for
    model aerosols of TiO2 and SiO2 as well as Al-Si (aluminosilicate) at 1 000 °C
    with a new quasi in-situ technique. The size dependence of the particle separation
    efficiency for electrostatic precipitation was determined. The charging state
    of the particles was obtained from evaluating the global Deutsch number for precipitation
    in an electric field applied to a laminar flow based on particle trajectory considerations.
author:
- first_name: Annette
  full_name: Schiel, Annette
  last_name: Schiel
- first_name: Alfred P.
  full_name: Weber, Alfred P.
  last_name: Weber
- first_name: Gerhard
  full_name: Kasper, Gerhard
  last_name: Kasper
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
  full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
  id: '464'
  last_name: Schmid
citation:
  ama: Schiel A, Weber AP, Kasper G, Schmid H-J. In-Situ Determination of the Charging
    of Nanometer and Submicron Particles at High Temperatures. <i>Particle &#38; Particle
    Systems Characterization</i>. 2002;19(6):410-418. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200290004">10.1002/ppsc.200290004</a>
  apa: Schiel, A., Weber, A. P., Kasper, G., &#38; Schmid, H.-J. (2002). In-Situ Determination
    of the Charging of Nanometer and Submicron Particles at High Temperatures. <i>Particle
    &#38; Particle Systems Characterization</i>, <i>19</i>(6), 410–418. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200290004">https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200290004</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Schiel_Weber_Kasper_Schmid_2002, title={In-Situ Determination
    of the Charging of Nanometer and Submicron Particles at High Temperatures}, volume={19},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200290004">10.1002/ppsc.200290004</a>},
    number={6}, journal={Particle &#38; Particle Systems Characterization}, author={Schiel,
    Annette and Weber, Alfred P. and Kasper, Gerhard and Schmid, Hans-Joachim}, year={2002},
    pages={410–418} }'
  chicago: 'Schiel, Annette, Alfred P. Weber, Gerhard Kasper, and Hans-Joachim Schmid.
    “In-Situ Determination of the Charging of Nanometer and Submicron Particles at
    High Temperatures.” <i>Particle &#38; Particle Systems Characterization</i> 19,
    no. 6 (2002): 410–18. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200290004">https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200290004</a>.'
  ieee: 'A. Schiel, A. P. Weber, G. Kasper, and H.-J. Schmid, “In-Situ Determination
    of the Charging of Nanometer and Submicron Particles at High Temperatures,” <i>Particle
    &#38; Particle Systems Characterization</i>, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 410–418, 2002,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200290004">10.1002/ppsc.200290004</a>.'
  mla: Schiel, Annette, et al. “In-Situ Determination of the Charging of Nanometer
    and Submicron Particles at High Temperatures.” <i>Particle &#38; Particle Systems
    Characterization</i>, vol. 19, no. 6, 2002, pp. 410–18, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200290004">10.1002/ppsc.200290004</a>.
  short: A. Schiel, A.P. Weber, G. Kasper, H.-J. Schmid, Particle &#38; Particle Systems
    Characterization 19 (2002) 410–418.
date_created: 2021-10-13T16:26:13Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:17Z
doi: 10.1002/ppsc.200290004
intvolume: '        19'
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 410-418
publication: Particle & Particle Systems Characterization
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0934-0866
publication_status: published
status: public
title: In-Situ Determination of the Charging of Nanometer and Submicron Particles
  at High Temperatures
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 19
year: '2002'
...
---
_id: '26161'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: An optical measuring technique is presented allowing the exact in-situ measurement
    of local particle flux densities in a confined channel flow by counting single
    particles penetrating an optically well defined measuring volume. This enables
    a precise flux determination up to the direct vicinity of planar walls. The measurement
    set-up and its calibration as well as the whole test facility are described in
    detail. This measurement technique is used to study the particle transport in
    electrostatic precipitators. Exemplarily, results of particle flux profiles as
    well as precipitation, as gained from balances of parts of the precipitator channel,
    are presented. Furthermore, the possibility to determine particle velocity fluctuations
    is demonstrated.
article_number: '203'
author:
- first_name: Hans-Joachim
  full_name: Schmid, Hans-Joachim
  id: '464'
  last_name: Schmid
- first_name: Susanne
  full_name: Veith, Susanne
  last_name: Veith
- first_name: Heinz
  full_name: Umhauer, Heinz
  last_name: Umhauer
citation:
  ama: Schmid H-J, Veith S, Umhauer H. In-Situ Measurement of Local Particle Flux
    Densities in a Complex Two-Phase Flow. <i>Particle &#38; Particle Systems Characterization</i>.
    2002;19(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7">10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7</a>
  apa: Schmid, H.-J., Veith, S., &#38; Umhauer, H. (2002). In-Situ Measurement of
    Local Particle Flux Densities in a Complex Two-Phase Flow. <i>Particle &#38; Particle
    Systems Characterization</i>, <i>19</i>(3), Article 203. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7">https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Schmid_Veith_Umhauer_2002, title={In-Situ Measurement of Local
    Particle Flux Densities in a Complex Two-Phase Flow}, volume={19}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7">10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7</a>},
    number={3203}, journal={Particle &#38; Particle Systems Characterization}, author={Schmid,
    Hans-Joachim and Veith, Susanne and Umhauer, Heinz}, year={2002} }'
  chicago: Schmid, Hans-Joachim, Susanne Veith, and Heinz Umhauer. “In-Situ Measurement
    of Local Particle Flux Densities in a Complex Two-Phase Flow.” <i>Particle &#38;
    Particle Systems Characterization</i> 19, no. 3 (2002). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7">https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7</a>.
  ieee: 'H.-J. Schmid, S. Veith, and H. Umhauer, “In-Situ Measurement of Local Particle
    Flux Densities in a Complex Two-Phase Flow,” <i>Particle &#38; Particle Systems
    Characterization</i>, vol. 19, no. 3, Art. no. 203, 2002, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7">10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7</a>.'
  mla: Schmid, Hans-Joachim, et al. “In-Situ Measurement of Local Particle Flux Densities
    in a Complex Two-Phase Flow.” <i>Particle &#38; Particle Systems Characterization</i>,
    vol. 19, no. 3, 203, 2002, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7">10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3&#60;203::aid-ppsc203&#62;3.0.co;2-7</a>.
  short: H.-J. Schmid, S. Veith, H. Umhauer, Particle &#38; Particle Systems Characterization
    19 (2002).
date_created: 2021-10-13T16:36:17Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:57:17Z
doi: 10.1002/1521-4117(200207)19:3<203::aid-ppsc203>3.0.co;2-7
intvolume: '        19'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Particle & Particle Systems Characterization
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0934-0866
  - 1521-4117
publication_status: published
status: public
title: In-Situ Measurement of Local Particle Flux Densities in a Complex Two-Phase
  Flow
type: journal_article
user_id: '70093'
volume: 19
year: '2002'
...