---
_id: '65506'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:sec>\r\n                    <jats:title>Purpose</jats:title>\r\n                    <jats:p>The
    adoption of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) as an additive manufacturing technique
    has been slow in the oil and gas (O&amp;G) industry because of the uncertainty
    regarding material performance and the lack of suitable materials. The high investment
    and time required for LPBF development also discourage adoption. This study aims
    to address these concerns by developing a parameter set for a relevant material
    using a systematic approach to optimize the density of the printed parts with
    reduced experimental effort.</jats:p>\r\n                  </jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:sec>\r\n
    \                   <jats:title>Design/methodology/approach</jats:title>\r\n                    <jats:p>First,
    an industry-relevant Ni-based superalloy, UNS N09946, was gas-atomized to produce
    a powder. The powder was fully characterized to ensure successful printing. Next,
    a processing parameter set tailored for achieving full density was developed for
    UNS N09946 using a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach based on the volumetric
    energy density equation.</jats:p>\r\n                  </jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:sec>\r\n
    \                   <jats:title>Findings</jats:title>\r\n                    <jats:p>A
    model was created using Response Surface Methodology that relates laser power,
    scan speed and hatch distance to efficiently identify successful parameter combinations,
    thus reducing the number of specimens necessary for the successful manufacturing
    of UNS N09946 using LPBF. A part density of 99.9% was achieved using this method.</jats:p>\r\n
    \                 </jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:sec>\r\n                    <jats:title>Originality/value</jats:title>\r\n
    \                   <jats:p>This study applies an existing experimental design
    method to a never-before-printed material. The reduced experimental effort through
    this method and lessons learned from the gas atomization process can be directly
    applied to other materials in and outside the O&amp;G industry to further the
    adoption of LPBF as a serious manufacturing technology.</jats:p>\r\n                  </jats:sec>"
author:
- first_name: Madison
  full_name: Wooldridge, Madison
  last_name: Wooldridge
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Holzweissig, Martin
  last_name: Holzweissig
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  id: '48411'
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  id: '43720'
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Wooldridge M, Holzweissig M, Hoyer K-P, Schaper M. Response surface methodology
    for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946 processed with laser powder bed
    fusion. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>. Published online 2026:1-15. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>
  apa: Wooldridge, M., Holzweissig, M., Hoyer, K.-P., &#38; Schaper, M. (2026). Response
    surface methodology for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946 processed with
    laser powder bed fusion. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>, 1–15. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Wooldridge_Holzweissig_Hoyer_Schaper_2026, title={Response surface
    methodology for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946 processed with laser
    powder bed fusion}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>},
    journal={Rapid Prototyping Journal}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Wooldridge,
    Madison and Holzweissig, Martin and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2026},
    pages={1–15} }'
  chicago: Wooldridge, Madison, Martin Holzweissig, Kay-Peter Hoyer, and Mirko Schaper.
    “Response Surface Methodology for Parameter Development of Alloy UNS N09946 Processed
    with Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>, 2026, 1–15. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>.
  ieee: 'M. Wooldridge, M. Holzweissig, K.-P. Hoyer, and M. Schaper, “Response surface
    methodology for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946 processed with laser
    powder bed fusion,” <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>, pp. 1–15, 2026, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>.'
  mla: Wooldridge, Madison, et al. “Response Surface Methodology for Parameter Development
    of Alloy UNS N09946 Processed with Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Rapid Prototyping
    Journal</i>, Emerald, 2026, pp. 1–15, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>.
  short: M. Wooldridge, M. Holzweissig, K.-P. Hoyer, M. Schaper, Rapid Prototyping
    Journal (2026) 1–15.
date_created: 2026-04-29T06:07:38Z
date_updated: 2026-04-29T06:08:50Z
department:
- _id: '9'
- _id: '158'
doi: 10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-15
publication: Rapid Prototyping Journal
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1355-2546
  - 1758-7670
publication_status: published
publisher: Emerald
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Response surface methodology for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946
  processed with laser powder bed fusion
type: journal_article
user_id: '48411'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '46503'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>The
    purpose of this study is to investigate the manufacturability of Fe-3Si lattice
    structures and the resulting mechanical properties. This study could lead to the
    successful processing of squirrel cage conductors (a lattice structure by design)
    of an induction motor by additive manufacturing in the future.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>\r\n<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title
    content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design/methodology/approach</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>The
    compression behaviour of two lattice structures where struts are arranged in a
    face-centred cubic position and vertical edges (FCCZ), and struts are placed at
    body-centred cubic (BCC) positions, prepared by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF),
    is explored. The experimental investigations are supported by finite element method
    (FEM) simulations.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>\r\n<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>The
    FCCZ lattice structure presents a peak in the stress-strain curve, whereas the
    BCC lattice structure manifests a plateau. The vertical struts aligned along the
    compression direction lead to a significant increase in the load-carrying ability
    of FCCZ lattice structures compared to BCC lattice structures. This results in
    a peak in the stress-strain curve. However, the BCC lattice structure presents
    the bending of struts with diagonal struts carrying the major loads with struts
    near the faceplate receiving the least load. A high concentration of geometrically
    necessary dislocations (GNDs) near the grain boundaries along cell formation is
    observed in the microstructure.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>\r\n<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title
    content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality/value</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>To
    the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on additive manufacturing
    of Fe-3Si lattice structures. Currently, there are no investigations in the literature
    on the manufacturability and mechanical properties of Fe-3Si lattice structures.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>"
author:
- first_name: Sudipta
  full_name: Pramanik, Sudipta
  last_name: Pramanik
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  id: '48411'
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  id: '43720'
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Pramanik S, Hoyer K-P, Schaper M. Experimental and finite element method investigation
    on the compression behaviour of FCCZ and BCC lattice structures of additively
    manufactured Fe-3Si samples. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>. 2023;29(6):1257-1269.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190">10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190</a>
  apa: Pramanik, S., Hoyer, K.-P., &#38; Schaper, M. (2023). Experimental and finite
    element method investigation on the compression behaviour of FCCZ and BCC lattice
    structures of additively manufactured Fe-3Si samples. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>,
    <i>29</i>(6), 1257–1269. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Pramanik_Hoyer_Schaper_2023, title={Experimental and finite element
    method investigation on the compression behaviour of FCCZ and BCC lattice structures
    of additively manufactured Fe-3Si samples}, volume={29}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190">10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190</a>},
    number={6}, journal={Rapid Prototyping Journal}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Pramanik,
    Sudipta and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2023}, pages={1257–1269}
    }'
  chicago: 'Pramanik, Sudipta, Kay-Peter Hoyer, and Mirko Schaper. “Experimental and
    Finite Element Method Investigation on the Compression Behaviour of FCCZ and BCC
    Lattice Structures of Additively Manufactured Fe-3Si Samples.” <i>Rapid Prototyping
    Journal</i> 29, no. 6 (2023): 1257–69. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190</a>.'
  ieee: 'S. Pramanik, K.-P. Hoyer, and M. Schaper, “Experimental and finite element
    method investigation on the compression behaviour of FCCZ and BCC lattice structures
    of additively manufactured Fe-3Si samples,” <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>,
    vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1257–1269, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190">10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190</a>.'
  mla: Pramanik, Sudipta, et al. “Experimental and Finite Element Method Investigation
    on the Compression Behaviour of FCCZ and BCC Lattice Structures of Additively
    Manufactured Fe-3Si Samples.” <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>, vol. 29, no. 6,
    Emerald, 2023, pp. 1257–69, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190">10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190</a>.
  short: S. Pramanik, K.-P. Hoyer, M. Schaper, Rapid Prototyping Journal 29 (2023)
    1257–1269.
date_created: 2023-08-16T06:20:42Z
date_updated: 2023-08-16T06:29:57Z
department:
- _id: '9'
- _id: '158'
doi: 10.1108/rpj-06-2022-0190
intvolume: '        29'
issue: '6'
keyword:
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1257-1269
publication: Rapid Prototyping Journal
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1355-2546
  - 1355-2546
publication_status: published
publisher: Emerald
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Experimental and finite element method investigation on the compression behaviour
  of FCCZ and BCC lattice structures of additively manufactured Fe-3Si samples
type: journal_article
user_id: '48411'
volume: 29
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '41507'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>The
    currently existing restrictions regarding the deployment of additively manufactured
    components because of poor surface roughness, porosity and residual stresses as
    well as their influence on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) strength are addressed
    in this paper.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>\r\n<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design/methodology/approach</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>This
    study aims to evaluating the effect of different pre- and post-treatments on the
    LCF strength of additively manufactured 316L parts. Therefore, 316L specimens
    manufactured by laser powder bed fusion were examined in their as-built state
    as well as after grinding, or coating with regard to the surface roughness, residual
    stresses and LCF strength. To differentiate between topographical effects and
    residual stress-related phenomena, stress-relieved 316L specimens served as a
    reference throughout the investigations. To enable an alumina coating of the 316L
    components, atmospheric plasma spraying was used, and the near-surface residual
    stresses and the surface roughness are measured and investigated.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>\r\n<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title
    content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>The results
    have shown that the applied pre- and post-treatments such as stress-relief heat
    treatment, grinding and alumina coating have each led to an increase in LCF strength
    of the 316L specimens. In contrast, the non-heat-treated specimens predominantly
    exhibited coating delamination.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>\r\n<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title
    content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality/value</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>To
    the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study of the correlation
    between the LCF behavior of additively manufactured uncoated 316L specimens in
    comparison with additively manufactured 316L specimens with an alumina coating.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>"
author:
- first_name: Kai-Uwe
  full_name: Garthe, Kai-Uwe
  id: '11199'
  last_name: Garthe
  orcid: 0000-0003-0741-3812
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  id: '48411'
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Leif
  full_name: Hagen, Leif
  last_name: Hagen
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Tillmann, Wolfgang
  last_name: Tillmann
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  id: '43720'
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Garthe K-U, Hoyer K-P, Hagen L, Tillmann W, Schaper M. Correlation between
    pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L parts and the resulting
    low cycle fatigue behavior. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>. 2021;28(5):833-840.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>
  apa: Garthe, K.-U., Hoyer, K.-P., Hagen, L., Tillmann, W., &#38; Schaper, M. (2021).
    Correlation between pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L parts
    and the resulting low cycle fatigue behavior. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>,
    <i>28</i>(5), 833–840. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Garthe_Hoyer_Hagen_Tillmann_Schaper_2021, title={Correlation between
    pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L parts and the resulting
    low cycle fatigue behavior}, volume={28}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>},
    number={5}, journal={Rapid Prototyping Journal}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Garthe,
    Kai-Uwe and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Hagen, Leif and Tillmann, Wolfgang and Schaper,
    Mirko}, year={2021}, pages={833–840} }'
  chicago: 'Garthe, Kai-Uwe, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Leif Hagen, Wolfgang Tillmann, and Mirko
    Schaper. “Correlation between Pre- and Post-Treatments of Additively Manufactured
    316L Parts and the Resulting Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior.” <i>Rapid Prototyping
    Journal</i> 28, no. 5 (2021): 833–40. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>.'
  ieee: 'K.-U. Garthe, K.-P. Hoyer, L. Hagen, W. Tillmann, and M. Schaper, “Correlation
    between pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L parts and the
    resulting low cycle fatigue behavior,” <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>, vol.
    28, no. 5, pp. 833–840, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>.'
  mla: Garthe, Kai-Uwe, et al. “Correlation between Pre- and Post-Treatments of Additively
    Manufactured 316L Parts and the Resulting Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior.” <i>Rapid
    Prototyping Journal</i>, vol. 28, no. 5, Emerald, 2021, pp. 833–40, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>.
  short: K.-U. Garthe, K.-P. Hoyer, L. Hagen, W. Tillmann, M. Schaper, Rapid Prototyping
    Journal 28 (2021) 833–840.
date_created: 2023-02-02T14:31:35Z
date_updated: 2023-06-01T14:35:00Z
department:
- _id: '9'
- _id: '158'
doi: 10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017
intvolume: '        28'
issue: '5'
keyword:
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
language:
- iso: eng
page: 833-840
publication: Rapid Prototyping Journal
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1355-2546
  - 1355-2546
publication_status: published
publisher: Emerald
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Correlation between pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L
  parts and the resulting low cycle fatigue behavior
type: journal_article
user_id: '43720'
volume: 28
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '27509'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>The
    currently existing restrictions regarding the deployment of additively manufactured
    components because of poor surface roughness, porosity and residual stresses as
    well as their influence on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) strength are addressed
    in this paper.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>\r\n<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design/methodology/approach</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>This
    study aims to evaluating the effect of different pre- and post-treatments on the
    LCF strength of additively manufactured 316L parts. Therefore, 316L specimens
    manufactured by laser powder bed fusion were examined in their as-built state
    as well as after grinding, or coating with regard to the surface roughness, residual
    stresses and LCF strength. To differentiate between topographical effects and
    residual stress-related phenomena, stress-relieved 316L specimens served as a
    reference throughout the investigations. To enable an alumina coating of the 316L
    components, atmospheric plasma spraying was used, and the near-surface residual
    stresses and the surface roughness are measured and investigated.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>\r\n<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title
    content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>The results
    have shown that the applied pre- and post-treatments such as stress-relief heat
    treatment, grinding and alumina coating have each led to an increase in LCF strength
    of the 316L specimens. In contrast, the non-heat-treated specimens predominantly
    exhibited coating delamination.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>\r\n<jats:sec>\r\n<jats:title
    content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality/value</jats:title>\r\n<jats:p>To
    the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study of the correlation
    between the LCF behavior of additively manufactured uncoated 316L specimens in
    comparison with additively manufactured 316L specimens with an alumina coating.</jats:p>\r\n</jats:sec>"
author:
- first_name: Kai-Uwe
  full_name: Garthe, Kai-Uwe
  id: '11199'
  last_name: Garthe
  orcid: 0000-0003-0741-3812
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  id: '48411'
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Leif
  full_name: Hagen, Leif
  last_name: Hagen
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Tillmann, Wolfgang
  last_name: Tillmann
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  id: '43720'
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Garthe K-U, Hoyer K-P, Hagen L, Tillmann W, Schaper M. Correlation between
    pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L parts and the resulting
    low cycle fatigue behavior. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>. Published online
    2021. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>
  apa: Garthe, K.-U., Hoyer, K.-P., Hagen, L., Tillmann, W., &#38; Schaper, M. (2021).
    Correlation between pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L parts
    and the resulting low cycle fatigue behavior. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Garthe_Hoyer_Hagen_Tillmann_Schaper_2021, title={Correlation between
    pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L parts and the resulting
    low cycle fatigue behavior}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>},
    journal={Rapid Prototyping Journal}, author={Garthe, Kai-Uwe and Hoyer, Kay-Peter
    and Hagen, Leif and Tillmann, Wolfgang and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2021} }'
  chicago: Garthe, Kai-Uwe, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Leif Hagen, Wolfgang Tillmann, and Mirko
    Schaper. “Correlation between Pre- and Post-Treatments of Additively Manufactured
    316L Parts and the Resulting Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior.” <i>Rapid Prototyping
    Journal</i>, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>.
  ieee: 'K.-U. Garthe, K.-P. Hoyer, L. Hagen, W. Tillmann, and M. Schaper, “Correlation
    between pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L parts and the
    resulting low cycle fatigue behavior,” <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>, 2021,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>.'
  mla: Garthe, Kai-Uwe, et al. “Correlation between Pre- and Post-Treatments of Additively
    Manufactured 316L Parts and the Resulting Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior.” <i>Rapid
    Prototyping Journal</i>, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017">10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017</a>.
  short: K.-U. Garthe, K.-P. Hoyer, L. Hagen, W. Tillmann, M. Schaper, Rapid Prototyping
    Journal (2021).
date_created: 2021-11-17T10:00:23Z
date_updated: 2023-06-01T14:39:00Z
department:
- _id: '9'
- _id: '158'
doi: 10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0017
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Rapid Prototyping Journal
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1355-2546
  - 1355-2546
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Correlation between pre- and post-treatments of additively manufactured 316L
  parts and the resulting low cycle fatigue behavior
type: journal_article
user_id: '43720'
year: '2021'
...