@article{63881,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
                  <jats:p>
                    The relationship between leptin levels and psychiatric disorders has been studied more extensively in adults than in children and adolescents. However, the results are conflicting. We investigated serum leptin levels in children and adolescents (11 to 18.9 years) with psychiatric disorders (
                    <jats:italic>n</jats:italic>
                     = 363). Absolute and relative (body-mass-index (BMI)-, sex- and pubertal-stage-adjusted z-scores using reference values of healthy children and adolescents) leptin levels of different patient groups according to diagnosis were compared. The association between leptin levels and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and anxiety (Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self Report) was examined using regression analysis. Leptin z-scores were higher in patients with psychiatric disorders than in healthy controls (median 1.50,
                    <jats:italic>p</jats:italic>
                     &lt; .001). While global tests suggested differences in leptin z-scores between patients with different psychiatric disorders, these differences could not be attributed to diagnosis groups in post-hoc pairwise comparisons. Absolute leptin levels differed between psychiatric disorders (
                    <jats:italic>p</jats:italic>
                     &lt; .001). Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) had the lowest levels, and patients with mood disorders had higher leptin levels than patients with mental disorders other than mood disorders, anxiety or AN. Neither absolute nor relative leptin levels were related to depressive or anxiety symptoms in regression models adjusted for sex and BMI. Significantly elevated BMI-, sex- and puberty-stage-adjusted leptin levels were observed in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders compared to a reference sample. Further controlled studies are needed to confirm and explain this finding. No relationship was found between absolute or relative leptin levels and symptoms of depression or anxiety.
                  </jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Albers, Nicola and Antel, Jochen and Föcker, Manuel and Libuda, Lars and Bühlmeier, Judith and Hirtz, Raphael and Seitz, Jochen and Hinney, Anke and Hebebrand, Johannes and Peters, Triinu}},
  issn         = {{1018-8827}},
  journal      = {{European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders have high relative leptin levels upon adjustment for sex, BMI, and pubertal status}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00787-025-02921-4}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

@article{26523,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>With this case report we support our medical hypothesis that metreleptin treatment ameliorates starvation related emotional, cognitive and behavioral symptomatology of anorexia nervosa (AN) and show for the first time strong effects in a male patient with AN. A 15.9 year old adolescent with severe AN of eight-month duration was treated off-label with metreleptin. Hyperactivity was assessed with accelerometry. Visual analogue scales (VAS), validated self- and clinician rating scales and lab results tracked changes from baseline to end of the 24-day dosing period and a five-month follow-up. Substantial improvements of mood and eating disorder related cognitions and hyperactivity set in after two days of treatment. During dosing, sub-physiological testosterone and TT3 levels normalized; clinically libido reemerged. Weight did not increase substantially during the dosing period. During follow-up target weight was attained; mood did not deteriorate; hyperactivity ceased. The results substantiate the strong effects seen in female cases and underscore the need for a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to confirm the observed strong, multiple and rapid onset beneficial effects of metreleptin in AN.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Antel, Jochen and Tan, Susanne and Grabler, Marvin and Ludwig, Christine and Lohkemper, Dominik and Brandenburg, Tim and Barth, Nikolaus and Hinney, Anke and Libuda, Lars and Remy, Miriam and Milos, Gabriella and Hebebrand, Johannes}},
  issn         = {{1018-8827}},
  journal      = {{European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry}},
  title        = {{{Rapid amelioration of anorexia nervosa in a male adolescent during metreleptin treatment including recovery from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00787-021-01778-7}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{27522,
  author       = {{Föcker, Manuel and Antel, Jochen and Ring, Stefanie and Hahn, Denise and Kanal, Özlem and Öztürk, Dana and Hebebrand, Johannes and Libuda, Lars}},
  issn         = {{1018-8827}},
  journal      = {{European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry}},
  pages        = {{1043--1066}},
  title        = {{{Vitamin D and mental health in children and adolescents}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00787-017-0949-3}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}