[{"publication":"Applied Thermal Engineering","abstract":[{"text":"The aging behavior of closed-cell polyurethane (PUR) foam, a material widely used in household refrigeration, is studied by examining the variation of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity over time. Aging is primarily driven by gas permeation, wherein the initially present cell gases carbon dioxide and cyclopentane are progressively replaced by nitrogen and oxygen from the ambient, resulting in an increased thermal conductivity and reduced insulation performance. The cell gas composition is measured over 1400 days employing gas chromatography, and the thermal conductivity of the foam is measured over 190 days. Morphological foam characteristics, such as average cell diameter, are determined via scanning electron microscopy and barrier measurements are performed to estimate the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen. To simulate the aging process, one-dimensional and three-dimensional models are developed for both diffusive mass transfer as well as heat transfer. The present model for the thermal conductivity explicitly accounts for condensation effects, i.e. partial condensation of cyclopentane and carbon dioxide occurring at around 12°C, which significantly influences the insulation behavior of the foam. Sensitivity analyses indicate that an initial cell gas pressure of approximately 0.7 bar yields results that closely coincide with the experimental measurements, where the three-dimensional model demonstrates better accuracy. These measurements and simulations provide valuable insights for evaluating and predicting the long-term degradation of the insulation performance of PUR foams.","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["Polyurethane","Foam","Gas permeation","Diffusion models","Thermal conductivity","Condensation","Gas chromatography","Scanning electron microscopy"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","year":"2026","publisher":"Elsevier BV","date_created":"2026-01-23T12:48:07Z","title":"Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity","type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"63720","user_id":"7828","department":[{"_id":"728"}],"article_type":"original","article_number":"129850","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1359-4311"]},"citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Schumacher_Guevara-Carrion_Kasper_Paul_Elsner_Peters_Wollny_Bluemel_Hoelscher_Brzoska-Steinhaus_et al._2026, title={Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity}, volume={289}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>}, number={129850}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schumacher, Daniel and Guevara-Carrion, Gabriela and Kasper, Tina and Paul, Andreas and Elsner, Andreas and Peters, Bettina and Wollny, Wenke and Bluemel, Marcus and Hoelscher, Heike and Brzoska-Steinhaus, Nicola and et al.}, year={2026} }","short":"D. Schumacher, G. Guevara-Carrion, T. Kasper, A. Paul, A. Elsner, B. Peters, W. Wollny, M. Bluemel, H. Hoelscher, N. Brzoska-Steinhaus, K. Heil, L. Schleelein, W. Becker, U. Gries, J. Vrabec, Applied Thermal Engineering 289 (2026).","mla":"Schumacher, Daniel, et al. “Aging of Polyurethane Foam: Experimental Analysis and Modeling of Cell Gas Composition and Thermal Conductivity.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 289, 129850, Elsevier BV, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>.","apa":"Schumacher, D., Guevara-Carrion, G., Kasper, T., Paul, A., Elsner, A., Peters, B., Wollny, W., Bluemel, M., Hoelscher, H., Brzoska-Steinhaus, N., Heil, K., Schleelein, L., Becker, W., Gries, U., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2026). Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, <i>289</i>, Article 129850. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>","ama":"Schumacher D, Guevara-Carrion G, Kasper T, et al. Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. 2026;289. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>","chicago":"Schumacher, Daniel, Gabriela Guevara-Carrion, Tina Kasper, Andreas Paul, Andreas Elsner, Bettina Peters, Wenke Wollny, et al. “Aging of Polyurethane Foam: Experimental Analysis and Modeling of Cell Gas Composition and Thermal Conductivity.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i> 289 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>.","ieee":"D. Schumacher <i>et al.</i>, “Aging of polyurethane foam: Experimental analysis and modeling of cell gas composition and thermal conductivity,” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 289, Art. no. 129850, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850</a>."},"intvolume":"       289","date_updated":"2026-01-23T12:53:26Z","author":[{"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Schumacher","full_name":"Schumacher, Daniel"},{"last_name":"Guevara-Carrion","full_name":"Guevara-Carrion, Gabriela","first_name":"Gabriela"},{"last_name":"Kasper","orcid":"0000-0003-3993-5316 ","id":"94562","full_name":"Kasper, Tina","first_name":"Tina"},{"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Paul","full_name":"Paul, Andreas","id":"7828"},{"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Elsner","full_name":"Elsner, Andreas","id":"16124"},{"full_name":"Peters, Bettina","id":"62920","last_name":"Peters","first_name":"Bettina"},{"first_name":"Wenke","last_name":"Wollny","full_name":"Wollny, Wenke"},{"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Bluemel","full_name":"Bluemel, Marcus"},{"first_name":"Heike","last_name":"Hoelscher","full_name":"Hoelscher, Heike"},{"full_name":"Brzoska-Steinhaus, Nicola","last_name":"Brzoska-Steinhaus","first_name":"Nicola"},{"first_name":"Klaus","last_name":"Heil","full_name":"Heil, Klaus"},{"first_name":"Lukas","last_name":"Schleelein","full_name":"Schleelein, Lukas"},{"first_name":"Wolfgang","full_name":"Becker, Wolfgang","last_name":"Becker"},{"last_name":"Gries","full_name":"Gries, Ulrich","first_name":"Ulrich"},{"last_name":"Vrabec","full_name":"Vrabec, Jadran","first_name":"Jadran"}],"volume":289,"doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129850"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","article_number":"119596","keyword":["Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering","Energy Engineering and Power Technology"],"user_id":"81772","_id":"40644","status":"public","type":"journal_article","publication":"Applied Thermal Engineering","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596","title":"Numerical analysis of conjugate heat transfer within internally channeled tubes","date_created":"2023-01-30T10:04:47Z","author":[{"first_name":"Abbas Jarullah Sangoor","last_name":"Al-Lami","id":"81772","full_name":"Al-Lami, Abbas Jarullah Sangoor"},{"first_name":"Eugeny Y.","id":"665","full_name":"Kenig, Eugeny Y.","last_name":"Kenig"},{"first_name":"Venkatesh","full_name":"Inguva, Venkatesh","id":"75069","last_name":"Inguva"}],"volume":223,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","date_updated":"2024-03-09T08:34:35Z","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Al-Lami_Kenig_Inguva_2022, title={Numerical analysis of conjugate heat transfer within internally channeled tubes}, volume={223}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596</a>}, number={119596}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Al-Lami, Abbas Jarullah Sangoor and Kenig, Eugeny Y. and Inguva, Venkatesh}, year={2022} }","mla":"Al-Lami, Abbas Jarullah Sangoor, et al. “Numerical Analysis of Conjugate Heat Transfer within Internally Channeled Tubes.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 223, 119596, Elsevier BV, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596</a>.","short":"A.J.S. Al-Lami, E.Y. Kenig, V. Inguva, Applied Thermal Engineering 223 (2022).","apa":"Al-Lami, A. J. S., Kenig, E. Y., &#38; Inguva, V. (2022). Numerical analysis of conjugate heat transfer within internally channeled tubes. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, <i>223</i>, Article 119596. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596</a>","chicago":"Al-Lami, Abbas Jarullah Sangoor, Eugeny Y. Kenig, and Venkatesh Inguva. “Numerical Analysis of Conjugate Heat Transfer within Internally Channeled Tubes.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i> 223 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596</a>.","ieee":"A. J. S. Al-Lami, E. Y. Kenig, and V. Inguva, “Numerical analysis of conjugate heat transfer within internally channeled tubes,” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 223, Art. no. 119596, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596</a>.","ama":"Al-Lami AJS, Kenig EY, Inguva V. Numerical analysis of conjugate heat transfer within internally channeled tubes. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. 2022;223. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119596</a>"},"intvolume":"       223","year":"2022","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1359-4311"]}},{"title":"Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992","date_updated":"2023-04-27T11:08:36Z","publisher":"Elsevier BV","volume":205,"author":[{"first_name":"Andreas","full_name":"Paul, Andreas","id":"7828","last_name":"Paul"},{"first_name":"Elmar","id":"15164","full_name":"Baumhögger, Elmar","last_name":"Baumhögger"},{"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Elsner","id":"16124","full_name":"Elsner, Andreas"},{"last_name":"Reineke","id":"24603","full_name":"Reineke, Michael","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Hueppe, Christian","last_name":"Hueppe","first_name":"Christian"},{"first_name":"Rainer","full_name":"Stamminger, Rainer","last_name":"Stamminger"},{"first_name":"Heike","last_name":"Hoelscher","full_name":"Hoelscher, Heike"},{"full_name":"Wagner, Hendrik","last_name":"Wagner","first_name":"Hendrik"},{"first_name":"Ulrich","full_name":"Gries, Ulrich","last_name":"Gries"},{"first_name":"Wolfgang","last_name":"Becker","full_name":"Becker, Wolfgang"},{"last_name":"Vrabec","full_name":"Vrabec, Jadran","first_name":"Jadran"}],"date_created":"2022-01-10T13:35:45Z","year":"2022","intvolume":"       205","citation":{"short":"A. Paul, E. Baumhögger, A. Elsner, M. Reineke, C. Hueppe, R. Stamminger, H. Hoelscher, H. Wagner, U. Gries, W. Becker, J. Vrabec, Applied Thermal Engineering 205 (2022).","bibtex":"@article{Paul_Baumhögger_Elsner_Reineke_Hueppe_Stamminger_Hoelscher_Wagner_Gries_Becker_et al._2022, title={Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances}, volume={205}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>}, number={117992}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Paul, Andreas and Baumhögger, Elmar and Elsner, Andreas and Reineke, Michael and Hueppe, Christian and Stamminger, Rainer and Hoelscher, Heike and Wagner, Hendrik and Gries, Ulrich and Becker, Wolfgang and et al.}, year={2022} }","mla":"Paul, Andreas, et al. “Impact of Aging on the Energy Efficiency of Household Refrigerating Appliances.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 205, 117992, Elsevier BV, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>.","apa":"Paul, A., Baumhögger, E., Elsner, A., Reineke, M., Hueppe, C., Stamminger, R., Hoelscher, H., Wagner, H., Gries, U., Becker, W., &#38; Vrabec, J. (2022). Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, <i>205</i>, Article 117992. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>","ama":"Paul A, Baumhögger E, Elsner A, et al. Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. 2022;205. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>","chicago":"Paul, Andreas, Elmar Baumhögger, Andreas Elsner, Michael Reineke, Christian Hueppe, Rainer Stamminger, Heike Hoelscher, et al. “Impact of Aging on the Energy Efficiency of Household Refrigerating Appliances.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i> 205 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>.","ieee":"A. Paul <i>et al.</i>, “Impact of aging on the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances,” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 205, Art. no. 117992, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117992</a>."},"quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1359-4311"]},"publication_status":"published","keyword":["Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering","Energy Engineering and Power Technology"],"article_number":"117992","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"29208","department":[{"_id":"728"},{"_id":"155"},{"_id":"9"}],"user_id":"7828","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The parameters required to calculate the energy efficiency of household refrigerating appliances (i.e. refrigerators, freezers and their combinations) are determined by standard measurements. According to regulations, these measurements are carried out when the appliances are new. It is known from previous studies that various technical aging mechanisms can increase electrical energy consumption by up to 36 % over a product lifespan of 18 years. In order to determine the time dependence of the energy consumption of household refrigerating appliances, repeated measurements are carried out in this work. Eleven new appliances are examined under standard measurement conditions. After just two years of operation, an additional energy consumption of up to 11 % is determined. Furthermore, 21 older appliances that had previously been measured in new condition are tested again after up to 21 years of operation. For these older appliances, an average increase of energy consumption of 28 % is found. For individual appliances, the maximum increase is 36 %. An aging model is developed on the basis of these measurement results, which may help to predict the aging-related increase of energy consumption of household refrigerating appliances. This model shows an average increase in energy consumption of 27 % for an appliance age of 16 years. Supplemental performance tests of eight compressors do not show any significant aging effects related to these devices after two years of operation. Furthermore, measurements of the thermal conductivity of aged polyurethane foam test samples are carried out and an increase of its thermal conductivity of 26 % over a period of about three years is determined."}],"status":"public","publication":"Applied Thermal Engineering","type":"journal_article"},{"publication":"Applied Thermal Engineering","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"text":"Despite the omnipresence of household refrigeration appliances, there is still a lack of knowledge about their agerelated efficiency loss over time. Past studies provide basic evidence for increasing electricity consumption of cooling appliances with ageing but fail to investigate the associated technical wear. Concentrating on the degradation of the thermal insulation, we first determined the ageing process of sealed samples of polyurethane rigid foam by investigating changes in cell gas composition and thermal conductivity over time. Simultaneously, the main challenge was to develop an approach that investigates the age-related efficiency loss of the insulation without its destruction. This testing procedure is referred to as the Bonn method. The non-destructive Bonn method was applied to varying refrigerator models in a series of successive experiments to evaluate the insulation degradation over time. Subsequently, the physical relationship between the test value of the Bonn method and the heat transfer through the multi-layered compartment walls of domestic refrigeration appliances was established, ultimately characterising the degrading insulation in terms of increasing heat transfer. Our results give substantiated evidence that the efficiency loss of cooling appliances is greatly influenced by insulation degradation over time. The ageing of sealed samples of polyurethane rigid foam indicates a large initial increase of thermal conductivity by 15% within the first year, corresponding to a change in cell gas composition. These results are in line with those of the Bonn method, emphasising an increasing heat flow through the multi-layered compartment walls of domestic refrigerators with ageing. Therewith, the present study is of significance to a wide range of stakeholders and forms the basis for future research.","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","_id":"21512","department":[{"_id":"728"},{"_id":"155"},{"_id":"9"}],"user_id":"7828","article_number":"115113","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1359-4311"]},"publication_status":"published","year":"2020","intvolume":"       173","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Hueppe_Geppert_Stamminger_Wagner_Hoelscher_Vrabec_Paul_Elsner_Becker_Gries_et al._2020, title={Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances: Development of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation properties}, volume={173}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>}, number={115113}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Hueppe, Christian and Geppert, Jasmin and Stamminger, Rainer and Wagner, Hendrik and Hoelscher, Heike and Vrabec, Jadran and Paul, Andreas and Elsner, Andreas and Becker, Wolfgang and Gries, Ulrich and et al.}, year={2020} }","short":"C. Hueppe, J. Geppert, R. Stamminger, H. Wagner, H. Hoelscher, J. Vrabec, A. Paul, A. Elsner, W. Becker, U. Gries, A. Freiberger, Applied Thermal Engineering 173 (2020).","mla":"Hueppe, Christian, et al. “Age-Related Efficiency Loss of Household Refrigeration Appliances: Development of an Approach to Measure the Degradation of Insulation Properties.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 173, 115113, Elsevier, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>.","apa":"Hueppe, C., Geppert, J., Stamminger, R., Wagner, H., Hoelscher, H., Vrabec, J., Paul, A., Elsner, A., Becker, W., Gries, U., &#38; Freiberger, A. (2020). Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances: Development of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation properties. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, <i>173</i>, Article 115113. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>","ama":"Hueppe C, Geppert J, Stamminger R, et al. Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances: Development of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation properties. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. 2020;173. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>","chicago":"Hueppe, Christian, Jasmin Geppert, Rainer Stamminger, Hendrik Wagner, Heike Hoelscher, Jadran Vrabec, Andreas Paul, et al. “Age-Related Efficiency Loss of Household Refrigeration Appliances: Development of an Approach to Measure the Degradation of Insulation Properties.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i> 173 (2020). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>.","ieee":"C. Hueppe <i>et al.</i>, “Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances: Development of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation properties,” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 173, Art. no. 115113, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113</a>."},"publisher":"Elsevier","date_updated":"2023-04-27T11:11:07Z","volume":173,"author":[{"full_name":"Hueppe, Christian","last_name":"Hueppe","first_name":"Christian"},{"first_name":"Jasmin","last_name":"Geppert","full_name":"Geppert, Jasmin"},{"last_name":"Stamminger","full_name":"Stamminger, Rainer","first_name":"Rainer"},{"full_name":"Wagner, Hendrik","last_name":"Wagner","first_name":"Hendrik"},{"last_name":"Hoelscher","full_name":"Hoelscher, Heike","first_name":"Heike"},{"first_name":"Jadran","full_name":"Vrabec, Jadran","last_name":"Vrabec"},{"first_name":"Andreas","full_name":"Paul, Andreas","id":"7828","last_name":"Paul"},{"last_name":"Elsner","full_name":"Elsner, Andreas","id":"16124","first_name":"Andreas"},{"first_name":"Wolfgang","full_name":"Becker, Wolfgang","last_name":"Becker"},{"first_name":"Ulrich","last_name":"Gries","full_name":"Gries, Ulrich"},{"first_name":"Alfred","full_name":"Freiberger, Alfred","last_name":"Freiberger"}],"date_created":"2021-03-16T10:12:12Z","title":"Age-related efficiency loss of household refrigeration appliances: Development of an approach to measure the degradation of insulation properties","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115113"},{"issue":"5","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1359-4311"]},"citation":{"short":"T. Knoke, A. Kronberg, M. Glushenkov, E. Kenig, Applied Thermal Engineering 167 (2019) 114382.","bibtex":"@article{Knoke_Kronberg_Glushenkov_Kenig_2019, title={On the design of heat exchanger equipment for novel-type isobaric expansion engines}, volume={167}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382</a>}, number={5}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, author={Knoke, Torben and Kronberg, Alexander and Glushenkov, Maxim and Kenig, Eugeny}, year={2019}, pages={114382} }","mla":"Knoke, Torben, et al. “On the Design of Heat Exchanger Equipment for Novel-Type Isobaric Expansion Engines.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 167, no. 5, 2019, p. 114382, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382</a>.","apa":"Knoke, T., Kronberg, A., Glushenkov, M., &#38; Kenig, E. (2019). On the design of heat exchanger equipment for novel-type isobaric expansion engines. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, <i>167</i>(5), 114382. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382</a>","ama":"Knoke T, Kronberg A, Glushenkov M, Kenig E. On the design of heat exchanger equipment for novel-type isobaric expansion engines. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. 2019;167(5):114382. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382</a>","chicago":"Knoke, Torben, Alexander Kronberg, Maxim Glushenkov, and Eugeny Kenig. “On the Design of Heat Exchanger Equipment for Novel-Type Isobaric Expansion Engines.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i> 167, no. 5 (2019): 114382. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382</a>.","ieee":"T. Knoke, A. Kronberg, M. Glushenkov, and E. Kenig, “On the design of heat exchanger equipment for novel-type isobaric expansion engines,” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, vol. 167, no. 5, p. 114382, 2019, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382</a>."},"page":"114382","intvolume":"       167","year":"2019","author":[{"last_name":"Knoke","full_name":"Knoke, Torben","first_name":"Torben"},{"full_name":"Kronberg, Alexander","last_name":"Kronberg","first_name":"Alexander"},{"first_name":"Maxim","full_name":"Glushenkov, Maxim","last_name":"Glushenkov"},{"first_name":"Eugeny","last_name":"Kenig","id":"665","full_name":"Kenig, Eugeny"}],"date_created":"2021-09-13T12:00:44Z","volume":167,"date_updated":"2022-01-06T06:56:13Z","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382","title":"On the design of heat exchanger equipment for novel-type isobaric expansion engines","type":"journal_article","publication":"Applied Thermal Engineering","status":"public","user_id":"22006","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"145"}],"_id":"24272","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"status":"public","publication":"Applied Thermal Engineering","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"114382","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"145"}],"user_id":"22006","_id":"23783","citation":{"apa":"Knoke, T., Kronberg, A., Glushenkov, M., &#38; Kenig, E. (2019). On the design of heat exchanger equipment for novel-type isobaric expansion engines. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382</a>","short":"T. Knoke, A. Kronberg, M. Glushenkov, E. Kenig, Applied Thermal Engineering (2019).","bibtex":"@article{Knoke_Kronberg_Glushenkov_Kenig_2019, title={On the design of heat exchanger equipment for novel-type isobaric expansion engines}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382</a>}, number={114382}, journal={Applied Thermal Engineering}, author={Knoke, Torben and Kronberg, Alexander and Glushenkov, Maxim and Kenig, Eugeny}, year={2019} }","mla":"Knoke, Torben, et al. “On the Design of Heat Exchanger Equipment for Novel-Type Isobaric Expansion Engines.” <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>, 114382, 2019, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382\">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114382</a>.","ieee":"T. Knoke, A. Kronberg, M. Glushenkov, and E. 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